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Kehrwoche
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Kehrwoche ("week of sweeping") is the weekly duty of cleaning communal living areas, and is a custom in the Swabia region of southwest Germany. The custom began at the end of the 15th century as a way to improve household cleanliness. Until 1988, communal law required households to take turns every Saturday cleaning common property both indoors and outdoors, such as stairways, adjacent pathways, etc. Nowadays, Kehrwoche may be included in rental agreements as a weekly obligation for residents.
History
[edit]Stuttgart's municipal law from 1492 states, "To ensure that the city stays clean, everyone should remove their soil, (...) from your own street corner every 14 days, although only at night. Those who do not have a privy, must bring the waste to the stream." In the 18th century, a new law, the "clean alley regulation" came about, that added detail. In 1988 the kehrwoche was abolished as a communal law. It doesn't apply to public order in any part of Baden-Wurtemberg, but it can be part of house rules and rental contracts. The communal order obliges every owner of a house to hold parts of his property, like entrance areas and access paths as well as the public pavements free of dirt, snow and ice. There is no determined time or interval, making it a permanent obligation, contrary to the weekly duty on Saturdays as in the tradition of the kehrwoche.
Situation today
[edit]In Württemberg, as generally in Germany and other countries, it is typical to include the cleaning activities in the rental agreement, describing which parties on which days clean the pavement, shovel snow and clean the staircases. Also a sign displaying the bolded letters "Kehrwoche" is often hung on the door of the party responsible for the Kehrwoche activities of the week. The rental owner as well as the other tenants can see who is responsible for such tasks.
Agreements distinguish between "small" and "large" kehrwoche. Small kehrwoche includes hallways and staircases. Large kehrwoche includes the pavement in front of the house. Outside Württemberg, the cleaning of multi-tenant property is organised very similarly, using "large and small house rules" with identical meaning, as long as the delegation of cleaning responsibilities is not given to costly outside vendors or building superintendent.
The Kehrwoche is often cited as something highly characteristic of Swabians or of Wurttemberg, often seen as proving their pettifogging obsession with order.[citation needed] In fact it proves to be more of a myth[according to whom?], or a projection of a German characteristic on one particular of its ethnic subgroups.[citation needed]
Books
[edit]- Wolfgang Brenneisen, Peter Ruge: G'schimpft und g'lacht über d' Kehrwoch. Drw, 2003. ISBN 3-87181-490-3
- Andreas Reichert: Die Schwäbische Kehrwoche, ISBN 3925185038
- Christoph Sonntag, Gerhard Drexel: Schwäbische populäre Irrtümer. Ein Lexikon. Edition Q, 2006. ISBN 3-86124-603-1
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kehrwoche.
Kehrwoche
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Overview
Definition
Kehrwoche is a longstanding communal cleaning tradition in Germany, primarily observed in southern regions such as Swabia and Baden-Württemberg, where residents of multi-family buildings or shared houses systematically rotate duties to maintain the hygiene of shared indoor and outdoor spaces without employing external services. This rotating system, often scheduled weekly or bi-weekly, assigns each household a specific period—typically referred to as the "sweep week"—during which they are responsible for thorough cleaning to prevent the accumulation of dirt and ensure a tidy living environment for all.[7] By distributing the workload evenly, Kehrwoche promotes collective accountability and neighborly cooperation, distinguishing it from private household chores that focus solely on individual living quarters.[8] The scope of Kehrwoche encompasses essential maintenance of common areas, including sweeping and mopping staircases, hallways, entryways, and basements, as well as clearing adjacent sidewalks, pathways, and sometimes small courtyards to keep pathways accessible and free of debris. These tasks are guided by building-specific house rules (Hausordnung), which outline the expectations to uphold communal standards of cleanliness.[2] Unlike broader sanitation efforts managed by municipalities, Kehrwoche targets the immediate vicinity of residential properties, emphasizing resident-led upkeep to sustain both functionality and aesthetic order in densely populated urban or suburban settings.[7] This tradition emerged in pre-modern urban environments as a practical, cost-effective approach to hygiene management, allowing communities to address shared cleaning needs collaboratively amid limited resources.[9] Today, it continues to embody a cultural value of orderliness (Ordnung) in German residential life, often integrated into tenancy agreements or local customs to reinforce social harmony.[8]Etymology
