Hubbry Logo
MarchMarchMain
Open search
March
Community hub
March
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Contribute something
March
March
March
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

<< March >>
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31  
2025

March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March.

History

[edit]
March, from the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, a book of prayers to be said at canonical hours
In recent decades, the number of warm temperature records in March has outpaced cold temperature records over a growing portion of Earth's surface.[1]

The name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare,[2] and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close.[3] Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC,[4] and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations.[5] Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first.[6]

March 1 began the numbered year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, when they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar (the fiscal year in the UK continues to begin on 6 April, initially identical to 25 March in the former Julian calendar). Many other cultures, for example in Iran, or Ethiopia, still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March.[7]

March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa) and the first month of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania).

Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22–28, Argei, celebrated on March 16–17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19–23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.

Other names

[edit]

In Finnish, the month is called maaliskuu, which is believed to originate from maallinen kuu. The latter means earthy month and may refer to the first appearance of "earth" from under the winter's snow.[8] In Ukrainian, the month is called березень/berezenʹ, meaning birch tree, and březen in Czech. Historical names for March include the Saxon Lentmonat, named after the March equinox and gradual lengthening of days, and the eventual namesake of Lent. Saxons also called March Rhed-monat or Hreth-monath (deriving from their goddess Rhedam/Hreth), and Angles called it Hyld-monath, which became the English Lide. In Croatia, the month is called Ožujak. In Slovene, the traditional name is sušec, meaning the month when the earth becomes dry enough so that it is possible to cultivate it. The name was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript. Other names were used too, for example brezen and breznik, "the month of birches".[9] The Turkish word Mart is given after the name of Mars the god.

Symbols

[edit]
The Daffodil, the floral emblem of March
Aquamarine gemstones
Aquamarine gemstones
Polished bloodstones
Polished bloodstones

March's birthstones are aquamarine and bloodstone. These stones symbolize courage. Its birth flower is the daffodil.[10] The zodiac signs are Pisces until approximately March 20 and Aries from approximately March 21 onward.[11]

Observances

[edit]

This list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance.

Month-long

[edit]

American

[edit]

Non-Gregorian

[edit]

(All Baháʼí, Islamic, and Jewish observances begin at the sundown prior to the date listed, and end at sundown of the date in question unless otherwise noted.)

Movable

[edit]

First Sunday

[edit]

First week, March 1 to 7

[edit]

School day closest to March 2

[edit]

First Monday

[edit]

First Tuesday

[edit]

First Thursday

[edit]

First Friday

[edit]

Second Sunday

[edit]

Week of March 8: March 8–14

[edit]

Monday closest to March 9, unless March 9 falls on a Saturday

[edit]

Second Monday

[edit]

Second Wednesday

[edit]

Second Thursday

[edit]

Friday of the second full week of March

[edit]

Third week in March

[edit]

Third Monday

[edit]

March 19th, unless the 19th is a Sunday, then March 20

[edit]

Third Wednesday

[edit]

March equinox: c. March 20

[edit]
See also: March equinox

Fourth Monday

[edit]

Fourth Tuesday

[edit]

Last Saturday

[edit]

Last Sunday

[edit]

Last Monday

[edit]

Fixed

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

March

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

March is the third month of the , comprising 31 days and deriving its name from Mars, the Roman god of war, originally as Martius in the ancient where it served as the first month to inaugurate campaigns after winter. In the , March marks the transition from winter to spring, culminating in the vernal around March 20 or 21, when the Earth's axis is tilted neither toward nor away from the Sun, resulting in nearly equal day and night lengths globally. Historically, the under began the year in March, aligning with agricultural and martial cycles, though Julius Caesar's Julian reform in 45 BCE shifted to the start while retaining March's length and dedication to Mars. Meteorologically, March initiates spring in many temperate regions on , characterized by variable weather patterns that proverbially "come in like a lion and go out like a lamb," reflecting empirical observations of intensifying storms early in the month yielding to milder conditions later. Astrologically, the month spans the end of Pisces (until approximately March 20) and the onset of Aries, with the signaling the zodiacal new year. March's symbolic associations include birthstones aquamarine, evoking serene waters and courage, and bloodstone, linked to vitality and resilience—attributes resonant with the month's role as winter's final stand. Its birth flowers, the daffodil and jonquil, embody renewal and the heralding of spring's rebirth, blooming as early harbingers amid thawing landscapes. Notable observances encompass diverse cultural events such as the vernal equinox celebrations and historical markers like the , underscoring March's enduring ties to seasonal renewal, martial heritage, and natural cycles.

Etymology and historical development

Origins of the name

The name of the month March originates from the Latin Martius, the first month in the ancient . This designation directly derives from Mars, the Roman god of war, reflecting the month's association with the renewal of military activities after winter. In early Roman tradition, Martius marked the beginning of the year, coinciding with the thawing of weather that enabled armies to mobilize for campaigns, thus honoring Mars as both a martial deity and an agricultural protector linked to fertility and vegetation's return. The god Mars, possibly rooted in Indo-European etymologies connected to terms for "to die" or ancestral figures like Mavors, embodied these dual roles, with Martius rituals emphasizing purification and preparation for conflict. The English name "March" evolved from Martius through Anglo-French marce and forms, retaining the Latin root while adapting phonetically; this transition occurred as the Julian calendar's influence spread post-Roman era, though the month's position shifted to third after reforms around 153 BCE.

Role in ancient calendars

In the ancient , attributed to the legendary founder around the 8th century BC, March (Martius) served as the first month of a 10-month lunar year totaling 304 days, with the period from mid-January to mid-March left unassigned to reflect the agricultural and military dormancy of winter. This structure aligned the calendar's commencement with the vernal awakening, as March marked the resumption of farming activities and military campaigns after winter, a practical choice driven by Rome's agrarian and society. The month's name derived from Mars, the god of war, underscoring its association with warfare's seasonal restart, when legions mobilized for conquests. Subsequent reforms by King in the 7th century BC added (Ianarius) and (Februarius) to extend the year toward a more complete 355-day lunar cycle, yet March retained its position as the inaugural month, preserving the spring-oriented temporal framework. Priestly intercalations of roughly 22 days every other year attempted to synchronize the calendar with the solar year, but inconsistencies persisted, leading to drifts that priests adjusted episodically based on agricultural cues rather than fixed astronomical rules. March's prominence is evident in Roman nomenclature, where subsequent months retained numerical designations—Quintilis for the fifth, for the sixth—reflecting the original sequence starting from Martius. This March-centric system endured through the until reforms around 153 BC, when the consular year shifted to to better align administrative cycles with elections, though traditional observances like the new year's start on (approximating the vernal ) lingered in some contexts. Beyond , few other ancient formalized a "March" equivalent as the year-opener; for instance, various Greek city-states initiated their lunisolar years in autumn or summer, prioritizing local harvests over a unified spring start, while Egyptian and Mesopotamian systems followed floods or barley cycles without direct parallels to Roman Martius. The Roman model's emphasis on March thus stemmed from empirical alignment with temperate-zone seasonal causality—war and planting feasibility—rather than abstract egalitarianism across months.

