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John Hartnell
John Hartnell
John Hartnell
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John Hartnell (c. 1820 – 4 January 1846) was an English seaman who took part in Sir John Franklin's Northwest Passage expedition and was one of its first casualties, dying of suspected zinc deficiency and malnourishment during the expedition's first year.

Key Information

He was buried on Beechey Island, next to John Torrington, who had become the expedition's first fatality on New Year's Day of 1846, and William Braine, who died three months later on 3 April.

The expedition had not yet run into trouble at this time and proper burials in the Arctic permafrost could be afforded. Because of the region's icy conditions, he was found in a remarkably well-preserved state when a scientific expedition exhumed his remains in 1986 to determine a cause of death.[1]

Biography

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Early life

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John Hartnell was born in Gillingham, Kent to a family of shipbuilders.[2] His parents were Thomas and Sarah (maiden name: Friar, born 1796) Hartnell who were married at Frindsbury, in the Medway Towns area of Kent, on 9 October 1815, and with whom he was living in Gillingham at the time of the census of 1841.[3] He was baptised at the Parish church of St. Mary Magdalene in Gillingham on 16 July 1820.[4] He was raised in the trade of shoemaker.[5]

Franklin expedition

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Together with his brother Thomas he was assigned to HMS Erebus as an able seaman on the Franklin Northwest Passage expedition. They set off from Greenhithe on 19 May 1845 with two ships, the other being HMS Terror. The trip was expected to last about three years, so the ships were packed with provisions that included more than 136,000 pounds (62,000 kg) of flour, 3,684 imperial gallons (16,750 L) of high-proof alcohol, and 33,000 pounds (15,000 kg) of tinned meat, soup, and vegetables. However, the expedition was never heard from again by Europeans after July 1845.

Death and analysis

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Graves of the expedition's first three fatal casualties. Hartnell's is the second from the right. The fourth grave is that of Thomas Morgan, a sailor who died in 1854 on one of the many subsequent fact-finding expeditions.

Pathology reports suggest that Hartnell had a damaged right eye, and it is unclear whether this happened before or after his death.[6] According to his grave marker, Hartnell died on Beechey Island, on 4 January 1846, at the age of 25. He was buried in a shirt embroidered with the initials T.H. and the date 1844, likely having belonged to his brother Thomas.[5] His tombstone was inscribed with a bible passage: ‘Thus saith the Lord of Hosts; Consider your ways’ (Haggai 1, 7).[5]

In 1852, an expedition sent to find Franklin and his men arrived at Beechey Island. Commanded by Edward A. Inglefield, the crew of the Isabel included a physician, Peter Sutherland. Inglefield published a journal reporting their findings.

In 1984, professor of anthropology Owen Beattie from the University of Alberta and a group of scientists arrived at Beechey Island to examine the bodies and determine what may have happened to the three men whose lives ended on the tiny speck of land in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.[7] One of Hartnell's distant relatives, Hartnell's great-great-nephew, physics professor Brian Spenceley, was the expedition's photographer.[2]

Beattie was surprised to see Hartnell's incredibly well-preserved, mummified remains through the melting ice, he was even more surprised to see that Hartnell's body had already been autopsied. Beattie and his team also noticed that Hartnell's right eye seemed damaged beyond the sinking-into-the-sockets effect that would have occurred from prior thawing.[8] When Hartnell's cap was removed, they saw a great deal of hair – used to determine that his body contained large amounts of lead at the time of his death.[7]

However, a 2016 analysis conducted on samples of Hartnell's removed fingernail and toenail found that malnourishment and zinc deficiency may have been his actual cause of death.[9]

[edit]

Hartnell's brother, Tom, played by Jack Colgrave Hirst, is a supporting character in the television adaptation of the novel The Terror, and the burial of the three crewmen on Beechey Island is mentioned in the first episode.[citation needed]

