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Grigory Orlov
Prince Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (Russian: Григорий Григорьевич Орлов; 17 October 1734 – 24 April 1783) was a favourite of the Empress Catherine the Great of Russia, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (1772), state and military figure, collector, patron of arts, and General-in-Chief.
He patronised M. V. Lomonosov, D. I. Fonvisin, V. I. Bazhenov and gave them financial support. Honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Arts (since 1765). He collected paintings (including Rembrandt, P. P. Rubens, Titian), sculpture, Chinese, Japanese and Russian porcelain, hunting weapons, etc. (Orlov's collection has been preserved almost completely; it is now in the State Museum-Reserve "Gatchina" of the eponymous city). A large landowner, particularly of the Gatchina manor, where Orlov commissioned the construction of a palace and a landscape garden.
He became a leader of the 1762 coup which overthrew Catherine's husband Peter III of Russia and installed Catherine as empress. For some years he was virtually co-ruler with her, but his repeated infidelities and the enmity of Catherine's other advisers led to his fall from power.
Orlov was the son of Gregory Orlov, governor of Great Novgorod. He had a younger brother Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov who would equally gain military and political prominence in Russia. Grigory Orlov was educated in the corps of cadets at Saint Petersburg, began his military career in the Seven Years' War, and was wounded at Zorndorf. In the late 1750s, according to Andrey Bolotov, he was initiated into the Freemasons. While serving in the capital as an artillery officer in the summer of 1761, he caught the fancy of the then Grand Duchess Catherine Alekseyevna, became her favourite (until 1772), and was the leader of the conspiracy which resulted in the dethronement and death of her husband, Emperor Peter III (1762). He drew and involved Izmailovsky, Preobrazhensky, and Semyonovsky regimental officers into this conspiracy.
After the event, Empress Catherine raised him to the rank of count and made him adjutant-general, director-general of engineers, and general-in-chief. They had an illegitimate son, Aleksey who was named after the village of Bobriki, and from whom descends the line of the Count Bobrinsky. Orlov's influence became paramount after the discovery of the Khitrovo plot (led by Fyodor Alekseevich Khitrovo) to murder the whole Orlov family. At one time, the Empress thought of marrying her favorite, but the plan was frustrated by her influential advisor Nikita Panin.
Orlov had a quick wit, a fairly accurate appreciation of current events, and was a useful and sympathetic counselor during the earlier portion of Catherine's reign. He entered with enthusiasm, from both patriotic and economic motives, into the question of the improvement of the condition of the serfs and their partial emancipation. He also led the investigation of Lieutenant Vasily Mirovich, who tried to free the former Russian Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich from the Shlisselburg Fortress (1764). Commander with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel of the Life Guard Horse Regiment (1764–83), chief of the Chevalier Guard Regiment – the Empress's personal guard (1765–83). As the president of the Free Economic Society, he was also their most prominent advocate in the great commission of 1767, though he aimed primarily at pleasing the empress, who affected great liberality in her earlier years. He promoted smallpox inoculation and was one of the first in Russia to inoculate against smallpox together with Empress Catherine II in 1768.
He was one of the earliest propagandists of the Slavophile idea of the emancipation of the Christians from Ottoman rule. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74, he convinced Catherine to send the Navy at the Mediterranean, and was involved in the formation and dispatch of artillery teams to the front. In 1771, he was sent as first Russian plenipotentiary to the peace congress of Focşani, but he failed in his mission, owing partly to the obstinacy of the Ottomans, and partly (according to Panin) to his own outrageous insolence. In 1771 in Moscow he stopped the spread of the plague epidemic, which caused a "Plague Riot" in the city, stopped looting, opened hospitals and orphanages.
Meanwhile, Orlov's enemies, led by Panin, were attempting to break up the relationship between Orlov and Catherine. They informed the empress that Orlov had seduced his 13-year-old relative. A handsome young officer, Alexander Vasilchikov, was installed as her new lover.
