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from Wikipedia
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idem is a Latin term meaning "the same". It is commonly abbreviated as id., which is particularly used in legal citations to denote the previously cited source (compare ibid.). It is also used in academic citations to replace the name of a repeated author.
Id. is employed extensively in Canadian legislation and in legal documents of the United States to apply a short description to a section with the same focus as the previous.[1]
Id. is masculine and neuter; ead. (feminine) is the abbreviation for eadem, which also translates to "the same".
As an abbreviation, Id. always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage (see usage of the full stop in abbreviations). Its first known use dates back to the 14th century.[2]
Look up idem in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Use
[edit]Legal
[edit]- United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543, 545 (1976).
- Id. at 547.
Here, the first citation refers to the case of United States v. Martinez-Fuerte. The volume number cited is 428 and the page on which the case begins is 543, and the page number cited to is 545. The "U.S." between the numerical portions of the citation refers to the United States Reports. 1976 refers to the year that the case was published. The second citation references the first citation and automatically incorporates the same reporter and volume number; however, the page number cited is now 547. Id. refers to the immediately preceding citation, so if the previous citation includes more than one reference, or it is unclear which reference Id. refers to, its usage is inappropriate.
- "...the Executive Order declares that “the United States must ensure that those admitted to this country do not bear hostile attitudes toward it and its founding principles.” Id. It asserts, “Deteriorating..." (from page 3 of State of Washington v. Donald J. Trump)
Here, Id. refers to the Executive Order that was mentioned in the previous sentence.[1]
Academic
[edit]- Macgillivray, J. A. Minotaur: Sir Arthur Evans and the Archaeology of the Minoan Myth. New York: Hill & Wang, 2000.
- Id. Astral Labyrinth: Archaeology of the Greek Sky. Sutton Pub, 2003.
In this example, Id in the second citation indicates that the author is identical to that of the previous citation. That is, the author of the second citation is also Macgillivray, J. A.
Nautical
[edit]Idem is the name of a class of sailboats designed in 1897 by naval architect Clinton Crane. They are gaff-head sloops 32' long (19' at the waterline) and 8' wide. Eleven of the twelve original boats are still sailed on Upper Saint Regis Lake, NY. [3] [4] [5] A new Idem was built on Upper Saint Regis Lake in 1999 by Nelson Crawford, adhering scrupulously to the original Crane design, including commissioning a run of Egyptian cotton sailcloth so that the sails would meet the original specifications. [6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b U.S. 9th circuit appeals court. "9th circuit appeals court - opinion of judges (9 Feb 2017) - State of Washington v. Donald J.Trump" (PDF). www.cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Definition of Idem". Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster.
- ^ "IDEM - sailboatdata".
- ^ "Idem". Sailboat Guide.
- ^ "Clinton Crane 1899 Idem Class Sloop". January 23, 2013.
- ^ "The Idems of Regis Lake | Sailing World". www.sailingworld.com. July 9, 2019.
from Grokipedia
Idem is a Latin adverb meaning "the same" (pronounced id-ehm), primarily employed in academic, legal, and bibliographic contexts to refer to the same author or work as cited in the immediately preceding reference, thereby avoiding repetition.[1][2]
The term, often abbreviated as id. or occasionally spelled out as idem, originates from classical Latin and has been a staple in Western scholarly writing since the medieval period to streamline footnotes and endnotes.[3] In legal citations, particularly in U.S. practice under styles like The Bluebook, id. signals the identical source from the prior citation, optionally followed by a pinpoint reference such as a page number (e.g., id. at 45), and it takes precedence over ibid. for clarity in briefs and opinions.[4][5]
Distinguished from ibidem (abbreviated ibid.), which means "in the same place" and refers to both the same source and exact location, idem emphasizes continuity of authorship across successive citations of different works or pages by that author.[6][7] For instance, if multiple titles by the same author are referenced in sequence, idem replaces the author's name each time after the first full citation.[8]
In modern non-legal academic writing, however, idem and other Latin abbreviations are increasingly discouraged in favor of author-date systems or shortened English forms, as recommended by style guides like the Chicago Manual of Style. Though ibid. has traditionally been more common in historical disciplines, the 18th edition (2024) discourages both ibid. and id., preferring transparent short titles.[7][9] This shift reflects broader efforts to enhance readability and accessibility in global scholarship, though id. remains standard in legal scholarship and certain international bibliographies.[3]