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

John Hartnell

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John Hartnell (c. 1820 – 4 January 1846) was an English in the Royal Navy who served as a crew member aboard HMS Erebus during Sir John Franklin's ill-fated 1845 expedition to navigate the through the . One of the expedition's first casualties, Hartnell died of during the crew's first overwintering on , , , at the age of approximately 25. His remains, remarkably preserved in , were exhumed in 1986 and have provided critical forensic insights into the health challenges faced by the expedition's 129 men, including and environmental toxins. Born in Gillingham, Kent, England, Hartnell came from a maritime family, including his brother Thomas, who also joined the expedition, and enlisted in the Royal Navy, where he gained experience as an able seaman on prior voyages before joining Franklin's command. The expedition, comprising HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, departed England in May 1845 with the goal of charting a sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, but it became trapped in ice off King William Island, leading to the loss of all hands by 1848. Hartnell's grave, marked with a wooden headboard inscribed by his shipmates, was one of three discovered on Beechey Island in 1850 by search parties, alongside those of John Torrington and William Braine. Autopsies conducted during the 1980s exhumation revealed evidence of and pulmonary disease in Hartnell's well-preserved body, initially attributing his death partly to from tinned food and water distillation equipment. However, a analysis of his fingernails and toenails, published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, demonstrated that severe —indicative of chronic —played a more significant role, suppressing his and exacerbating , while elevated lead levels occurred only in his final weeks due to bodily breakdown. These findings, led by toxicologist Jennie Christensen, underscore the expedition's broader struggles with dietary inadequacies and , reshaping understandings of the crew's demise.

Early Life and Career

Birth and Family Background

John Hartnell was born around 1820 in , , to Thomas Hartnell, a shipwright employed at the nearby , and his wife Sarah (née Friar). The couple had married on 9 October 1815 in the neighboring parish of Frindsbury, Kent, establishing a family rooted in the maritime trades of the Medway Towns area. Hartnell was baptized on 16 July 1820 at St. Mary Magdalene Church in Gillingham, reflecting the family's adherence to local Anglican practices. The second of seven children, Hartnell grew up in a household immersed in shipbuilding, with siblings including his younger brother Thomas (born 1822), who later followed a similar path into naval service. This working-class environment, centered around the vital shipbuilding and repair activities at Chatham, provided young men like Hartnell with practical exposure to seafaring skills from an early age. Prior to enlisting in the navy, Hartnell worked as a shoemaker. Gillingham in the 1820s was a modest coastal community shaped by the lingering effects of the , which had expanded the Royal Navy and created abundant opportunities in dockyard labor and recruitment. The postwar brought economic challenges but also sustained demand for skilled tradesmen in a region where the dockyard employed thousands, fostering a culture of naval aspiration among local families. Hartnell's upbringing in this setting naturally oriented him toward maritime pursuits. Limited formal education was typical for working-class boys in early 19th-century , yet Hartnell exhibited basic , as evidenced by his ability to sign naval enlistment documents and his 1845 will aboard . This skill, likely acquired through informal means or rudimentary schooling, distinguished him from some illiterate sailors who marked documents with an X, highlighting the variable educational access in such communities.

Entry into the Royal Navy

John Hartnell, born around 1820 in , to a family with a strong maritime tradition—his father Thomas was a shipwright at the nearby —entered the Royal Navy in September 1841 at approximately age 21. Influenced by this background, which fostered his aptitude for , he enlisted as an and was immediately posted to HMS Volage, a 28-gun . The ship conducted routine peacetime operations in British waters and the . Over the next four years aboard Volage, Hartnell performed essential duties such as , sail handling, ship maintenance, and assisting with . His consistent performance led to a promotion to , a rating reserved for experienced sailors proficient in complex naval tasks, by early . This advancement highlighted his skilled experience in and reliability in peacetime patrols. Hartnell was paid off from Volage on 1 1845, concluding his initial term of service shortly before his selection for the Franklin expedition.

Involvement in the Franklin Expedition

Selection and Voyage Preparation

John Hartnell was selected for Sir John Franklin's Northwest Passage expedition in early 1845, enlisting as an able seaman on HMS Erebus on 17 March of that year. His recruitment was overseen by Captain James Fitzjames, the commander of Erebus and third-in-command of the expedition, who assembled the crew from experienced Royal Navy personnel. Hartnell's prior naval service qualified him for the role, and his younger brother, Thomas Hartnell, joined him as another able seaman on the same vessel. The expedition comprised two ships, HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, both former bomb vessels refitted specifically for conditions starting in February 1845 at . Modifications included doubling the hull planking and reinforcing the bows with heavy timber up to eight feet thick, adding protective iron sheathing, and installing auxiliary steam engines with screw propellers to aid navigation through ice. For cold-weather operations, the ships were equipped with advanced heating systems, including galvanized iron hot-water pipes connected to the galley stoves for circulating warm air, as well as special cooking stoves fitted with tanks to melt ice and snow for . Provisions for three years were loaded, including tinned foods, fuel, and scientific instruments, exceeding the expected one-year voyage duration. As part of the crew, Hartnell contributed to the pre-voyage outfitting, which involved loading supplies, installing , and conducting trials of the new propulsion systems in the Thames. The 129-man complement included a mix of veterans and novices, with only six of the 18 officers having prior polar experience; able seamen like Hartnell supported the ice masters in readying the vessels for the harsh environment. The expedition's primary objective was to navigate the from the Atlantic to the Pacific via the Canadian archipelago. On May 19, 1845, and Terror departed Greenhithe, , marking the start of the voyage after final preparations and a brief stop at in the Islands to take on fresh water.

