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Jessica Swale
Jessica Swale
Jessica Swale
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Jessica Swale (born 27 February 1982)[1] is a British playwright, theatre director and screenwriter. Her first play, Blue Stockings, premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013. It is widely performed by UK amateur companies and is also studied on the Drama GCSE syllabus. In 2016, her play Nell Gwynn won the Olivier Award for Best New Comedy, after it transferred from the Globe to the West End, starring Gemma Arterton as the eponymous heroine. She also wrote and directed the feature film Summerland (2020).

Key Information

Early life and education

[edit]

Born in Reading, Berkshire, Swale completed her secondary education at Kendrick School, Reading, before studying drama at the University of Exeter.[2][3][4] She completed her training with an MA degree in Advanced Theatre Practice at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama, where she trained as a director.[5]

Career

[edit]

After drama school, she worked as Max Stafford-Clark's associate director at Out of Joint Theatre Company, on productions including The Overwhelming (2006) at the National Theatre and Andersen's English (2010) at Hampstead.[6][7] In 2006, she set up Red Handed Theatre Company with Katie Bonna, to perform new works and revive lost classics.[2][8] She was nominated for an Evening Standard Award for Best Director for her production of The Belle's Stratagem and received the Peter Brook Empty Space Award for Best Ensemble for Red Handed in 2012.[9]

Swale is also an associate artist with NGO Youth Bridge Global, using theatre as a development tool in war-torn countries,[9] and the author of a series of drama games books, published by Nick Hern.[10]

Stage directing

[edit]

In 2010, Swale directed the first play by a woman ever to be staged at Shakespeare's Globe, Nell Leyshon's Bedlam.[11] For Red Handed Theatre Company, she directed The Busy Body (2012),[12] The Rivals (2010),[13] Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (2012) at Southwark Playhouse, The School for Scandal (2013)[14] at the Park Theatre and Palace of the End (2010)[15] at Arcola Theatre. Other credits include Fallen Angels (Salisbury Playhouse),[16] Winter (Theatre Newfoundland, Canada), Sleuth, Sense and Sensibility[17] and Far from the Madding Crowd (Watermill Theatre).[18][19][20]

Playwriting

[edit]
Gemma Arterton starred in Swale's play Nell Gwynn (2016), short film Leading Lady Parts (2018) and feature film Summerland (2020)

As a playwright, Swale's first play Blue Stockings premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013 and won her an Evening Standard Most Promising Playwright nomination.[2] Nell Gwynn premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2015, starring Gugu Mbatha-Raw,[21] and transferred to the West End with Gemma Arterton in the title role.[22][23][24][25] The production received four Olivier nominations, winning Best New Comedy,[26][27] and is currently being developed as a feature film with Working Title.[28]

Other plays includes All's Will that Ends Will (Bremen Shakespeare Company),[29] Thomas Tallis (Sam Wanamaker Playhouse), The Playhouse Apprentice (Sam Wanamaker Playhouse) and The Mission about illegal adoptions in the 1920s.[30] Her adaptations include Sense and Sensibility,[17] Far from the Madding Crowd (Watermill), The Secret Garden and Stig of the Dump (Grosvenor Park, Chester).[31]

Swale is the book writer of Paddington: The Musical (with music and lyrics by Tom Fletcher) which premiered at the Savoy Theatre in London's West End in November 2025.

Film and television

[edit]

Her first short film, the Time's Up movement-inspired comedy Leading Lady Parts, starring Catherine Tate, Gemma Arterton, Felicity Jones, Florence Pugh, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, Tom Hiddleston and Gemma Chan, premiered on BBC Four in 2018 and is available for free on YouTube.[32][33] She then co-wrote the screenplay for Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans (2019).[34][35]

In 2012, she won the BAFTA JJ Screenwriting Bursary for which she developed an original screenplay, Summerland.[36] She also directed the film herself, and in 2020 it was released by IFC Films and Lionsgate.[37][38][39] In 2022, she directed two episodes of Ten Percent for Amazon Prime Video, featuring guest stars Dominic West, Emma Corrin, and Himesh Patel.[40]

In 2020, she was said to be in the process of writing an original feature with Blueprint and StudioCanal and other projects for Fox Searchlight and Monumental Pictures.[41]