In usage, "idem" agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies or replaces, emphasizing identity or repetition, as in "Caesar idem fecit" (Caesar did the same).[16] Plural forms like "eōrundem" (genitive) incorporate the pronominal genitive plural "-rum" from "is," while dative and ablative plurals unify across genders as "eīsdem."[15] Some variant spellings, such as long vowels in "eōdem" (ablative), reflect classical pronunciation standards.[14]
These dimensions reflect the class's adherence to original Crane plans, with all 13 built vessels (12 from 1900 onward and one in 2004) constructed to identical specifications by the Spalding St. Lawrence Boat Company and later builders to maintain one-design integrity.[22][27][24] The design's enduring appeal lies in its balance of historical authenticity and practical racing capability, with minimal modifications allowed to preserve uniformity.[22][23]
Linguistic Origins
Etymology
The Latin term idem functions as a demonstrative pronoun meaning "the same," derived from the combination of the pronominal stem id ("it" or "that one") and the enclitic suffix -dem, which intensifies the sense of identity or equivalence.[10] This construction traces back to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) root i-, a pronominal stem associated with deictic elements like "this" or "that," as seen in cognates such as Sanskrit ena- and Latin is.[10] The resulting form īdem (masculine nominative singular) contracts from is + -dem, with the long vowel ī required for phonetic reasons, while the neuter nominative singular simplifies to idem from id + -dem.[11] In classical Latin grammar, idem declines across genders and cases to denote sameness in reference: for instance, the feminine nominative singular is eadem (from ea + -dem), the masculine accusative singular eundem (from eum + -dem, with the shift -md- to -nd-), and the feminine ablative singular eādem (retaining the long ā).[11] This declension pattern builds on the base demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id ("he, she, it"), modifying it via -dem to emphasize repetition or continuity of the antecedent.[11] The term's etymological core thus underscores notions of exact equivalence, influencing later derivations like the adverb identidem ("repeatedly" or "again and again"), as well as the noun identitas ("sameness"), from which English "identity" ultimately emerges via Late Latin identitas.[10][12] For example, in Cicero's writings, idem appears in phrases like "idem facere" to mean "to do the same."[13] Historically, idem appears in Latin literature and legal texts from the Republican and Imperial periods to avoid redundancy when referring to previously cited entities, a usage that persists in scholarly conventions today.[10] Its PIE origins link it to broader Indo-European patterns of pronominal intensification, where suffixes like -dem (cognate with Greek *-de) reinforce demonstrative force, as evidenced in comparative linguistics.[10]Grammatical Forms
"Idem" functions as a demonstrative pronoun and pronominal adjective in Latin, meaning "the same" or "the very same," and is formed by adding the indeclinable suffix "-dem" to the demonstrative stem of "is, ea, id" (he/she/it, this/that).[14] This results in irregular forms across genders, numbers, and cases, blending first- and second-declension endings with adjustments for assimilation, such as the change of "m" to "n" before "d" in accusative forms like "eundem."[14] The masculine nominative singular "īdem" derives from an older †"isdem," while the neuter "idem" preserves an archaic formation.[14] The full declension of "idem, eadem, idem" is as follows, with alternative plural forms noted where attested (e.g., "īdem" or "iīdem" for masculine nominative plural).[14][15]| Case | Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular | Neuter Singular | Masculine Plural | Feminine Plural | Neuter Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | īdem | eadem | idem | eīdem / iīdem | eīdem / eaedem | eadem |
| Genitive | eiusdem | eiusdem | eiusdem | eōrundem | eārumdem | eōrundem |
| Dative | eīdem | eīdem | eīdem | eīsdem / iīsdem | eīsdem | eīsdem |
| Accusative | eundem | eandem | idem | eōsdem | eāsdem | eadem |
| Ablative | eōdem | eādem | eōdem | eīsdem / iīsdem | eīsdem | eīsdem |
Citation Practices
Legal Usage
In legal writing, particularly within the United States, "idem" is primarily encountered through its abbreviated form "id.," which serves as a shorthand citation to refer to the same source or authority mentioned in the immediately preceding citation.[17] This usage stems from the Latin "idem," translating to "the same," and is governed by established style guides like The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation.[18] The abbreviation "id." is italicized, including the period, and functions as an all-purpose short form for any cited authority, excluding internal cross-references within the same document.[19] According to Bluebook Rule 4.1, "id." may only be employed when citing the exact same authority as the one in the immediately preceding footnote, provided that footnote contains only a single authority; if multiple sources appear in the prior citation, a short-form citation or "supra" must be used instead.