Adoption in modern calendars

The Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, reformed the Roman republican calendar by establishing a solar year of 365 days with a leap day every fourth year, while preserving the sequence and names of the months, including Martius (March) as the third month following the addition of January and February by King Numa Pompilius centuries earlier. This positioned March as a 31-day month aligned with the emerging spring season in the Northern Hemisphere, retaining its etymological link to the god Mars and its historical role in inaugurating military campaigns. The , promulgated by in 1582, further refined the Julian system by adjusting rules to prevent seasonal drift—skipping in century years not divisible by 400—and omitting 10 days in October 1582 to realign the vernal equinox, but it upheld the identical month structure, with March remaining the third month. Adoption proceeded unevenly: Catholic states like and implemented it immediately in 1582, followed by in 1564 (preemptively) and ; Protestant regions, including Britain and its colonies, delayed until 1752, when 11 days were skipped in September to account for accumulated drift. In these transitions, March's position and duration were unchanged, though some locales retained vestiges of the old-style starting near () for legal or fiscal purposes until the shift to was fully enforced. By the , the achieved near-universal adoption for civil purposes, solidifying March as the third month in over 190 countries, with its name derived from Latin Martius adapted into English as "March" via and Norman influences post-1066. Non-Western calendars, such as the Japanese and Chinese, incorporated Gregorian months for international synchronization while preserving native systems, ensuring March's standardized role in global , , and without alteration to its core attributes. This continuity reflects pragmatic inheritance from Roman precedents rather than reinvention, as modern reforms prioritized astronomical accuracy over restructuring the month order.

Calendar and structural features

Number of days and leap year adjustments

March has 31 days in the , which has been the internationally dominant since its adoption in the late . This fixed length derives from ancient Roman adjustments to the lunar-based calendar, where March was originally the first month and assigned 31 days to approximate solar cycles. Leap years in the Gregorian system insert an extra day——to reconcile the calendar's average year length of 365.2425 days with the tropical year's approximately 365.2422 days, preventing seasonal drift over centuries. A year is a if divisible by 4, except for century years, which must be divisible by (e.g., 2000 was a leap year, but 1900 was not). This rule yields 97 per 400 years, refining the earlier Julian calendar's every-4-years approach that overcounted by about 3 days every 400 years. The leap day addition occurs before March, so March retains 31 days regardless of leap status, but the mechanism ensures March's alignment with the vernal (typically –21 in the ). Without periodic insertions, the equinox would advance by about 0.0078 days annually relative to , shifting spring's onset earlier in the month over millennia and disrupting agricultural and astronomical calendars. In common years, the period from to spans 306 days; in leap years, it spans 307 days due to the preceding extra day.

Position in the year and seasonal transition

March occupies the third position in the , following and preceding , with its dates running from the 1st to the 31st. This placement positions it near the midpoint of the first quarter of the year, bridging the shorter —whether 28 or 29 days in —and the onset of longer spring months. In the , March typically marks the seasonal shift from winter to spring, culminating in the vernal , when the Sun crosses the northward, resulting in nearly equal day and night lengths globally. This equinox occurs between March 19 and 21 in UTC, most commonly on , due to the Gregorian calendar's approximation of the 365.2425-day . For instance, in 2025, it falls on at 09:01 UTC. Conversely, in the , March signals the transition from summer to autumn, with the serving as the autumnal , initiating cooler temperatures and shorter days as the Sun moves southward relative to the . This hemispheric opposition arises from Earth's 23.44-degree , which dictates opposite seasonal progressions north and south of the .

Astronomical significance

Vernal equinox

The vernal , also known as the , is the instant when the Sun's center crosses the northward, as observed from , corresponding to an apparent longitude of zero degrees. This event occurs because Earth's rotational axis is tilted at approximately 23.44 degrees relative to its , positioning the equator's projection perpendicular to the Sun's rays at that moment. As a result, the lengths of daylight and nighttime are nearly equal across the globe, with the Sun rising due east and setting due west at most latitudes. In the , the vernal falls between March 19 and March 21, with March 20 being the most frequent date; it last occurred on March 19 in 1796 and is not expected again until 2096. The precise timing varies annually due to the 's length of about 365.2422 days—the interval between consecutive vernal es—which does not align perfectly with the calendar's 365-day structure and leap-year adjustments. For instance, in 2025, it occurred on March 20 at 09:01 UTC. This positioning within March stems from the calendar's design to approximate the , ensuring the remains anchored near the month's latter half despite and orbital perturbations. Astronomically, the serves as the reference point (epoch) for measurements and celestial coordinates, defining the zero point of . In the , it delineates the onset of astronomical spring, transitioning from winter's southward solar to northward progression toward the . Conversely, it initiates autumn in the . The event's alignment with March underscores the month's role in seasonal s, historically influencing agricultural and navigational practices tied to solar cycles.

Notable celestial events and visibility

The Gamma-Normid meteor shower, active from late to late March, peaks around and typically yields up to 6 meteors per hour radiating from the constellation Norma, though rates are modest and best observed from dark sites in the . Other minor showers, such as the Sigma Arietids, may contribute sporadically but rarely exceed low hourly rates. The , resulting from sunlight scattered by interplanetary dust particles aligned with the plane, becomes prominently visible in March for observers, appearing as a diffuse, cone-shaped glow extending from the western horizon after evening twilight, especially around the when the ecliptic tilts optimally relative to the sun's position. This phenomenon, often mistaken for or twilight remnants, requires moonless nights and clear, away from urban areas for detection, with visibility peaking in the weeks following the equinox. In the evening sky from mid-northern latitudes, March features the rising prominence of spring constellations, including Leo—marked by the bright star and the backward question-mark asterism of its head—and Virgo, with as its key luminary, both culminating high overhead as winter patterns like Orion descend toward the horizon. , including the , stands upright high in the north, serving as a to locate in and other emerging figures like Cancer and . Visibility of planets varies by orbital alignment, but frequently dominates as a brilliant point either in the evening west or morning east, while and Saturn may appear in evening or pre-dawn skies depending on the year.

