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Erwin National Fish Hatchery
The Erwin National Fish Hatchery is a fish hatchery administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service located in Erwin, Tennessee, in the United States. It opened in 1897 and is one of the oldest United States Government facilities in the National Fish Hatchery System. It is a major producer of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs for the stocking of waterways in the southeastern United States, and also is involved in the preservation and restoration of threatened and endangered species in the region.
The United States Congress created the United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries, widely referred to informally as the United States Fish Commission, in 1871 to study and manage the fishery resources of the United States. The same year, it established the National Fish Hatchery System as an element of the Fish Commission. On August 8, 1894, an Act of Congress authorized the establishment of a fish culture facility to restore trout populations in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. In 1896, the Fish Commission dispatched agents to Tennessee to identify a suitable location to establish the facility. Later in 1896, the agents recommended a site in the Appalachian Mountains in Erwin in eastern Tennessee near the North Carolina border, noting both an abundance of fresh water flowing from a number of high-output springs there and the site's proximity to a railroad. The Fish Commission approved the recommendation. Construction of the facility — named the Erwin National Fish Hatchery — started in the spring of 1897, and it began operations in the fall of 1897. Initially, it consisted of a hatchery building, outbuildings, two residential buildings to house staff, and eight fish ponds.
The first fish arrived at the hatchery in November 1897, and during its first season the facility received 2,989 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) for use as broodstock, but a high mortality rate among the fish — much of it due to predation by feral cats — ensued and the hatchery produced no eggs that year. In 1898, the hatchery received shipments of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings and eggs from a national fish hatchery in Wytheville, Virginia, and brook trout eggs from East Freetown, Massachusetts, but again experienced low survival rates of fish and eggs due to high nitrogen levels in the spring water and predation by snakes and other species. The hatchery's employees learned from their mistakes, however, and soon achieved success, raising approximately 40,000 rainbow trout and 30,000 brook trout in 1900.
During its early years, the hatchery was served primarily by trains which transported fish in specially equipped "fish cars" in which fish culturists manually aerated water and used ice as necessary to cool it to keep fish alive while they were aboard the trains. A special railroad siding was constructed at the hatchery so these specialized railcars could load cargoes of fish; the railroad stop at the hatchery also served as the United States Post Office for "Fishery, Tennessee." A hatchery office building was constructed in 1901, and a house for the hatchery's superintendent was built in 1903; one of the grandest homes in Unicoi County, Tennessee, and officially referred to as "Quarters No. 1," it became known as the Morefield House. The original hatchery building fell into disrepair, so in 1909 a new hatchery building replaced it. The hatchery converted some of its ponds into concrete raceways and acquired more land, allowing it to construct ponds for warm-water fish culture on the west side of the railroad tracks.
The hatchery primarily stocked fisheries in eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and three counties in Virginia. From the early 1900s into the 1940s, the hatchery raised no fewer than 16 species of fish, including brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout (Salmo trutta), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), catfish (order Siluriformes), largemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), crappie (genus Pomoxis), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), goldfish (Carassius auratus), silver shiners (Notropis photogenis), whitetail shiners (Cyprinella galactura), golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), and northern hogsuckers (Hypentelium nigricans).
The hatchery continued to operate as the Fish Commission became the Bureau of Fisheries in 1903, merged with other agencies to form the United States Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service in 1940, and underwent a major reorganization to become the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1956, under which it has operated ever since. In the 1940s the hatchery reduced the number of species it raised and began focusing on rainbow trout, brown trout, brook trout, bluegill, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass. In the 1950s, it cut back further on the number of species and began to focus solely on the propagation of trout to restore trout populations and support recreational fishing.
The 1901 hatchery office building was converted into a picnic shelter during the 1950s. By the end of the 1950s the hatchery had converted all of the ponds on the eastern side of the railroad tracks into raceways, and added a feed building, a five-bay garage, and an oil house. The most recent hatchery building was built in 1961, and the hatchery's pump house for reuse water, generator building, and only remaining staff quarters house were added in the 1960s. In the 1960s, the hatchery expanded its stocking responsibilities to include Cumberland County, Kentucky.
In 1970, the USFWS identified a need for stable sources of trout eggs and created its National Broodstock Program. In 1976, the Erwin National Fish Hatchery officially became part of the program and began to provide disease-free eggs to United States Government, state government, and Native American tribal hatcheries. Since then, it has served as one of the program's primary broodstock facilities, providing approximately 16 million certified disease-free trout eggs annually to hatcheries around the United States.