Duties Aboard HMS

John Hartnell served as an aboard HMS , the flagship of the Franklin Expedition commanded by Captain Sir John Franklin, with Commander as the ship's captain. In this capacity, Hartnell was responsible for essential deck operations, including handling sails by setting, reefing, and furling them to manage the ship's propulsion during the outward voyage from . He also stood regular watches, steering the vessel using visual references, compasses, and indicators, while performing maintenance tasks such as cleaning decks, repairing rigging, and securing lines to ensure the ship's seaworthiness amid varying sea conditions. These duties were standard for able seamen in the Royal Navy's sailing vessels of the era, supporting the smooth operation of the 380-ton converted bomb ship as it navigated the North Atlantic. Beyond routine , Hartnell contributed to the expedition's scientific objectives, assisting in tasks like sounding depths to chart underwater topography and supporting magnetic observations during the initial and entry into . The Franklin Expedition prioritized geomagnetic to map variations in the , a pressing concern for ; able seamen like Hartnell helped establish temporary magnetic stations on shore, where instruments were set up to record and inclination using magnetized needles. Fitzjames personally oversaw these efforts, as noted in his July 1845 correspondence detailing repeated magnetizing procedures with expedition-supplied equipment shortly after departure. Such assistance from the deck crew enabled officers to conduct precise measurements while the ships progressed toward the . Hartnell's service occurred within a crew of 129 men aboard Erebus and Terror combined, drawn predominantly from British ports with regional diversity including English, Scottish, and Irish sailors, fostering a sense of camaraderie in the expedition's early months. Notably, Hartnell worked alongside his younger brother Thomas, also an able seaman on Erebus, which likely strengthened personal bonds amid the shared rigors of shipboard life. Morale remained high during the 1845 summer sailing season, as evidenced by optimistic letters sent home from Greenland's Whalefish Islands in , where crew members expressed confidence in the mission's and the vessels' capabilities. As entered waters in August 1845, Hartnell participated in ice navigation, maneuvering through pack ice in by adjusting sails and handling towing lines to avoid bergs and floes during the push into . Upon arrival at in September, the crew, including able seamen, began winter preparations by securing the ships in a sheltered harbor, offloading supplies for shore storage, and constructing observatories for continued scientific work, all to endure the prolonged darkness and cold of the 1845-1846 season. These adaptations highlighted the able seamen's versatility in transitioning from open-sea sailing to the static demands of overwintering.

Death and Immediate Aftermath

Onset of Illness

During the Franklin Expedition's first winter, with HMS Erebus and HMS Terror frozen in off from September 1845, John Hartnell began exhibiting symptoms of pulmonary in late 1845. These included a persistent , substantial , and intermittent fever, characteristic of the disease's progression in the mid-19th century. The ship's cramped quarters, inadequate ventilation, and unrelenting exposure to cold created an environment conducive to the spread of respiratory infections like , weakening Hartnell's constitution amid the expedition's isolation. As one of the crew's , his routine duties further exposed him to these harsh conditions during the early months of the voyage. Assistant surgeon , responsible for the crew's medical care, attempted to manage Hartnell's symptoms using prevailing 19th-century remedies, including to combat fever and to suppress coughing and ease discomfort. Such interventions offered limited palliative relief but proved futile against the advancing infection, reflecting the era's lack of effective therapies. Hartnell's health declined steadily through December 1845, culminating in his death on January 4, 1846—with Goodsir's subsequent identifying advanced pulmonary as the cause.