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Grigory Orlov
Prince Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov (Russian: Григорий Григорьевич Орлов; 17 October 1734 – 24 April 1783) was a favourite of the Empress Catherine the Great of Russia, Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (1772), state and military figure, collector, patron of arts, and General-in-Chief.
He patronised M. V. Lomonosov, D. I. Fonvisin, V. I. Bazhenov and gave them financial support. Honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Arts (since 1765). He collected paintings (including Rembrandt, P. P. Rubens, Titian), sculpture, Chinese, Japanese and Russian porcelain, hunting weapons, etc. (Orlov's collection has been preserved almost completely; it is now in the State Museum-Reserve "Gatchina" of the eponymous city). A large landowner, particularly of the Gatchina manor, where Orlov commissioned the construction of a palace and a landscape garden.
He became a leader of the 1762 coup which overthrew Catherine's husband Peter III of Russia and installed Catherine as empress. For some years he was virtually co-ruler with her, but his repeated infidelities and the enmity of Catherine's other advisers led to his fall from power.
Orlov was the son of Gregory Orlov, governor of Great Novgorod. He had a younger brother Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov who would equally gain military and political prominence in Russia. Grigory Orlov was educated in the corps of cadets at Saint Petersburg, began his military career in the Seven Years' War, and was wounded at Zorndorf. In the late 1750s, according to Andrey Bolotov, he was initiated into the Freemasons. While serving in the capital as an artillery officer in the summer of 1761, he caught the fancy of the then Grand Duchess Catherine Alekseyevna, became her favourite (until 1772), and was the leader of the conspiracy which resulted in the dethronement and death of her husband, Emperor Peter III (1762). He drew and involved Izmailovsky, Preobrazhensky, and Semyonovsky regimental officers into this conspiracy.
After the event, Empress Catherine raised him to the rank of count and made him adjutant-general, director-general of engineers, and general-in-chief. They had an illegitimate son, Aleksey who was named after the village of Bobriki, and from whom descends the line of the Count Bobrinsky. Orlov's influence became paramount after the discovery of the Khitrovo plot (led by Fyodor Alekseevich Khitrovo) to murder the whole Orlov family. At one time, the Empress thought of marrying her favorite, but the plan was frustrated by her influential advisor Nikita Panin.
Orlov had a quick wit, a fairly accurate appreciation of current events, and was a useful and sympathetic counselor during the earlier portion of Catherine's reign. He entered with enthusiasm, from both patriotic and economic motives, into the question of the improvement of the condition of the serfs and their partial emancipation. He also led the investigation of Lieutenant Vasily Mirovich, who tried to free the former Russian Emperor Ivan VI Antonovich from the Shlisselburg Fortress (1764). Commander with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel of the Life Guard Horse Regiment (1764–83), chief of the Chevalier Guard Regiment – the Empress's personal guard (1765–83). As the president of the Free Economic Society, he was also their most prominent advocate in the great commission of 1767, though he aimed primarily at pleasing the empress, who affected great liberality in her earlier years. He promoted smallpox inoculation and was one of the first in Russia to inoculate against smallpox together with Empress Catherine II in 1768.
He was one of the earliest propagandists of the Slavophile idea of the emancipation of the Christians from Ottoman rule. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74, he convinced Catherine to send the Navy at the Mediterranean, and was involved in the formation and dispatch of artillery teams to the front. In 1771, he was sent as first Russian plenipotentiary to the peace congress of Focşani, but he failed in his mission, owing partly to the obstinacy of the Ottomans, and partly (according to Panin) to his own outrageous insolence. In 1771 in Moscow he stopped the spread of the plague epidemic, which caused a "Plague Riot" in the city, stopped looting, opened hospitals and orphanages.
Meanwhile, Orlov's enemies, led by Panin, were attempting to break up the relationship between Orlov and Catherine. They informed the empress that Orlov had seduced his 13-year-old relative. A handsome young officer, Alexander Vasilchikov, was installed as her new lover.