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Hurshid Pasha

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Hurshid Pasha

Hurshid Ahmed Pasha (died 20 November 1822) was an Ottoman general and Grand Vizier during the early 19th century. Of Georgian descent, he was kidnapped and taken to Constantinople as a youth, where he was enrolled in the Janissaries and eventually appointed to several high positions. He successfully suppressed an uprising in Serbia in October 1813 and held the position of Grand Vizier between 1813 and 1815. In late 1820, he was charged with the suppression of Ali Pasha of Yanina's revolt. Soon after this, a Greek uprising began in the Morea. Hurshid Pasha defeated Ali Pasha and had him killed in early 1822, but his subordinates failed to put down the Greek uprising. The circumstances of his death remain disputed; however, modern scholarship records that he died at Yenişehir (Larissa) on 20 November 1822.

He was born in the Caucasus and was of Georgian descent. He was kidnapped and taken to Constantinople as a youth, converted to Islam and enrolled in the Janissaries. There he acquired the favour of Sultan Mahmud II and occupied several high positions.

Appointed mayor of Alexandria after the French evacuated Egypt in 1801, he was named governor of Egypt in 1804 at Muhammad Ali's behest. Allied with Britain's diplomatic representative, Hurshid tried to get Muhammad Ali and his Albanians removed from Egypt, bringing in the deli (lit. "madmen") light cavalry from Ottoman Syria to counterbalance them. Muhammad Ali won the Delis to his side and, backed by a demonstration of ulema and guild leaders in Cairo, had himself named governor of Egypt in May 1805. Hurshid, abandoned by his troops, was besieged in the Cairo Citadel, which he left only after he saw the Ottoman firman investing Muhammad Ali as Egypt's governor.

In 1808, Hurshid Pasha served as the governor of Rumelia.

In March 1809, he was sent to the Sanjak of Smederevo to suppress the First Serbian Uprising led by Karađorđe Petrović. He defeated Karađorđe at Banja, destroyed Serbian rebel units at Čegar, captured Deligrad, lost at Jasika in 1809, lost at Varvarin in 1810, and successfully suppressed the uprising in 1813 through taking Negotin and Belgrade. On 5 September 1812 he was named Grand Vizier (Prime Minister), a post he held until 1 April 1815. He remained on campaign in Serbia as commander-in-chief (serasker) and Vali of Bosnia, and brought the uprising to an end after recapturing Belgrade in October 1813.

After the suppression of the First Serbian Uprising, Grand Vizier Hurshid Pasha sent his commander Serčesma to the still rebellious parts of Serbia with a large army to return the Serbs under Ottoman suzerainty and ensure them of their rights. The vojvoda Miloš Obrenović surrendered at the Takovo church and other commanders followed suit. Serčesma appointed mayors (mutesellim) and took Miloš with him to Belgrade before Hurshid Pasha, who recognized him as governor of the Rudnik nahiya. Shortly after this, Hurshid left the Belgrade Pashalik and appointed his kethüda Darendeli Ali Pasha as Vizier. Darendeli promoted Miloš to governor of the Kragujevac and Požega nahiyas, as well. Darendeli was soon replaced with Sulejman Pasha Skopljak, who didn't follow Hurshid's and Darendeli's acceptable holding towards Serbs, but instead upheld an administration in the likes of the Dahije, which together with the army bringing in plague and instances of murder resulted in Hadži Prodan's rebellion.

Hurshid served as the Vali of Bosnia in 30 March–28 October 1815. He was replaced by Sulejman Pasha Skopljak. He then served as mutasarrıf of Salonica since 28 October 1815.

In November 1820, he was named governor of the Morea Eyalet (the Peloponnese), with a seat at Tripoli and serasker of the expedition against the rebellious Ali Pasha of Yanina. Before he left for Yanina, however, he was disturbed by rumours of a possible revolt among the Greeks of the Morea. His fears were allayed, however, when an assembly of Greek notables visited him on 8 November 1820 in Tripoli. Thus, on 6 January 1821, he left Tripoli for the north, leaving behind his treasury and his harem, while his deputy (kaimakam) Mehmed Salih with a force of 1,000 Albanians remained to maintain order. However, only a few months later, while the Ottoman armies were besieging Yanina, the first uprisings of the Greek War of Independence took place. Hurshid Pasha decisively defeated Ali Pasha of Yanina at Ioannina.

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