Meteorological and climatic patterns

Definition of meteorological spring

Meteorological spring refers to a seasonal division used by climatologists and meteorologists, defined by fixed calendar dates aligned with annual temperature cycles rather than Earth's orbital position relative to the sun. In the , it spans March 1 to May 31, encompassing the transitional period from the three coldest months (–) to the three warmest (–). This convention facilitates consistent year-over-year comparisons of weather data, as it avoids variability introduced by the Gregorian calendar's leap years and the shifting date of the vernal . Unlike astronomical spring, which begins at the vernal (typically March 19–21) when solar declination reaches zero and day length equals night length at the , meteorological spring prioritizes empirical patterns for statistical analysis. The equinox-based definition can cause seasons to vary in length by up to 4–5 days across years, complicating long-term records, whereas meteorological fixed dates ensure each season totals exactly 90 or 91 days (with adjustments for ). For instance, in 2024, astronomical spring started on , but meteorological spring had already begun three weeks earlier on March 1. This system originated in the early among European meteorologists and was standardized by organizations like the for global consistency in data reporting. In the , meteorological spring conversely runs from September 1 to November 30, reflecting reversed temperature regimes. March thus marks the onset of meteorological spring in northern temperate zones, where average temperatures begin rising from winter lows, often featuring variable with increasing and daylight.

Global weather variations and transitions

In the , March marks the onset of meteorological spring, defined as the period from to based on annual temperature cycles rather than the vernal equinox. This transition from winter features highly variable patterns, with frequent shifts between cold snaps, lingering wintry , and emerging warmer conditions; for instance, polar vortex disruptions can lead to events, causing below-average temperatures and storms in mid-latitudes during the month. Average temperatures rise progressively, often reaching 1-2°C above 20th-century norms in recent decades due to observed global warming trends, facilitating and early vegetative growth in temperate zones. In the , March signals the transition to meteorological , with seasons inverted relative to the north; temperatures begin a gradual decline as daylight shortens post-summer solstice, typically dropping from summer highs of 25-30°C in subtropical areas to cooler averages by month's end. This period often coincides with seasons in agricultural regions like and , where weather stabilizes but risks include early frosts and reduced precipitation, influenced by phenomena such as the . Global land temperatures for March have ranked among the warmest on record in multiple years, with Southern Hemisphere ocean surfaces contributing to overall anomalies exceeding 1°C above averages. Equatorial and tropical regions exhibit minimal seasonal temperature variation in March, with daily highs consistently around 26-30°C and lows near 22-25°C due to proximity to the and high solar insolation year-round; instead, transitions manifest in precipitation shifts, such as the end of dry seasons in parts of (e.g., November-March dry period in ) or the onset of rains in others like Ecuador's coastal areas. These patterns are modulated by the Intertropical Convergence Zone's migration and El Niño-Southern Oscillation phases, which can amplify wet or dry extremes but do not alter the equatorial climate's fundamental thermal stability. Overall, March's proximity to the promotes near-equal day lengths globally, reducing hemispheric contrasts in insolation while highlighting latitudinal differences in weather dynamism.

Symbols and zodiac associations

Traditional birthstones and flowers


March's traditional birthstones are aquamarine and bloodstone. Aquamarine, a variety of beryl (Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈) exhibiting pale to medium blue hues reminiscent of , has been associated with maritime protection since ancient Roman times, when it was carved into amulets by fishermen. Bloodstone, known mineralogically as heliotrope—a () with green base color and red inclusions—served as a in antiquity for warriors, believed to staunch wounds and enhance physical vigor. Historical records indicate bloodstone as the original March birthstone in pre-modern lists derived from biblical and medieval sources, such as the High Priest's referenced in Exodus, while aquamarine was formalized as a co-birthstone in early 20th-century American jeweler associations to promote gem sales.
The traditional birth flowers for March are the daffodil ( and cultivars) and jonquil (), both early-blooming bulbs from the family native to Mediterranean regions. These flowers, typically featuring bright yellow petals and trumpet-shaped corona, emerge in late winter or early spring, symbolizing rebirth and resilience amid seasonal transition. Daffodils, in particular, have been cultivated since at least the in European gardens, with attributing to them meanings of unequaled love and new beginnings due to their post-winter emergence. Jonquils, distinguished by their smaller size and sweeter fragrance, share this symbolism but are sometimes differentiated in Victorian floriography as emblems of affection returned. These associations trace to 19th-century European horticultural traditions rather than ancient origins, emphasizing empirical observation of their phenological timing.

Astrological signs: Pisces and Aries

In Western tropical astrology, the predominant system used in modern horoscopes, March spans the end of Pisces and the beginning of Aries. Pisces encompasses birthdays from February 19 to March 20, while Aries covers March 21 to 19. This division aligns the zodiac with the seasonal calendar rather than the actual positions of constellations, fixing Aries to commence near the vernal equinox. Pisces, a mutable sign traditionally ruled by (or in classical astrology), is associated with traits such as , , , and emotional sensitivity, often depicted as two swimming in opposite directions symbolizing duality and . Aries, a cardinal fire sign ruled by Mars, embodies initiative, courage, leadership, and impulsiveness, represented by the ram to evoke assertiveness and pioneering energy. Individuals born on the Pisces-Aries cusp around March 19–21 may exhibit blended qualities, such as Pisces's compassion tempered by Aries's assertiveness, though astrologers differ on the exact cusp influence. These characterizations stem from ancient Hellenistic traditions, where planetary positions were believed to influence personality and events, but the tropical system's dates have remained static since Ptolemy's in the CE despite astronomical shifting constellations by about 23 degrees over two millennia. Empirical research consistently finds no causal mechanism or for zodiac-based traits or life outcomes, attributing perceived accuracies to , the , and cultural self-fulfilling prophecies rather than celestial influences. Large-scale studies, including analyses of millions of birth charts against professional success or behavioral data, show no statistically significant correlations beyond chance, underscoring astrology's status as a disconnected from verifiable astronomical or psychological evidence.

