Kalawan

Kalawan (originally meaning "The caves") is the name of an archaeological site in the area of Taxila in Pakistan, where it is one of the largest Buddhist establishment.^[3] It is located about 2 km from the Dharmarajika stupa.^[4]

Key Information

Kalawan
Copper-plate inscription mentioning the Sarvastivadas, in the year 134 of the Azes era, i.e. 84 CE, Kalawan, Taxila.[1][2]
Religion
Affiliation	Buddhism
Region	Gandhara
Ecclesiastical or organizational status	Stupa and vihara ruins
Year consecrated	2nd century CE
Status	Artifacts removed
Location
Location	Pakistan
Shown within Pakistan Show map of Pakistan Kalawan (Gandhara) Show map of Gandhara
Coordinates	33°43′40″N 72°51′11″E / 33.727835°N 72.853069°E / 33.727835; 72.853069
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Kalawan has a vihara monastery, which is the largest in northern India. An inscription, recording the enshrinement of relics as a gift to the Sarvastivadin School, was found in a chaitya hall mentioning the date of "the 134th year of Azes," which corresponds to 77 CE.^[5]

Small stupas were found inside the monasteries.^[6] The Kalawan monastery, together with the Dharmarajika display an original kind of architectural arrangement in which an image shrine is built opposite the entrance.^[7] It is thought that this architectural pattern was initiated in the northwest and then became the prototype for the later development of monasteries with shrines in Devnimori, Ajanta, Aurangabad, Ellora, Nalanda, Ratnagiri and others.^[7][8]

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1. ^ Sastri, Hirananda (1931). Epigraphia Indica vol.21. p. 259.
2. ^ Marshall, John (2013). A Guide to Taxila. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-107-61544-1.
3. ^ Khan, Muhammad Ishtiaq (2000). World heritage: sites in Pakistan. UNESCO. p. 29.
4. ^ Marshall, John (2013). A Guide to Taxila. Cambridge University Press. p. 129ff. ISBN 9781107615441.
5. ^ Hirakawa, Akira (1993). A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 233. ISBN 9788120809550.
6. ^ Schopen, Gregory (1997). Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India. University of Hawaii Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780824818708.
7. ^ ^{a b} Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004). Handbuch der Orientalistik. BRILL. p. 170. ISBN 9004135952.
8. ^ Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004). Handbuch der Orientalistik. BRILL. p. 171. ISBN 9004135952.