Burial on

John Hartnell, who succumbed to on January 4, 1846, was buried the same day on , where the expedition ships and HMS Terror had overwintered since their arrival in September 1845. The grave was excavated into the island's soil, a laborious process in the frozen conditions that limited the depth to approximately four feet and required significant effort from the crew using available tools. It was marked by a wooden headboard, painted black with white lettering, bearing the inscription: "Sacred to the memory of John Hartnell, A.B., of H.M.S. , died January 4th, 1846, aged 25 years. Thus saith the Lord of Hosts, consider ye your ways." In keeping with Victorian Royal Navy customs, the burial likely included a formal religious service led by Captain Sir or another senior officer, as the expedition lacked a dedicated ; the ceremony would have followed the Anglican rites for adapted for land. This burial site formed part of a modest on the island's northwest shore, overlooking the ships' anchorage, alongside the nearby grave of (who died three days earlier) and later that of William Braine (April 1846), establishing an early memorial to the expedition's mounting losses.

Post-Expedition Discoveries and Analysis

Exhumation in the 1980s

The graves of the Franklin expedition members on , including John Hartnell's, were first rediscovered in the 1850s by British search parties led by figures such as Captain Horatio Austin and Sir Edward Belcher, who documented the sites but did not perform full exhumations. A comprehensive scientific exhumation occurred in 1986, led by Canadian anthropologist Owen Beattie of the , as part of an effort to investigate the causes of death among the early casualties. In the summer of , Beattie's team carefully excavated Hartnell's , which had been disturbed during an earlier probe, revealing a filled with water that had frozen into a solid block of ice due to the harsh conditions. The had preserved the remains exceptionally well, allowing the body to emerge intact after 140 years, with visible features such as and skin tone. During the recovery, the team documented artifacts including personal items like a handkerchief and coins placed as , as well as remnants of the sailor's woolen uniform and observed tattoos on the arms depicting anchors and the initials "J.H." The exhumation was conducted with permissions from Canadian federal authorities. The original 1846 burial, hastily prepared in frozen ground during the expedition's first winter, had contributed to the site's preservation by limiting decomposition.

Forensic and Scientific Examinations

The forensic examinations of John Hartnell's remains, conducted following the 1986 exhumation on , confirmed pulmonary as the primary cause of death through detailed autopsy and radiographic analysis. Advanced lung lesions, characterized by caseating granulomas containing acid-fast mycobacteria consistent with , were evident in tissue samples and portable X-rays taken in the field. These findings aligned with contemporary accounts of his rapid decline from respiratory illness, validating the initial made by expedition Harry without evidence of alternative causes like acute poisoning. Dietary analyses using stable isotope ratios in bone and nail samples provided critical insights into Hartnell's nutritional status and environmental exposures during the expedition. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes from his thumbnail indicated a diet reliant on preserved provisions, with elevated lead levels in bone tissue (approximately 30–40 ppm) attributable to solder in tinned foods, suggesting chronic low-level exposure that may have exacerbated health vulnerabilities. However, a 2016 laser ablation study of his thumbnail and toenail revealed severe zinc deficiency (levels dropping below 100 ppm in the final months), linked to malnutrition and contributing more significantly to immune suppression than lead alone; this deficiency likely intensified susceptibility to tuberculosis and scurvy-like symptoms, as zinc is essential for collagen synthesis and wound healing. Examination of Hartnell's preserved skin revealed intricate tattoos, including his initials "J.H." on the forearm alongside nautical motifs such as anchors and a , reflecting personal sentimentality and seafaring identity common among sailors of the era. These tattoos, still vividly preserved due to the conditions, offered a rare glimpse into individual expression amid the expedition's hardships. Further health assessments from and skeletal analyses highlighted traces of possible , evidenced by minor hemorrhaging in preserved and muscle samples, though not as pronounced as in later expedition members. Hartnell's overall physical condition indicated robust build prior to illness—well-developed musculature and no severe pre-existing —contrasting with myths of widespread debilitation from the outset and underscoring that early deaths resulted from infectious compounded by emerging nutritional deficits rather than immediate . Following the examinations, the remains were reinterred in their original graves on .