Religious and traditional observances

Christian observances

In , March often encompasses the latter portion of , a 40-day period of , , and observed from to Holy Thursday, excluding Sundays. , which initiates , falls between February 4 and March 10, depending on the ; for instance, in 2025, it occurs on March 5. During this time, Catholics and many Protestants abstain from meat on Fridays and engage in acts of , rooted in ' 40 days of in the wilderness as described in the Gospels. If —the , calculated as the first Sunday after the first full moon on or after March 21—falls early, observances such as (commemorating ' entry into ) and (his ) may occur in late March, with the earliest possible on March 22. Fixed feast days in March include several commemorations of saints and biblical events in the Roman Catholic and Anglican calendars. On March 17, the Feast of honors the 5th-century missionary who converted to , traditionally marked by Masses, green vestments, and in , a with processions. March 19 celebrates Saint Joseph, the husband of Mary and foster father of , as a solemnity emphasizing his role as patron of workers and the universal Church; observances include blessings of bread and flowers in some traditions. The of the on March 25 recalls the Archangel Gabriel's announcement to the Virgin Mary of her conception of , as recounted in Luke 1:26-38; it is a in many dioceses, though transferred if conflicting with . Other notable March observances include March 1 for , patron of , involving leek-wearing and daffodil displays in Welsh communities; March 7 for Saints Perpetua and Felicity, North African martyrs executed in 203 AD, whose passion narrative provides early Christian testimony; and March 8 for Saint John of God, founder of the Brothers Hospitallers for hospital care. These feasts, drawn from the General , highlight hagiographical traditions but vary in obligatory status across denominations, with Eastern Orthodox calendars differing, such as placing the on March 25 by Julian reckoning.

Jewish and other religious holidays

Purim, the primary Jewish holiday observed in March, commemorates the events described in the , where the Jews of ancient Persia were saved from extermination plotted by through the intervention of Queen and . It falls on the 14th of in the (15th in walled cities like , known as Shushan Purim), typically aligning with late February or March in the ; for instance, in 2025, it begins at sundown on March 13 and ends at nightfall on March 14. Observances include the public reading of the Megillah ( of ), festive meals, the giving of gifts to the poor (matanot la'evyonim), exchange of food packages (), and often costumes and drinking to the point of merry confusion regarding and , emphasizing themes of reversal of fortune and divine providence amid apparent absence of overt miracles. A fast day, Ta'anit Esther, precedes Purim on the 13th of , recalling Esther's fast before approaching the king. Among Hindu observances, marks the arrival of spring and the triumph of good over evil, centered on the of Prahlada's devotion to overcoming the demoness , with celebrations involving bonfires () on the eve and the throwing of colored powders and water the following day. It occurs on the of Phalguna in the Hindu , commonly falling in March; in 2025, is on March 13, with Rangwali Holi on March 14. include applying colored powders symbolizing joy and renewal, feasting on sweets like gujiya, and forgiving enmities, though practices vary regionally, with intensified revelry in northern . Nowruz, the Persian New Year observed by Zoroastrians, Baha'is, and others in , , and Kurdish communities, aligns with the vernal equinox, signifying renewal, nature's rebirth, and the triumph of light over darkness rooted in ancient Zoroastrian traditions. It begins around March 20-21 in the —for 2025, at 5:01 a.m. Eastern Time on March 20—lasting 13 days with rituals such as house cleaning (khoone takouni), setting a table with seven symbolic items starting with "s" in Persian (e.g., sabzeh for growth, for sunrise), jumping over fires, and family gatherings for feasts featuring dishes and herbs. The holiday underscores themes of cosmic balance and ethical living from Zoroastrian texts like the , with recognition in 2010 for its cultural significance across multiple nations. Other observances occasionally in March include the Buddhist Magha Puja (around early March, commemorating the assembly of monks with Buddha) and the Baha'i concluding mid-March, but these are less fixed to the month compared to the above. Dates for lunisolar holidays like and shift annually relative to the solar , requiring annual verification against astronomical alignments.

Pre-Christian and pagan roots

The month of March, known as Martius in Latin, originated in the as a dedication to Mars, the deity associated with warfare, agriculture, and the protection of crops and livestock. This naming reflected Mars's dual role as a martial god—father of in Roman foundation myths—and a guardian of fertility, with his festivals emphasizing both military preparation and agrarian renewal. In the earliest attributed to around the 8th century BCE, Martius served as the first month, aligning the year's start with the thaw of winter and the initiation of farming and campaigning seasons, as military operations traditionally resumed when ground conditions allowed troop movements. March featured numerous pagan observances tied to Mars and related deities, underscoring the month's martial and protective themes. The Equirria, held on 27 March (with a precursor on 27 February), involved horse races on the dedicated to Mars, serving as purification rituals for cavalry and war steeds ahead of the campaigning season; these events included public sacrifices and invocations for victory in battle. Similarly, the Tubilustrium on 23 March purified military trumpets (tubae) through ritual cleansing and sharpening, preparing them for signaling in warfare under Mars's . The Agonium Martiale, observed on 1 March, 14 March, and 17 March, consisted of sacrifices to Mars by priests known as Salii, who performed armed dances while carrying sacred shields (ancilia) to invoke divine favor for Rome's armies. Other festivals in March extended pagan rites to fertility and craftsmanship, complementing Mars's agricultural aspects. The Liberalia on 17 March honored Liber Pater (god of wine and male fertility) and Libera (goddess of grain and female fertility), featuring phallic processions, theatrical performances, and offerings of cakes on altars to promote agricultural abundance and freedom from restraint; boys assumed the toga virilis (adult male toga) during this . The Quinquatrus, commencing on 19 March and lasting five days, primarily venerated , goddess of crafts and wisdom, with initial purification ceremonies followed by games, musical contests, and artisan workshops; though linked to Minerva, its timing near Mars's festivals tied it to and skill in arms. The Matronalia on 1 March celebrated matrons under Juno Lucina's protection, with husbands offering gifts and slaves receiving temporary respite, reflecting familial and household renewal in the pagan worldview. These observances, rooted in Italic and Etruscan influences predating the , prioritized ritual efficacy for communal survival—ensuring bountiful harvests, military success, and —rather than abstract , as evidenced by archaeological finds of votive offerings and calendars listing fixed dates from the 1st century BCE onward. The concentration of Mars-centric rites in Martius stemmed from practical causality: post-winter resurgence demanded divine appeasement to mitigate risks of famine or defeat, with no evidence of syncretic overlays from Greek Ares until later Hellenistic periods.