Personal life

[edit]

Swale lives in South London with a photographer, Michael Wharley.[42]

Writing credits

[edit]

Plays

[edit]

Adaptations

[edit]

Books

[edit]
  • Drama Games: For Rehearsals (2016)[48]
  • Drama Games: For Devising (2012)[49]
  • Drama Games: For Classrooms and Workshops (2009)[50]

Directing credits

[edit]

Short film

Year Title Director Writer
2015 Love[sic] No Yes
2018 Leading Lady Parts Yes Yes

Feature film

Year Title Director Writer
2019 Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans No Yes
2020 Summerland Yes Yes
2025 Merv Yes No

Television

Year Title Note
2022 Ten Percent Episodes 3 and 4

Theater

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Jessica Swale

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Jessica Swale is a British playwright, theatre director, and filmmaker recognized for her contributions to historical drama and adaptations of classic literature. Swale trained at the University of Exeter and the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama before founding the Red Handed Theatre Company in 2005, where she served as artistic director and earned the Peter Brook Empty Space Award for her production of The Belle's Stratagem. Her breakthrough as a playwright came with Blue Stockings, which premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013 and garnered a nomination for Most Promising Playwright at the Evening Standard Theatre Awards. This was followed by Nell Gwynn in 2015, a comedy about the 17th-century actress that transferred from the Globe to the West End and won the Olivier Award for Best New Comedy in 2016. Transitioning to screenwriting and directing, Swale received the BAFTA Rocliffe JJ Screenwriting Bursary in 2012 and made her feature directorial debut with Summerland (2020), a period drama she also wrote, starring Gemma Arterton and Gugu Mbatha-Raw. Her other film credits include screenplays for Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans (2019) and adaptations such as Nell Gwynn for Working Title Films and Persuasion for Fox Searchlight. Swale has also directed adaptations of works like Sense and Sensibility and Far from the Madding Crowd at the Watermill Theatre, and she is set to contribute to Paddington: The Musical in the West End in 2025.

Early life and education

Upbringing and early influences

Jessica Swale grew up in the Reading area of , , in a household supportive of the arts; her mother was an avid theatregoer, and her father worked as an IT consultant while playing the guitar. Her first encounter with live performance came from watching an all-boys school staging of Gilbert and Sullivan's , which sparked her interest in . As a young girl, Swale pursued and immersed herself in books, fostering a love for , pace, , and visual storytelling that would later inform her creative work. For secondary education, she attended , a selective girls' in Reading. This environment, combined with familial encouragement, laid the groundwork for her passion for drama and performance before she pursued formal studies in the field.

Academic and professional training

Swale earned a degree in drama from the University of Exeter in 2004. Following her undergraduate studies, she trained as a director at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama. This postgraduate program equipped her with advanced skills in theatre practice, emphasizing directing techniques that informed her early career in staging productions.

Theatre career

Early directing work and Red Handed Theatre

Following her training at the University of Exeter and the Central School of Speech and Drama, Swale began her directing career as an associate to Max Stafford-Clark at Out of Joint Theatre Company, assisting on J.T. Rogers's The Overwhelming during its 2006 premiere at the National Theatre. She subsequently directed Noël Coward's Fallen Angels at Salisbury Playhouse and, in 2010, Nell Leyshon's Bedlam at Shakespeare's Globe—the first play by a woman ever staged in the venue's indoor Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. Additional early credits included Jon Fosse's Winter at Theatre Newfoundland in Canada, as well as Sleuth, an adaptation of Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility, and Thomas Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd at the Watermill Theatre. These works established her reputation for handling period pieces and lesser-revived texts with vitality. In 2005, at age 25, Swale co-founded Red Handed Theatre Company with writer Kate Bonna, serving as its for a decade. The company specialized in rediscovering forgotten plays—particularly 18th-century comedies by women playwrights such as Hannah Cowley and Susannah Centlivre—while creating lively, accessible adaptations to revive neglected works for modern audiences. Swale directed several of its flagship productions, including Cowley's The Belle's Stratagem (2005), which earned the company the Award for innovative use of space and a nomination for Evening Standard Best Director; The Rivals (2010); Centlivre's The Busy Body (2012); Frank McGuinness's Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (2012) at ; and Sheridan's The School for Scandal (2013) at Park Theatre. These efforts highlighted Red Handed's commitment to ensemble-driven, site-responsive theatre amid funding challenges, often relying on pay-what-you-can models to broaden access. The company's output positioned Swale as a leading young director of period comedy in Britain prior to her transition toward playwriting.