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Erwin National Fish Hatchery
The Erwin National Fish Hatchery is a fish hatchery administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service located in Erwin, Tennessee, in the United States. It opened in 1897 and is one of the oldest United States Government facilities in the National Fish Hatchery System. It is a major producer of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs for the stocking of waterways in the southeastern United States, and also is involved in the preservation and restoration of threatened and endangered species in the region.
The United States Congress created the United States Commission on Fish and Fisheries, widely referred to informally as the United States Fish Commission, in 1871 to study and manage the fishery resources of the United States. The same year, it established the National Fish Hatchery System as an element of the Fish Commission. On August 8, 1894, an Act of Congress authorized the establishment of a fish culture facility to restore trout populations in Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia. In 1896, the Fish Commission dispatched agents to Tennessee to identify a suitable location to establish the facility. Later in 1896, the agents recommended a site in the Appalachian Mountains in Erwin in eastern Tennessee near the North Carolina border, noting both an abundance of fresh water flowing from a number of high-output springs there and the site's proximity to a railroad. The Fish Commission approved the recommendation. Construction of the facility — named the Erwin National Fish Hatchery — started in the spring of 1897, and it began operations in the fall of 1897. Initially, it consisted of a hatchery building, outbuildings, two residential buildings to house staff, and eight fish ponds.
The first fish arrived at the hatchery in November 1897, and during its first season the facility received 2,989 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) for use as broodstock, but a high mortality rate among the fish — much of it due to predation by feral cats — ensued and the hatchery produced no eggs that year. In 1898, the hatchery received shipments of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings and eggs from a national fish hatchery in Wytheville, Virginia, and brook trout eggs from East Freetown, Massachusetts, but again experienced low survival rates of fish and eggs due to high nitrogen levels in the spring water and predation by snakes and other species. The hatchery's employees learned from their mistakes, however, and soon achieved success, raising approximately 40,000 rainbow trout and 30,000 brook trout in 1900.
During its early years, the hatchery was served primarily by trains which transported fish in specially equipped "fish cars" in which fish culturists manually aerated water and used ice as necessary to cool it to keep fish alive while they were aboard the trains. A special railroad siding was constructed at the hatchery so these specialized railcars could load cargoes of fish; the railroad stop at the hatchery also served as the United States Post Office for "Fishery, Tennessee." A hatchery office building was constructed in 1901, and a house for the hatchery's superintendent was built in 1903; one of the grandest homes in Unicoi County, Tennessee, and officially referred to as "Quarters No. 1," it became known as the Morefield House. The original hatchery building fell into disrepair, so in 1909 a new hatchery building replaced it. The hatchery converted some of its ponds into concrete raceways and acquired more land, allowing it to construct ponds for warm-water fish culture on the west side of the railroad tracks.
The hatchery primarily stocked fisheries in eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and three counties in Virginia. From the early 1900s into the 1940s, the hatchery raised no fewer than 16 species of fish, including brook trout, rainbow trout, brown trout (Salmo trutta), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), catfish (order Siluriformes), largemouth bass (Micropterus nigricans), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), crappie (genus Pomoxis), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), goldfish (Carassius auratus), silver shiners (Notropis photogenis), whitetail shiners (Cyprinella galactura), golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), and northern hogsuckers (Hypentelium nigricans).
The hatchery continued to operate as the Fish Commission became the Bureau of Fisheries in 1903, merged with other agencies to form the United States Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service in 1940, and underwent a major reorganization to become the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1956, under which it has operated ever since. In the 1940s the hatchery reduced the number of species it raised and began focusing on rainbow trout, brown trout, brook trout, bluegill, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass. In the 1950s, it cut back further on the number of species and began to focus solely on the propagation of trout to restore trout populations and support recreational fishing.
The 1901 hatchery office building was converted into a picnic shelter during the 1950s. By the end of the 1950s the hatchery had converted all of the ponds on the eastern side of the railroad tracks into raceways, and added a feed building, a five-bay garage, and an oil house. The most recent hatchery building was built in 1961, and the hatchery's pump house for reuse water, generator building, and only remaining staff quarters house were added in the 1960s. In the 1960s, the hatchery expanded its stocking responsibilities to include Cumberland County, Kentucky.
In 1970, the USFWS identified a need for stable sources of trout eggs and created its National Broodstock Program. In 1976, the Erwin National Fish Hatchery officially became part of the program and began to provide disease-free eggs to United States Government, state government, and Native American tribal hatcheries. Since then, it has served as one of the program's primary broodstock facilities, providing approximately 16 million certified disease-free trout eggs annually to hatcheries around the United States.