Secular and international observances

Fixed-date secular holidays

, observed annually on , commemorates women's contributions to society and advocates for , having been designated by the in 1977 as a day to review progress toward equality. The observance originated from early 20th-century labor movements, including strikes for better working conditions, and evolved into a global platform for addressing issues like pay equity and , with events including rallies, conferences, and policy discussions worldwide. The International Day of Mathematics falls on March 14, proclaimed by in 2019 to highlight the role of in and , coinciding with celebrations of the constant π (approximately 3.14). While formal UN recognition emphasizes educational outreach, informal observances often involve , pie-eating contests, and public lectures to engage students and promote STEM fields. March 20 marks the , established by the UN General Assembly in 2012 at the initiative of to recognize the importance of happiness and well-being as universal goals beyond economic growth. Resolutions underscore measuring progress via subjective well-being indicators, with global activities focusing on mindfulness, policy advocacy, and reports like the assessing life satisfaction across nations. World Poetry Day on , instituted by in 1999, aims to support linguistic diversity and revive oral traditions through poetry readings, festivals, and publications that preserve endangered languages. The date aligns with the spring equinox in the , symbolizing renewal, and encourages translations and school programs to foster creativity amid digital media dominance. The International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, observed on , commemorates the 1960 Sharpeville massacre in and was proclaimed by the UN in 1966 to combat and promote tolerance. Annual themes address contemporary discrimination, with events including forums, awareness campaigns, and adherence to the Durban Declaration against , supported by data from UN reports on global incidents. World Water Day on March 22, designated by the UN in 1992, focuses on sustainable freshwater management, highlighting scarcity affecting over 2 billion people as per UN-Water assessments. Hosted annually by UN agencies, it features reports on conservation, access (with 3.6 billion lacking safe water in 2023 per WHO data), and calls for investment in infrastructure to meet SDG 6 targets.

Movable secular events

In many regions of the , (DST) commences during March, with clocks advanced by one hour to extend evening daylight and promote . In the United States, DST begins at 2:00 a.m. on the second Sunday of March, a schedule established by the to align with broader daylight utilization goals. In the , the transition occurs on the last Sunday of March at 1:00 a.m. , reflecting coordinated policy across member states for economic and seasonal benefits. These dates vary annually due to the weekly alignment, affecting transportation, commerce, and daily routines, though empirical studies on net energy savings remain mixed, with some analyses indicating minimal overall impact from the practice. Earth Hour, an annual global initiative by the (WWF), takes place on the last Saturday of March from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. local time, encouraging participants to voluntarily extinguish non-essential lights and appliances. Launched in , , in 2007 as a symbolic call to action on , it has expanded to involve over 190 countries, with landmarks like the and participating by dimming illuminations. The event emphasizes individual and collective environmental responsibility, though its organizers note that sustained behavioral changes beyond the hour are prioritized over one-time symbolism. Other notable movable secular observances include , held on the first Friday in March to raise awareness of sleep health's role in physical and mental well-being, coordinated by the World Sleep Society since 2008. This date shifts with the calendar week, aligning with efforts to address global sleep disorders affecting productivity and health outcomes. These events, varying by jurisdiction or organizational decision, underscore March's role in seasonal policy adjustments and awareness campaigns unbound by fixed Gregorian dates.

Month-long observances and cultural months

Women's History Month

Women's History Month originated in the United States as an effort to highlight women's roles in history amid the second-wave of the . Educators in , initiated Week in March 1978, organizing classroom activities to address the underrepresentation of women in textbooks and promote awareness of their contributions, partly in response to compliance pressures in schools. This local initiative expanded nationally when, in February 1980, President issued the first presidential proclamation designating the week of March 8 as National Women's History Week, acknowledging women's "valiant efforts" in shaping the nation. In 1981, the U.S. Congress passed Public Law 97-28, authorizing the president to proclaim a national Women's History Week annually, which President Ronald Reagan did that year. The observance evolved into a full month with the passage of Public Law 100-9 on March 12, 1987, when Congress requested a presidential proclamation for March as Women's History Month, and Reagan issued Proclamation 5619 calling for programs to honor women's historical roles. Subsequent presidents have issued annual proclamations, such as President Donald Trump's in 2025, emphasizing women's achievements in various fields while urging civic engagement. Observances typically include educational events, museum exhibits, lectures, and media campaigns focusing on women's accomplishments in , , arts, and civil rights, often coordinated by organizations like the National Women's History Alliance. In the U.S., federal agencies and schools participate, with themes selected annually—such as "Women Who Advocate for Sports Equity and Equality" in 2024—to spotlight specific contributions. The month aligns with on , which commemorates global and labor movements but originated separately in 1911 socialist conferences. Internationally, March is recognized as Women's History Month in the and , featuring similar events to celebrate women's societal impacts, though without equivalent U.S.-style congressional mandates. observes it in October, while holds it in August, reflecting adaptations to national contexts rather than a uniform global standard. Many countries, including and , emphasize March 8 as a for with flowers and gifts, but without extending to a full month of historical focus. The U.S. remains distinctive in designating an entire month, driven by domestic advocacy rather than international consensus.

Nutrition and health-focused months

National Nutrition Month, observed annually in March, is sponsored by the to promote informed food choices, sound eating habits, and physical activity as foundations for good health. The campaign emphasizes evidence-based nutrition practices, such as balancing macronutrients and incorporating whole foods, amid rising concerns over diet-related chronic diseases like and , which affect over 40% of U.S. adults according to CDC data. Each year features a theme, such as "Beyond the Table" in 2024, encouraging holistic approaches to nutrition beyond mere meal planning, including cultural and social connections to food. National Kidney Month, also in March, highlights (CKD), which impacts approximately 1 in 7 U.S. adults, often silently progressing due to factors like and that are modifiable through diet and . Organized by the National Kidney Foundation, it advocates for early screening via blood and urine tests, as CKD detection allows interventions like control and reduced protein intake to slow progression, supported by clinical guidelines from bodies. Public campaigns stress preventive nutrition, including limiting sodium to under 2,300 mg daily and managing in advanced stages, drawing from peer-reviewed studies showing dietary adherence correlates with better renal outcomes. March serves as National Awareness Month, proclaimed in 2000 by President to underscore screening's role in preventing and detecting this cancer, the third most common in the U.S. with over 150,000 annual diagnoses. Efforts focus on starting screenings at age 45 via or stool tests, which reduce mortality by up to 60% per epidemiological data, while addressing rising incidence in younger adults linked to poor diet, inactivity, and . Nutritional emphases include high-fiber diets from fruits, , and whole grains to lower risk, as meta-analyses confirm fiber's protective effect against adenoma formation, though mainstream guidelines caution against over-relying on observational data without randomized trial confirmation.