Playwriting development and major stage works

Swale's playwriting emerged from her established career as a , with her debut full-length original play, Blue Stockings, premiering at in 2013. The work dramatizes the campaign by female students at , in 1896 to secure degrees, drawing on historical accounts of intellectuals and their barriers to academic equality. It received a nomination for Most Promising at the and later became a set text on the UK GCSE drama syllabus. Building on this success, Swale penned in 2014, which premiered at the at . The play portrays the Elizabethan composer navigating religious upheavals across the reigns of four Tudor monarchs, emphasizing his survival through artistic adaptation amid persecution. It featured a cast of 14 and highlighted Swale's interest in historical figures overlooked in mainstream narratives. Her most acclaimed stage work to date, Nell Gwynn, premiered at from 19 September to 17 October 2015, before transferring to the in London's West End in 2016. The comedy chronicles the rise of actress Nell Gwynn as a performer and royal mistress during the Restoration era, starring in the title role and incorporating meta-theatrical elements about women entering the English stage. It won the Olivier Award for Best New Comedy, underscoring Swale's skill in blending with accessible wit. Subsequent originals include The Playhouse Apprentice in 2016, first staged at by students from , which follows a challenging theatrical conventions in 1597 . Swale has also developed The Mission, a play addressing illegal adoptions in 1920s Britain, though it remains in progress as of 2025. Her playwriting often centers on women's agency in historical contexts, reflecting a deliberate focus on underrepresented stories without reliance on contemporary ideological framing.

Notable theatre productions and adaptations

Swale's debut full-length play, Blue Stockings, premiered at from 24 August to 11 October 2013, earning her a nomination for the Evening Standard Award for Most Promising . The work dramatizes the struggles of the first women admitted to , in 1896, highlighting their fight for degrees amid societal opposition. Her play Nell Gwynn opened at in September 2015 before transferring to the West End, where it received the Olivier Award for Best New Comedy in 2016. Starring as the titular 17th-century actress and mistress to King Charles II, the production celebrated Restoration theatre's bawdy energy and Gwynn's rise from orange-seller to stage star. Swale has adapted several classic novels for the stage, including Jane Austen's and Thomas Hardy's , both premiered at the Watermill Theatre. Her condenses the Dashwood sisters' romantic entanglements into a witty, ensemble-driven format, while (2015) explores Everdene's independence as a farm owner. Other adaptations include and (premiered at Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre in 2016), for Northampton's Royal & Derngate, emphasizing themes of survival and friendship in accessible, family-oriented stagings. In musical theatre, Swale contributed the book for Paddington the Musical, set for its West End premiere in autumn 2025 at the National Theatre. Her adaptations prioritize narrative fidelity with modern pacing, often for intimate venues like the Watermill, facilitating innovative, low-tech productions.

Film and television career

Transition to screen directing

Following her established career in theatre directing and playwriting, Jessica Swale expanded into , securing the in 2012 for her emerging work in the medium. By the mid-2010s, she had developed multiple screenplays, including adaptations of her stage productions, which positioned her for directing opportunities in . Swale's initial foray into screen directing came with the 2018 short Leading Lady Parts, which she wrote and directed for and as a critique of industry casting practices in support of the Time's Up movement. Featuring a ensemble cast including , , and , the achieved viral success with over 25 million views. This experience paved the way for her feature directorial debut with in , an original screenplay she penned and helmed, depicting a World War II-era story of an reclusive writer and an evacuee boy, starring and . Backed by the , the project marked her full transition to narrative feature filmmaking, building on her theatre-honed skills in character-driven storytelling.