The term "Kehrwoche" is a compound word in German, consisting of "Kehr-" derived from the verb "kehren," which originates from Middle High German "keren" or "kern," meaning "to turn" or "to sweep" (as in the action of turning a broom to clean), and "Woche," meaning "week," thus literally translating to "sweeping week" or "week of sweeping."[10][11][3] Regional variations include "Schwäbische Kehrwoche," specifically denoting the tradition in Swabia (Schwaben), where it emphasizes communal cleaning rotations.[12] In more formal or legal contexts, it may be referred to as "Hausreinigungspflicht," highlighting the obligation for house cleaning duties.[13] The earliest documentation of the practice underlying the term appears in 15th-century texts, with a 1492 ordinance by Count Eberhard im Bart in Stuttgart mandating weekly waste removal and street cleaning by residents to maintain public hygiene.[12] The term 'Kehren' for the cleaning duty first appears in a 1740 ordinance requiring twice-weekly sweeping.[12] In contemporary German cultural lexicon, "Kehrwoche" symbolizes diligence, orderliness, and community responsibility, often invoked to represent Swabian values of collective maintenance and cleanliness.[2][6]History
Origins
Kehrwoche emerged in the late 15th century in southern German regions, particularly Swabia, amid rapid urbanization and ongoing concerns over public hygiene following the devastating plagues of the 14th century. As towns expanded with growing populations of artisans, merchants, and laborers, waste accumulation in streets and shared spaces posed significant health risks, prompting local authorities to implement organized cleaning duties among residents. This practice arose without dedicated municipal budgets for sanitation, relying instead on communal responsibility to maintain order and prevent disease outbreaks in densely populated areas.[14][12] The initial purpose of Kehrwoche was to foster collective action for street and communal area cleaning, addressing the limitations of rudimentary waste disposal systems in pre-modern towns where rivers were often distant or unsuitable for dumping. In agrarian and craft-based societies, where resources were scarce and hired labor was costly, assigning rotating duties to households ensured thriftiness while upholding civic standards. This approach reflected broader efforts to protect paved streets from damage and enhance urban livability without straining public finances.[15][12] Early evidence of these obligations appears in municipal records from Württembergian cities, such as a 1492 decree by Count Eberhard im Bart in Stuttgart, which required citizens to remove household waste weekly and sweep street corners biweekly at night under penalty of fines. Similar hygiene mandates are documented in other Swabian urban centers. These records highlight how Kehrwoche began as an enforced civic duty rather than a voluntary tradition, tailored to the socioeconomic realities of medieval town life.[16][15]Evolution Through the Centuries
During the 16th to 18th centuries, Kehrwoche expanded beyond its initial implementation in Stuttgart to other urban centers in Württemberg, such as Ludwigsburg, where it was integrated into municipal ordinances and community bylaws to maintain cleanliness in growing city environments with emerging apartment-like housing arrangements.[12] In 1746, Stuttgart's "Fürstliche Gassen-Ordnung" formalized the practice by requiring householders to sweep streets twice weekly on Wednesdays and Saturdays, enforced under penalty, reflecting its embedding in local governance for shared urban spaces.[17] This period saw the custom's alignment with guild structures in trade-heavy cities, where bylaws ensured collective responsibility for common areas amid increasing population density.[15] The 19th century marked a significant transformation as industrialization accelerated urban migration and the construction of multi-family dwellings across southwestern Germany, rendering Kehrwoche indispensable for managing hygiene in densely populated rental housing.[17] By 1811, ordinances in Stuttgart and Ludwigsburg expanded cleaning duties to three days per week, adapting the practice to the realities of factory worker accommodations where shared staircases and courtyards required coordinated efforts.[12] Responsibilities shifted from property owners to tenants, with duties formalized in early rental contracts, such as an 1880 example stipulating weekly staircase cleaning; the custom also evolved to encompass winter tasks like snow shoveling to ensure safe access in multi-tenant buildings.[15] World War II brought temporary disruptions due to bombing damage and resource shortages. By the mid-20th century, in the post-war era of West Germany, the practice became more formalized within rental laws to address the housing boom, where over 2.3 million apartments were destroyed and subsequently rebuilt, often as multi-family units that necessitated structured rotation for maintenance.[18] This integration into legal frameworks, evident in tenant agreements by the 1950s, underscored Kehrwoche's role in fostering order during rapid reconstruction.[17]Legal Framework