Legacy and Cultural Impact

Commemorations and Memorials

In 1986, the remains of John Hartnell were exhumed from his original grave on as part of the Franklin Expedition Forensic Anthropology Project led by Owen Beattie; following radiographic and autopsy examinations, they were carefully reburied at the same site on June 21, using Polaroid photographs and scaled drawings to reconstruct the grave precisely. The site, now part of the Beechey Island Sites National Historic Site managed by , features replica bronze plaques on treated wooden markers replacing earlier weathered versions, preserving the inscriptions and serving as enduring tributes to Hartnell and fellow expedition members buried there. In Hartnell's hometown of , a memorial plaque in St. Mary Magdalene Church commemorates his life and service, inscribed with details of his role aboard and his death at age 25, erected by family and reflecting local recognition of his sacrifice. resources, including exhibits and articles in archives, highlight Hartnell's story as part of Gillingham's maritime heritage, drawing on baptismal records and family ties to shipwrights in the community. Hartnell's legacy is woven into wider commemorations of the Franklin Expedition, particularly following the 2014 discovery of —on which he served—and the 2016 finding of HMS Terror, events that renewed public and scholarly interest through Parks Canada-led archaeological efforts and interpretive programs at related historic sites. These milestones emphasize the expedition's human cost, with Hartnell's grave on serving as a focal point for educational narratives about early . Descendants have actively preserved Hartnell's memory through genealogical research and public engagement; Brian Spenceley, his great-great-nephew and a retired , participated as the official during the exhumation, later sharing insights from oral histories and expedition findings in media interviews and discussions following the shipwreck discoveries. Spenceley's efforts, including tracing Hartnell's lineage back to Gillingham shipwrights, have contributed to public understanding of the personal impacts of the expedition.

Depictions in Media

John Hartnell's role in the Franklin expedition has been depicted in various historical and fictional media, often highlighting his status as one of the expedition's earliest and the subsequent scientific examinations of his remains. In Owen Beattie's and John Geiger's 1987 book Frozen in Time: The Fate of the Franklin Expedition, Hartnell is prominently featured through detailed accounts of his 1986 exhumation on , including photographs of his well-preserved body that emphasize the rapid onset of his fatal illness just seven months into the voyage. The book uses Hartnell's case to explore the expedition's medical mysteries, drawing on findings to underscore and potential as contributing factors to his death. In fictional portrayals, Hartnell appears as a minor crew member in ' 2007 novel The Terror, a horror reinterpretation of the expedition where his early death serves as a harbinger of the crew's broader doom. The 2018 AMC television adaptation of the novel depicts Hartnell's burial scene in its premiere episode, showing his interment alongside his brother Tom amid the expedition's initial hardships, though John himself is not portrayed as a speaking character. Documentaries have frequently centered on Hartnell's exhumation to illuminate the expedition's fate. The 1987 film Frozen in Time: The Franklin Mystery documents the scientific recovery of remains from , including footage and analysis of Hartnell's body to investigate causes of among the early victims. Similarly, the 1988 NOVA episode "Buried in Ice" features the 1986 exhumation process, with visuals of Hartnell's preserved form and discussions of his tattoos—such as nautical motifs on his arms—that provide personal glimpses into his life as a seaman. Recent media has humanized Hartnell by incorporating post-2016 scientific analyses of his remains, blending factual details with . A 2016 study of nail clippings from Hartnell's body, revealing chronic and tuberculosis progression, has been covered in outlets like Canadian Geographic, portraying him as a young enduring nutritional hardships from the voyage's outset. Podcasts such as the BBC's You're Dead to Me (2025 episode on ) reference Hartnell's case to discuss the expedition's human toll, while articles in Nunatsiaq News highlight how details like his tattoos and family ties—evident during the exhumations—offer intimate insights into the crew's individual stories beyond the tragedy.

References

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  2. https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/nu/epaveswrecks/culture/histoire-history/qui-who
  3. https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/thumbnail-time-machine-provides-new-insight-into-demise-of-franklin-expedition/
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  5. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2016.21128
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  7. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/further-light-on-franklins-men/EF4189439BE6E389EDAD874707038CC0
  8. https://www.academia.edu/14402785/Scattered_Memories_and_Frozen_Bones_Revealing_a_Sailor_of_the_Franklin_Expedition_1845_48
  9. https://arctonauts.com/2022/03/14/muster-book-of-the-hms-erebus/
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  14. https://www.regencyhistory.net/blog/royal-navy-ranks-regency-history-guide
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  18. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1279489/
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  25. https://www.ualberta.ca/en/newtrail/_migrated-content/winter20122013/features/acoldcase.html
  26. https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/ajr.149.2.347
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  43. https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674fingernail-toenail_study_offers_insights_into_why_franklin_crew_died/
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