Screenwriting and adaptations

Jessica Swale entered screenwriting professionally in 2012 upon winning the BAFTA JJ Screenwriting Bursary, which supported her transition from theatre to film. Her debut feature screenplay was for Summerland (2020), an original story set during World War II depicting a reclusive writer's evolving relationship with a young evacuee boy, which she also directed. The film starred Gemma Arterton as the protagonist Alice Lamb, alongside Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Penelope Wilton, and Tom Courtenay, and received backing from the British Film Institute. Swale has since developed several adaptation projects for film. These include the screenplay for a feature adaptation of her Olivier Award-winning play Nell Gwynn, produced by Working Title Films and starring Gemma Arterton. She is adapting Jo Baker's novel Longbourn—a downstairs perspective on Pride and Prejudice—for StudioCanal, and Jane Austen's Persuasion for Fox Searchlight Pictures. Additionally, Swale penned the screenplay for a film adaptation of Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, starring Felicity Jones, announced in development around 2016. She also wrote an original screenplay for Horrible Histories: The Movie, produced by Altitude Films, which remains in production as of recent reports. In television, Swale is developing a series adaptation of her play Blue Stockings for Monumental Television, chronicling female students at , in 1896 as they advocate for the right to graduate amid personal and societal obstacles. This project extends her thematic interest in historical women's struggles from stage to screen. As of 2025, no further completed screen adaptations have been released, with her efforts focused on these in-development works.

Recent and upcoming projects

Swale directed episodes 3 and 4 of the series Ten Percent in 2022, an English-language adaptation of the French series Dix Pour Cent (Call My Agent!), which depicts the high-pressure environment of a talent agency following the death of its founder. The episodes featured guest appearances by actors such as and , contributing to the series' ensemble format showcasing celebrity cameos. In film, Swale completed on Merv in 2024, a she is directing for , written by and Linsey Stewart. The project, starring as a recently separated woman and as her ex-partner on a with their shared dog, entered and is slated for release in late 2025. Swale has several screenwriting projects in active development, including a television adaptation of her debut play Blue Stockings for Monumental Television, exploring women's fight for education at in 1896, and an original drama series for . Additional adaptations under her pen include as a series for and , and Sense & Sensibility for Lookout Point.

Awards and recognition

Theatre accolades

Swale's direction of The Belle's Stratagem for Red Handed Theatre Company at in 2011 earned the production the Award, recognizing innovative theatre work, and resulted in her nomination for Best Director at the . Her debut play Blue Stockings, premiered at in 2013, received a nomination for Most Promising Playwright at the . Swale's 2015 play Nell Gwynn, which transferred from to the West End's , won the Award for Best New Comedy in 2016.

Film and literary honors

In 2012, Swale received the BAFTA JJ Screenwriting Bursary, a competitive award supporting emerging screenwriters in developing original screenplays; she used the bursary to write Summerland, her feature debut as writer-director. Swale was honored in 2019 as one of Variety's 10 Brits to Watch, an annual recognition of rising British film talent, presented during the Newport Beach Film Festival's U.K. Honors ceremony in . For directing and writing Summerland (2020), a wartime drama produced with backing, Swale won the Ray of Sunshine Award at the 2020 Norwegian International ; the recognizes films that most effectively excite audiences and spread joy.

Personal life

Private relationships and family considerations

Swale has maintained a long-term relationship with photographer Michael Wharley, with whom she shares a household in South London. The couple adopted the hyphenated surname Swale-Wharley for their shared home, as evidenced by public references to their joint household additions, such as a pet named Newt in 2022. After twelve years together, they married in Umbria, Italy, in June 2025, describing the event as a "lovely adventure" with close family and friends. No public records or statements indicate that Swale and Wharley have children, and she has not discussed parenthood in interviews related to her personal circumstances. Swale has spoken about family influences on her creative process, particularly during a crisis involving her father's illness around 2015, which prompted her to channel personal turmoil into playwriting as a coping mechanism. She grew up in Berkshire with a mother who fostered her early interest in theatre, though details on her family background remain limited in public sources. Overall, Swale has kept aspects of her private life out of the spotlight, prioritizing her professional output over personal disclosures.