Other thematic months

In the United States, March is designated as , established by 101-418 in 1991 to honor the contributions of Irish immigrants and their descendants to American society. The first presidential proclamation was issued by that year, with subsequent administrations, including a 2025 statement from the , reaffirming the observance annually. This recognition coincides with on March 17 and focuses on the cultural, economic, and political influences of , stemming from major 19th-century migrations driven by the Great Famine (1845–1852). Observances include community parades, historical lectures, and cultural festivals that highlight Irish traditions such as , dance, and storytelling, often organized by groups like the . These events underscore the integration of Irish heritage into mainstream American identity, evidenced by widespread adoption of symbols like shamrocks and leprechauns in public celebrations. Another notable thematic observance is Music in Our Schools Month, sponsored by the National Association for Music Education (NAfME) since its origins as a single advocacy day on March 14, 1973, in New York, expanding to a month-long event by the 1980s. The program advocates for comprehensive music education in public schools through student performances, teacher workshops, and public demonstrations, drawing on research linking music study to improved academic outcomes in areas like language and mathematics. In 2025, the initiative marked its 40th anniversary with the theme "United Through Music," encouraging nationwide participation to affirm music's role in fostering creativity and community cohesion.

Cultural depictions and folklore

Proverbs and weather lore

In temperate regions of Europe and , March is proverbially depicted as a month of volatile , transitioning from winter's severity to spring's renewal, with sayings emphasizing winds, dust, and as harbingers of agricultural prospects. These folk traditions, preserved in oral and printed collections since at least the , arose from farmers' empirical observations of recurring patterns, such as increased storminess due to clashing air masses, though they lack rigorous meteorological validation and often serve mnemonic or cultural purposes rather than predictive accuracy. The adage "March comes in like a , and goes out like a lamb" describes initial gales and cold fronts yielding to calmer, warmer air, a observed in mid-latitude climates where early March barometric pressures frequently drop before stabilizing. A variant warns, "If March comes in like a lamb, it goes out like a ," implying mild starts risk late frosts; both forms appear in English compilations from the 1800s onward, reflecting anecdotal correlations with seasonal shifts rather than causation. Dry conditions are favorably prognosticated in proverbs like "A bushel of March dust is worth a king's ransom," valuing early aridity for soil warming and weed suppression ahead of planting, as dust (fine dry soil or light snow) aids evaporation and crop readiness without excess moisture that could delay germination. Conversely, "March grass never did good" cautions against premature verdure, noting that early shoots from mild spells often succumb to subsequent chills, a risk tied to March's average diurnal temperature swings of 10–15°C in regions like the British Isles. Storm-related lore includes "Thunder in March betokens a fruitful year," linking early convective activity to nitrogen-rich rainfall benefiting soils, and "Dust in March brings grass and foliage," where wind-stirred particulates signal low conducive to later greening. The coupled saying "March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers" attributes floral abundance to sequential , aligning with hydrological cycles where March's 20–30% of annual rainfall in temperate zones primes ecosystems, though efficacy depends on local and not proverbial invocation alone.

Representations in literature and arts

In classical , March, named after the god Mars, receives extensive treatment in Ovid's , where Book III chronicles the month's Roman observances, commencing with the Kalends and encompassing festivals honoring Mars as a of both and , alongside myths involving figures like on the Ides. This poetic underscores March's historical role as the Roman new year's start, marked by purification rites and martial invocations. The , March 15, gained enduring literary notoriety through William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar (first performed circa 1599), in which a soothsayer warns Caesar, "Beware the ides of March," presaging his by senators on that date in , a motif symbolizing and political upheaval that has permeated Western drama and . In , March frequently appears in medieval and calendar illuminations and paintings depicting the "," portraying seasonal agrarian activities such as vine , plowing, and seeds amid transitional weather, emblematic of renewal after winter. The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (c. 1412–1416), illuminated by the , illustrates March with peasants tilling soil in a verdant , capturing the month's volatile winds and emerging fertility in exquisite detail. Similarly, panels, like those in the , , show figures engaged in , reflecting empirical observations of March's meteorological and agricultural rhythms.

Modern debates and criticisms of observances

Pushback against identity-based months

Critics of identity-based months, including Women's History Month observed in March, argue that such observances segregate historical narratives along group lines, implying that contributions from specific identities require isolated commemoration rather than integration into a universal historical canon. A professional historian contended in 2018 that designating a separate Women's History Month perpetuates a flawed model akin to segregated curricula, fostering the perception that women's achievements cannot compete on equal footing within broader history, thereby undermining efforts toward genuine inclusion. This view posits that history should emphasize individual merit and causal impact over demographic categorization, as compartmentalization risks diluting the ongoing relevance of these events to mere annual rituals. Empirical and philosophical objections highlight how these months can engender complacency, signaling resolution of systemic issues through token events while permitting neglect during the remaining . For instance, confining recognition of group contributions to a single month—such as March for women or for Black Americans—has been criticized for devaluing those legacies by implying they warrant only limited attention, allowing broader society to revert to indifference afterward. Internal dissent reinforces this: a Black American columnist expressed in 2022 that inherently diminishes the stature of contributors like by ghettoizing their stories, arguing it reinforces a of perpetual victimhood over integrated excellence. Similarly, some women view as patronizing, interpreting it as an admission of inherent inequality requiring special coddling rather than evidence of parity achieved through substantive . Policy-level pushback has materialized in institutional reforms prioritizing operational focus over identity observances. In February 2025, the U.S. Department of Defense, under new leadership, discontinued official events for identity-based months—including and —redirecting resources toward warfighting readiness and evaluating service based on character rather than immutable traits. This directive, issued by Defense Secretary , explicitly barred funding for cultural awareness celebrations, framing them as distractions from merit-based unity. Such measures reflect broader critiques that these months entrench , potentially exacerbating division by essentializing groups and sidelining dissenting voices within them, as seen in complaints that often overlooks conservative women's roles in history. Proponents of this stance maintain that true historical reckoning demands year-round, evidence-driven integration, not performative segregation that may serve institutional signaling more than causal understanding of achievements.