Historical Regulations
Prior to the 20th century, Kehrwoche was enforced through local ordinances in southern German states such as Baden and Württemberg, particularly in urban centers like Stuttgart. In 1492, Graf Eberhard im Bart issued a city law mandating weekly waste removal and biweekly nighttime cleaning of street corners to prevent public health hazards. This was reinforced in 1714 by Herzog Eberhard Ludwig's "Gassensäuberungs-Ordnung," which established a systematic nighttime waste collection using carts, and further expanded in 1811 by the "Erneuerte Straßen-Polizei-Ordnung," requiring cleaning three days a week (Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays) in Stuttgart and Ludwigsburg. Non-compliance with these ordinances could result in fines, as seen in later iterations where penalties ranged from 5 to 1,000 Marks for neglecting sidewalk sweeping, though enforcement often relied on communal pressure rather than strict judicial action.[12][15][19] In the 20th century, Kehrwoche duties were codified within the framework of the German Civil Code (BGB), particularly under sections addressing neighborly obligations and tenancy responsibilities, such as § 535 BGB, which places maintenance of communal areas on landlords who could delegate these to tenants via house rules. By the early 1900s, weekly rotations for cleaning staircases and public-facing areas in multi-family housing became mandatory, integrated into rental agreements and local statutes as part of broader neighborly duties to ensure hygiene and order. This remained enforceable in communal housing through the mid-20th century, with non-participation potentially leading to disputes resolved under BGB provisions for mutual consideration among neighbors (§§ 903–924 BGB). Enforcement was typically managed by landlords or tenants' councils, who could issue warnings, impose fines, or threaten lease termination under § 569 BGB for repeated violations after notice.[14][20][19] A key milestone occurred in Stuttgart, where a municipal ordinance under local regulations explicitly required weekly Kehrwoche rotations for cleaning public-facing areas until 1988. On December 17, 1988, Stuttgart's mayor Manfred Rommel led the abolition of the mandatory public Kehrwoche through the "Satzung über das Reinigen, Räumen und Bestreuen der Gehwege," effective January 13, 1989, shifting obligations to cleaning "as needed" rather than on a fixed schedule. Prior to this, penalties for non-compliance included fines and, in severe cases, threats of eviction or community service organized by tenants' councils to maintain compliance in shared spaces.[12][19][14]Current Legal Status
As of 2025, in Germany, Kehrwoche has been decriminalized as a state-mandated obligation since 1988, when municipalities like Stuttgart abolished public cleaning requirements for streets, shifting the practice to private arrangements.[12] Today, it operates primarily as a contractual duty within rental agreements (Mietvertrag), derived from the landlord's maintenance obligations under § 535 of the German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, BGB), which can be delegated to tenants for common areas.[21][22] Regionally, Kehrwoche remains legally binding through house rules (Hausordnung) in southwest Germany, particularly in Baden-Württemberg and Swabia, where it is deeply ingrained in multi-unit residential buildings.[12] Outside this area, it is optional but widely adopted in rental contracts for apartment complexes to ensure shared responsibility for hygiene.[23] Exemptions and adaptations are permitted for elderly or disabled residents, who may delegate duties to proxies or third parties, as these obligations are not deemed strictly personal.[24] Disputes over compliance are typically resolved in tenancy tribunals (Mietgerichte) at the local Amtsgericht, where courts assess reasonableness based on contract terms and individual circumstances.[23] In the 21st century, Kehrwoche persists as a national custom without direct federal oversight or mandatory legislation.[22]Practice and Implementation
Typical Duties