Activism and public affiliations

Swale serves as an Associate Artist with the international NGO Youth Bridge Global, an organization that employs as a tool for development and empowerment in conflict-affected regions. In this capacity, she has contributed to initiatives leveraging performance arts for social impact, drawing on her background in to support community-building efforts abroad. She is actively involved in campaigns promoting within the arts industry, including affiliations with Time's Up UK—a movement addressing and inequality—and the 50:50 initiative, which seeks balanced representation of women in and film productions. Swale has publicly advocated for increased visibility of female playwrights in educational settings, arguing in 2016 that schools should prioritize teaching works by women to encourage girls toward creative careers and challenge persistent gender imbalances in writing professions. Additionally, Swale co-founded the Red Handed Theatre Company, which specializes in reviving overlooked plays by female authors from historical periods, thereby highlighting underrepresented voices in dramatic literature. Her efforts in these areas align with broader themes in her creative output, such as historical narratives centered on women's agency, though she has emphasized practical industry reforms over explicit political endorsements.

Critical reception and influence

Achievements in historical storytelling

Jessica Swale's achievements in historical storytelling are exemplified by her original plays that dramatize pivotal moments in women's and cultural history, often centering on trailblazing female figures against institutional barriers. Her debut full-length play, Blue Stockings (2013), set in 1896 at , portrays the real-life campaign of the institution's first female students to receive full degrees after being permitted to sit university exams for the first time. Premiered at , the production earned her a nomination for the Evening Standard Award for Most Promising Playwright and has since been incorporated into the drama syllabus in the UK, influencing on historical gender struggles. In Nell Gwynn (2015), Swale chronicles the 17th-century actress's ascent from orange-seller to Charles II's mistress and one of Restoration theatre's first female performers, emphasizing her wit and agency in a male-dominated era. Originally staged at Shakespeare's Globe before transferring to the West End with Gemma Arterton in the lead, the play won the Olivier Award for Best New Comedy in 2016, highlighting Swale's skill in blending historical fidelity with accessible, bawdy humor to revive interest in overlooked female icons. This success underscored her contribution to restoring the cultural legacy of figures like Gwynn, whom Swale portrays as a pioneering performer rather than mere scandal. Swale extended her historical focus to other periods, as in (premiere at the ), which examines the Tudor composer's navigation of religious upheavals under four monarchs from to . In film, her screenplay for Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans (2019) adapts the educational book series into a comedic depiction of , blending factual events like Boudica's revolt with satirical elements to engage young audiences in . Her directorial debut Summerland (2020), set amid World War II evacuations in rural , weaves and personal redemption into a historically grounded of isolation and unlikely bonds. These works collectively demonstrate Swale's prowess in using drama to excavate empirical historical contexts, particularly women's agency, fostering broader appreciation without romanticizing past inequities.

Criticisms of thematic choices and portrayals

Critics of Jessica Swale's historical works have argued that her thematic emphasis on female agency and empowerment often introduces anachronistic modern perspectives, potentially oversimplifying or idealizing complex historical figures and contexts. In Nell Gwynn (2015), the playwright's use of contemporary humor, , and egalitarian portrayals of dynamics within a Restoration setting has been cited as blending eras too freely, with one reviewer highlighting "blatant " in dialogue and character motivations that prioritize relatable feminist arcs over period-specific constraints. Swale herself has indicated that historical fidelity takes a backseat to evoking the spirit of figures like , framing the play as homage rather than documentary. While this approach garnered praise for vitality, detractors contend it risks portraying 17th-century women through a 21st-century lens, diminishing the era's patriarchal realities and class barriers. Similar concerns arise in Swale's screen adaptation of Nell Gwynn and her directorial debut Summerland (2020), where portrayals of female independence and queer relationships during wartime are accused of sanitizing adversity for uplifting narratives. In Summerland, the central character's arc from isolated spinster to emotionally fulfilled woman—via a flashback-revealed lesbian romance—has been critiqued for evading the era's homophobia and social ostracism, opting instead for "benignly manipulative" resolutions that sew up grief and prejudice with undue wholesomeness. Reviewers have pointed to the film's thematic choices as excessively gentle, glossing over realistic interpersonal and societal frictions in favor of saccharine transformation, which undermines the portrayal's causal depth amid World War II's disruptions. This pattern, echoed in critiques of Swale's broader oeuvre like Blue Stockings (2013), suggests a recurring prioritization of inspirational themes over nuanced depictions of historical setbacks faced by women seeking education or autonomy.