Empirical critiques of selective historical focus

Critics of Women's History Month contend that its emphasis on historical barriers faced by women often selectively attributes gender disparities in achievements to discrimination, overlooking empirical evidence of sex differences in cognitive profiles and interests that have shaped divergent outcomes across eras. Longitudinal data from scientific careers show persistent male advantages in publication impact and patenting, with women comprising less than 20% of inventors in key fields like mechanical engineering even today, patterns that correlate more strongly with gendered vocational preferences than with access barriers alone. These preferences, evidenced by meta-analyses revealing men's higher average interest in "things-oriented" domains (e.g., engineering, physics) versus women's in "people-oriented" ones (e.g., social sciences, health), manifest globally and longitudinally, predating modern equality efforts and explaining much of the male skew in historical innovations without invoking bias as the primary causal factor. Further empirical scrutiny highlights the "," where women's underrepresentation in STEM intensifies in nations with greater gender equity, such as , as measured by metrics like the Global Gender Gap Index; this counterintuitive trend supports the role of intrinsic differences in choices over extrinsic oppression, challenging narratives that frame historical male dominance as chiefly artifactual. For example, international assessments like demonstrate boys' consistent edge in and spatial reasoning—skills pivotal to fields yielding Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry, where women have earned only about 3% of awards since 1901—despite equivalent or superior female performance in verbal domains. Such data, drawn from large-scale, , indicate that selective historical focus risks causal distortion by underweighting biological realism, including evolutionary influences on sex-differentiated abilities, in favor of discrimination-centric accounts prevalent in institutionally biased scholarship. This oversight extends to broader historical representations, where spotlights exceptional female figures amid systemic male contributions, yet ignores aggregate evidence: across millennia, from ancient engineering feats to the , male-led innovations outnumbered female ones by orders of magnitude, aligning with division-of-labor patterns reinforced by empirical sex differences in risk-taking and systematizing tendencies rather than mere exclusion. Rigorous analyses, controlling for opportunity, affirm that contemporary gaps in high-impact outputs (e.g., 80%+ male-authored patents) persist due to self-selection into compatible fields, underscoring the need for historical accounts to integrate these verifiable patterns to avoid ideologically filtered selectivity.