[18] For instance, if a case is fully cited on the first reference as Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973), a subsequent citation to the same case in the next footnote can simply read "Id." if referencing the same page, or "Id. at 120" for a different page.[19] This rule applies across various materials, including cases, statutes, books, and articles, but explanatory parentheticals or procedural histories in the prior citation do not interrupt its applicability.[19] The convention promotes conciseness in legal documents like briefs, opinions, and scholarly articles, reducing redundancy while maintaining precision in referencing.[17] However, "id." cannot span beyond the immediate prior footnote and is invalid for self-referential notes within the text, such as "see supra note 5," which require alternative short forms.[18] In practice, overuse or misuse of "id."—such as applying it to non-identical sources—can lead to citation errors, emphasizing the need for strict adherence to these guidelines in professional legal drafting.[19]Academic Usage
In academic writing, "idem" (often abbreviated as "id.") is a Latin term meaning "the same," historically employed in footnote or endnote citations to refer to the same author when multiple works by that author are cited successively, avoiding repetition of the name while specifying different titles or pages. This usage distinguishes it from "ibidem" (ibid.), which refers to the identical source and location. For instance, after citing Smith 1980 and then Smith 1995 in consecutive notes, a subsequent note might use "Idem 2000, 45" to indicate another work by Smith on page 45.[6] Major style guides, however, increasingly discourage "idem" in favor of clearer, more accessible short forms that repeat the author's surname or include brief titles. The Chicago Manual of Style, commonly used in humanities and history, notes that while "idem" was once applied for successive citations of an author's works, it is now mainly associated with legal writing, and the guide recommends repeating the author's name to enhance readability.[7] Similarly, the MLA Handbook advises against Latin abbreviations like "idem" or "ibid.," opting instead for shortened titles (e.g., Smith, Shortened Title, 50) to make references explicit for readers unfamiliar with such conventions.[20] In APA style, prevalent in social sciences, "idem" is not used at all, as in-text citations already include author names parenthetically, and repeated references simply reuse the full or short citation without abbreviations.[21] This shift reflects broader trends in academic publishing toward transparency and avoidance of esoteric Latin terms, which can confuse non-specialist audiences. Historical texts in fields like classics or theology may still encounter "idem" in older scholarship, but contemporary guidelines prioritize precision over brevity. For example, in a series of notes citing multiple articles by the same historian, modern practice would list "Smith, 'Article Two,' 112" rather than "Idem, 112."Nautical Application
Design and Specifications
The Idem is a one-design racing sloop designed by American naval architect Clinton H. Crane in 1899 specifically for the members of the St. Regis Yacht Club on Upper St. Regis Lake in the Adirondacks, New York, to facilitate fair competition in the region's light winds.[22][23][24] The design emphasizes simplicity, uniformity, and performance in protected inland waters, featuring a shallow-draft hull suitable for lake sailing and a gaff rig that allows for efficient handling by small crews.[22][23] Crane's approach prioritized identical construction across boats to ensure competitive equity, making the Idem one of the earliest examples of a strict one-design class in the United States.[22][25] Constructed primarily of wood, the Idem employs a centerboard trunk for adjustable draft, enabling navigation in shallow areas while providing stability under sail.[22] The hull features flat sections and a narrow beam to optimize speed in light air, with a light displacement that enhances responsiveness without compromising seaworthiness for lake conditions.[23] Rigged as a gaffhead sloop, it uses traditional sails that are relatively easy to set and trim, supporting the class's focus on skilled racing rather than advanced technology.[22][26] Key specifications of the Idem class are summarized below, based on original plans and surviving examples:| Specification | Measurement | Notes/Source |
|---|---|---|
| Length Overall (LOA) | 32 ft (9.75 m) | Standard for all hulls[22][26] |
| Length Waterline (LWL) | 19 ft (5.79 m) | Optimizes hull speed for light winds[22][26] |
| Beam | 8 ft (2.44 m) | Narrow for agility[22][26] |
| Draft (Board Up/Down) | 1.9 ft (0.58 m) / 4 ft (1.22 m) | Centerboard configuration[22][26] |
| Displacement | 6,800 lb (3,084 kg) | Light for era, approximately 6,500 lb in some accounts[22][23] |
| Ballast | 600 lb (272 kg) lead | Internal for stability[22] |
| Sail Area | 600 ft² (55.74 m²) | Gaff mainsail and jib[22][26][23] |
| Hull Type | Centerboard trunk | Wood planking[22] |
| Rig Type | Gaffhead sloop | Traditional setup[22] |
| Hull Speed | 5.84 knots | Calculated based on LWL[22] |
| Sail Area/Displacement Ratio | 26.83 | Indicates high performance potential[22] |