References

  1. https://www.jessicaswale.co.uk/aboutjessicaswale
  2. https://www.jessicaswale.co.uk/theatre-jessicaswale
  3. https://www.jessicaswale.co.uk/film-jessicaswale
  4. https://www.thestage.co.uk/features/jessica-swale-shakespeares-globe-is-a-tricky-and-magical-place
  5. https://variety.com/2020/film/features/jessica-swale-summerland-blue-stockings-1234719253/
  6. https://wokingham.today/hollywood-calls-for-winnersh-playwright-jessica-swale/
  7. https://news-archive.exeter.ac.uk/alumnisupporters/2013/title_315335_en.html
  8. https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/BWW-Interview-Jessica-Swale-On-Getting-Into-Writing-Theatre-20180223
  9. https://www.cssd.ac.uk/courses/mamfa-advanced-theatre-practice
  10. https://coffeetablenotes.blogspot.com/2017/04/jessica-swale-nell-gwynn.html
  11. https://www.dramaonlinelibrary.com/playtext-overview?docid=do-9781784601751&tocid=do-9781784601751-div-00000002
  12. https://origintheatrical.com.au/work/9399
  13. https://www.concordtheatricals.com/p/59427/thomas-tallis
  14. https://www.concordtheatricals.com/a/103225/jessica-swale
  15. https://www.multiplaydrama.co.uk/the-playhouse-apprentice
  16. https://moveablefest.com/jessica-swale-summerland/
  17. https://thesohoagency.co.uk/writers-directors/jessica-swale/
  18. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8743180/
  19. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6841122/
  20. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7328140/
  21. https://playbill.com/article/olivier-winner-jessica-swale-to-write-a-movie-adaptation-of-swan-lake-starring-felicity-jones
  22. https://www.jessicaswale.co.uk/television-jessicaswale
  23. https://deadline.com/2024/03/zooey-deschanel-to-star-merv-rom-com-amazon-mgm-1235848120/
  24. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt31281659/
  25. https://www.arvon.org/tutors/jessica-swale/
  26. https://www.nickhernbooks.co.uk/plays-to-perform/jessica-swale
  27. https://www.whatsonstage.com/stage-names/jessica-swale
  28. https://officiallondontheatre.com/olivier-awards/news/nell-gwynn-wins-olivier-358563/
  29. https://www.nickhernbooks.co.uk/emnell-gwynnem-wins-best-new-comedy-at-olivier-awards-2016
  30. https://variety.com/2019/film/news/newport-beach-uk-honors-10-brits-to-watch-1203132918/
  31. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6841122/awards/
  32. https://www.jessicaswale.co.uk/media
  33. https://x.com/jswale/status/1550791015040180224
  34. https://www.instagram.com/p/DLTUK_KNqlY/
  35. https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/film/jessica-swale-interview-summerland-a4512391.html
  36. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-3351108/Being-creative-creativity-helped-one-woman-cope-family-crisis.html
  37. https://www.jessicaswale.co.uk/associations-jessicaswale
  38. https://www.pulsefilms.com/director/jessica-swale/commercials
  39. https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/jessica-swale-schools-must-promote-more-female-playwrights-as-role-models
  40. https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/arts_ents/15229381.jessica-swale-putting-nell-gwynn-back-centre-stage/
  41. https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/theater-dance/jessica-swales-historical-comedy-aims-to-restore-nell-gwynns-luster/2019/01/23/0a934558-1d9e-11e9-8e21-59a09ff1e2a1_story.html
  42. https://www.sierz.co.uk/reviews/nell-gwynn-apollo-theatre/
  43. https://www.academia.edu/78301375/Nell_Gwynn
  44. https://hollywrites.com/gugu-mbatha-raw-and-jessica-swale-talk-nell-gwynn/
  45. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/30/movies/summerland-review.html
  46. https://www.deepfocusreview.com/reviews/summerland/
  47. https://meaww.com/summerland-movie-review-gemma-arterton-british-war-drama
  48. https://www.theatreview.org.nz/production/blue-stockings/
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