References

  1. https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/months/march.html
  2. https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/whats-name-months-year
  3. https://www.almanac.com/how-did-months-get-their-names
  4. https://www.almanac.com/content/first-day-spring-vernal-equinox
  5. https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/everything-you-need-to-know-vernal-or-spring-equinox/
  6. https://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-history.html
  7. https://www.foxweather.com/learn/meteorological-spring-climatological-spring-march-1-may-31
  8. https://www.britannica.com/topic/zodiac
  9. https://www.gia.edu/birthstones/march-birthstones
  10. https://www.almanac.com/march-birthstone-color-and-meaning
  11. https://www.bloomandwild.com/the-blog/birth-month-flowers-guide-whats-my-birth-flower
  12. https://www.dictionary.com/e/march/
  13. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-new-year-once-started-in-march-heres-why
  14. https://www.etymonline.com/word/Mars
  15. https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/roman-calendar.html
  16. https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-ancient-roman-calendar-history-months-saints.html
  17. https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/march-the-beginnings-of-time-in-the-roman-calendar
  18. https://madeofrome.com/how-was-it-made/why-is-january-1st-the-first-day-of-the-year/
  19. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/romancalendar.html
  20. https://historyfacts.com/world-history/fact/roman-calendar-started-in-march/
  21. https://mayis.msa.maryland.gov/Pages/pdf/julianandgregoriancalendars.pdf
  22. https://libguides.ctstatelibrary.org/hg/colonialresearch/calendar
  23. https://www.fhug.org.uk/kb/kb-article/using-the-julian-and-gregorian-calendars/
  24. https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/months/
  25. https://www.calendarr.com/united-states/the-gregorian-calendar/
  26. https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/gregorian.php
  27. https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/canadas-official-time/what-years-are-leap-years
  28. https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/science-leap-year
  29. https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/time/which-years-are-leap-years-can-you-have-leap-seconds
  30. https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/8-scientific-facts-everyone-should-know-about-leap-day/
  31. https://news.gatech.edu/news/2024/02/23/leap-years-explained
  32. https://www.calendarr.com/united-states/days-in-a-year/
  33. https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/varying-march-equinox-date.html
  34. https://in-the-sky.org/news.php?id=20240320_07_100
  35. https://espacepourlavie.ca/en/equinoxes-and-solstices
  36. https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/easter
  37. https://www.weather.gov/cle/seasons
  38. https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/ten-things-march-equinox.html
  39. https://www.grc.[nasa](/page/NASA).gov/www/k-12/Numbers/Math/Mathematical_Thinking/calendar_calculations.htm
  40. https://data.giss.[nasa](/page/NASA).gov/modelE/ar5plots/srvernal.html
  41. https://in-the-sky.org/news.php?id=20250314_10_100
  42. https://www.amsmeteors.org/meteor-showers/meteor-shower-calendar/
  43. https://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/zodiacal-light-false-dusk-how-to-see-explanation/
  44. https://www.astronomy.com/observing/the-sky-this-week-from-march-1-to-8-2024/
  45. https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/march-constellations/
  46. https://www.almanac.com/night-sky-map-march-big-dipper
  47. https://www.nakedeyeplanets.com/
  48. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/meteorological-versus-astronomical-seasons
  49. https://www.rmets.org/metmatters/difference-between-meteorological-and-astronomical-seasons
  50. https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/first-day-of-spring-the-difference-between-meteorological-and-astronomical-spring/335725
  51. https://weather.metoffice.gov.uk/learn-about/weather/seasons/spring/when-does-spring-start
  52. https://www.severe-weather.eu/global-weather/total-polar-vortex-collapse-stratospheric-warming-march-2025-impact-forecast-united-states-canada-fa/
  53. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202403
  54. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/season/
  55. https://climate.ai/blog/southern-hemisphere-harvest-navigating-weather-patterns/
  56. https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/equatorial-guinea
  57. https://www.climatestotravel.com/weatherbymonth/ecuador/march
  58. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/march-2025-enso-update-neutral-conditions-expected-soon
  59. https://www.weather.gov/lmk/seasons
  60. https://www.americangemsociety.org/aquamarine-history/
  61. https://robinwoolard.com/blogs/news/bloodstone-birthstone-overview
  62. https://peterfranklin.com/blogs/news/what-s-march-s-birthstone
  63. https://www.almanac.com/content/birth-month-flowers-and-their-meanings
  64. https://www.gardenia.net/guide/march-birth-flower-what-is-my-birth-flower
  65. https://urbanstems.com/blogs/news/a-guide-to-march-birth-flowers
  66. https://astrostyle.com/astrology/zodiac-sign-dates/
  67. https://www.inaoep.mx/~frosales/html/zodiac/index.html
  68. https://www.tarot.com/astrology/cusps/pisces-aries
  69. https://www.astronomy.com/science/your-zodiac-sign-is-probably-wrong/
  70. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-astrology-real-heres-what-science-says/
  71. https://www.bbcearth.com/news/is-astrology-backed-by-science
  72. https://www.discovermagazine.com/how-accurate-are-zodiac-signs-heres-what-science-says-45789
  73. https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/Seasons/Lent.shtml
  74. https://www.calendardate.com/lent_2025.htm
  75. https://www.christianity.org.uk/article/the-christian-calendar
  76. https://theguibordcenter.org/christian-holy-days/
  77. https://www.catholic.com/qa/how-is-easter-sunday-determined-palm-sunday-ash-wednesday
  78. https://maryourhelp.org/Saints-of-the-month-and-feast-days/Saints-of-the-month-and-feast-days-%28March%29.html
  79. https://www.catholic.org/saints/f_day/mar.php
  80. https://www.goarch.org/-/the-major-feasts-of-the-church
  81. https://www.chabad.org/holidays/default_cdo/jewish/Jewish-Holidays.htm
  82. https://www.broadwaybasketeers.com/blogs/when-is-purim
  83. https://www.ifcj.org/learn/jewish-holidays/what-is-purim
  84. https://www.jpost.com/judaism/lists-of-holidays
  85. https://www.holifestival.org/holi-calendar.html
  86. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/events/when-is-holi-2025-date-story-history-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/118841055.cms
  87. https://www.ministryofcolours.co.uk/blogs/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-holi-festival-2025
  88. https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/nowruz-celebrating-new-year-silk-roads
  89. https://www.umassp.edu/deia/events-and-news/diversity-calendar/international-nowruz-day
  90. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/20/nowruz-2025-traditions-haft-sin-and-celebrations-of-the-persian-new-year
  91. https://libguides.pcom.edu/dei/holidays
  92. https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/un/nowruz-day
  93. https://ancientblogger.com/roman-festivals-in-march-episode-notes/
  94. https://imperiumromanum.pl/en/roman-religion/roman-feasts/
  95. https://www.througheternity.com/en/blog/history/7-pagan-festivals-still-celebrate.html
  96. https://histmyst.org/festivals.html
  97. https://www.vindolanda.com/blog/quinquatrus-festival-of-minerva
  98. https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/usa
  99. https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/daylight_time
  100. https://www.earthhour.org/
  101. https://nationalwomenshistoryalliance.org/womens-history-month-history/
  102. https://people.com/human-interest/womens-history-month-facts-explainer/
  103. https://www.womenshistory.org/womens-history/womens-history-month
  104. https://guides.loc.gov/womens-history-month-legal-resources/history-and-overview
  105. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45125
  106. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/03/womens-history-month-2025/
  107. https://www.un.org/en/observances/womens-day/background
  108. https://daily.jstor.org/womens-history-month-editors-picks/
  109. https://www.europeana.eu/en/stories/how-womens-history-month-came-to-be-celebrated-internationally
  110. https://www.ef.edu/blog/language/10-ways-international-womens-day-is-marked-around-the-world/
  111. https://www.nypl.org/node/5763
  112. https://www.eatright.org/about-national-nutrition-month
  113. https://www.eatrightpro.org/about-us/for-media/press-releases/celebrate-beyond-the-table-for-2024-national-nutrition-month
  114. https://www.kidney.org/national-kidney-month
  115. https://www.kidney.org/press-room/nkf-recognizes-march-national-kidney-month
  116. https://www.asn-online.org/nationalkidneymonth/
  117. https://colorectalcancer.org/get-involved/advocate/colorectal-cancer-awareness-month
  118. https://www.aacr.org/patients-caregivers/awareness-months/colorectal-cancer-awareness-month/
  119. https://gi.org/2025/02/25/march-is-colorectal-cancer-awareness-month-2/
  120. https://guides.loc.gov/irish-american-heritage-month-legal-resources/history-and-overview
  121. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2025/03/irish-american-heritage-month-2025/
  122. https://epicchq.com/story/how-march-became-irish-american-heritage-month/
  123. https://aoh.com/irish-american-heritage-month-program/
  124. https://nationaldaycalendar.com/march/irish-american-heritage-month-march
  125. https://nafme.org/advocacy/music-in-our-schools-month/
  126. https://www.dodea.edu/news/excellence-education/music-our-schools-month
  127. https://nafme.org/blog/march-2025-marks-the-40th-anniversary-of-music-in-our-schools-month/
  128. https://www.almanac.com/weather-lore-and-proverb-calendar
  129. https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/march.html
  130. https://www.farmersalmanac.com/the-truth-behind-in-like-a-lion-out-like-a-lamb
  131. https://discover.hubpages.com/literature/March-wind-proverbs-and-other-sayings-about-the-third-month
  132. https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidFastiBkThree.php
  133. https://www.theoi.com/Text/OvidFasti3.html
  134. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ides-of-March
  135. https://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/play_view.php?WorkID=juliuscaesar&Act=1&Scene=2&Scope=scene
  136. https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/italian-venetian-the-labours-of-the-months-march
  137. https://time.com/5209670/historian-against-womens-history-month/
  138. https://www.rd.com/article/why-black-history-month-shouldnt-be-a-single-month/
  139. https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/greg-moore/2022/02/05/black-history-month-wrong-and-say-black-man/9301629002/
  140. https://nashuproar.org/53354/opinion/opinion-my-issue-with-womens-history-month-from-a-womans-perspective/
  141. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2025/feb/1/identity-months-pentagon-scraps-official-events-bl/
  142. https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/4050331/identity-months-dead-at-dod/
  143. https://thedefensepost.com/2025/02/01/pentagon-no-identity-months/
  144. https://www.bunkhistory.org/resources/why-arent-conservative-women-recognized-during-womens-history-month
  145. https://nieveroja.colostate.edu/issue1/blkhist.htm
  146. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9352587/
  147. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040162513001911
  148. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3044353/
  149. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2008704117
  150. https://www.lifescied.org/doi/10.1187/cbe.13-10-0204
  151. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886919307457
  152. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1914221117
  153. https://iwpr.org/%25EF%25BB%25BF-80-percent-of-patents-belong-solely-to-men-august-12-2016/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
Contribute something
User Avatar
No comments yet.