Kehrwoche duties primarily focus on maintaining cleanliness in shared spaces of multi-family residential buildings in Germany, with indoor tasks forming the core of the responsibility. These typically include sweeping and mopping staircases, hallways, and entry areas to remove dirt and debris, as well as cleaning handrails, railings, and light fixtures to prevent dust accumulation.[25][26] Additional indoor obligations often encompass wiping down window sills, light switches, mailboxes, and elevator interiors, along with removing cobwebs from ceilings and walls to ensure hygienic conditions.[25][27] Outdoor tasks, when assigned as part of Kehrwoche, extend to communal exterior areas and are frequently regulated under broader tenant obligations like Winterdienst. Residents are responsible for clearing sidewalks adjacent to the building of snow, ice, leaves, or other debris, using appropriate materials such as grit or sand to prevent hazards.[28] In some cases, this includes minor maintenance of shared green spaces, such as watering plants or tidying entrance porches, though these are less standardized and depend on house rules.[27][28] Tools and supplies for these duties vary by building rules and are sometimes provided by building management through shared storage areas, including brooms, mops, buckets, detergents, waste bags, and snow removal equipment like shovels and grit; in other cases, tenants must supply their own.[28][29][26] The frequency of Kehrwoche is typically weekly, with each household assigned one designated day to complete the tasks, aligning with legal expectations for regular maintenance in rental agreements; the time required varies by building size and conditions.[26][29]Organization and Scheduling
In German apartment buildings, the organization of Kehrwoche typically involves the creation of a rotational schedule by the landlord or, in the case of condominium associations (Wohnungseigentümergemeinschaften), by the tenants' association, which outlines each resident's assigned cleaning turn.[30][31] This schedule is often displayed in common areas such as the entrance hall or stairwell to ensure visibility and compliance among all residents.[32] The rotation cycle is generally weekly, with assignments distributed sequentially based on apartment numbers or floors to fairly divide responsibilities.[33] Many house rules distinguish between "kleine Kehrwoche," where residents clean only their immediate floor or the section adjacent to their apartment on a weekly basis, and "große Kehrwoche," which entails a more thorough cleaning of the entire building, including entrances, cellars, and exterior areas like sidewalks, occurring less frequently such as monthly or quarterly.[33][34] Coordination is facilitated through notices in shared spaces, such as posted schedules and signs indicating the current responsible party.[35] If conflicts arise, such as requests to adjust the schedule due to personal circumstances, house rules often allow for resolution through majority voting among residents or the association, while provisions may permit hiring a substitute cleaner at the responsible party's expense to fulfill the obligation during absences.[36][37]Regional and Cultural Aspects
Regional Variations
Kehrwoche practices exhibit notable differences across German regions, with the tradition most deeply entrenched in the southwest. In Baden-Württemberg, particularly in Swabia and urban centers like Stuttgart, adherence is strictest, often manifesting as the "Schwäbische Kehrwoche," where residents meticulously clean communal areas such as stairwells, entryways, and sidewalks on a rotating weekly basis, emphasizing thoroughness, order, and thrift to avoid professional cleaning costs.[29] This regional intensity reflects longstanding cultural values of diligence and responsibility, with neighbors closely monitoring compliance through visible schedules like wooden plaques.[38] In contrast, northern Germany, including cities like Berlin and Hamburg, sees far less enforcement of Kehrwoche, where the practice is rare in large apartment complexes that typically employ paid cleaning services instead.[29] Similarly, in eastern Germany, implementation varies widely due to housing privatization following reunification in 1990, with many areas opting for professional cleaners or informal voluntary arrangements rather than mandatory rotations.[29] Bavaria maintains a version of Kehrwoche similar to the southwest but with greater flexibility, particularly in urban settings where janitorial services often supplant resident duties, and seasonal emphases like intensified cleaning during festivals or weather changes.[29][38] In rural areas across Germany, especially in multi-family dwellings, the duties may extend beyond indoor spaces to include yard maintenance such as mowing lawns or clearing pathways, adapting the tradition to local environmental needs while still rotating among households.[39] These variations are underpinned by a nationwide legal framework in tenancy laws that allows regional customization, though enforcement relies heavily on local customs.[38]Social and Cultural Significance
Kehrwoche plays a pivotal role in fostering social cohesion within German communities, particularly in southwestern regions like Swabia, by promoting shared responsibility and mutual trust among residents. Participation in these communal cleaning duties encourages residents to engage with one another, reducing potential conflicts over the maintenance of shared spaces and instilling a sense of equality regardless of social status. A 2016 survey of 630 participants in Stuttgart revealed that 50% participate in their Kehrwoche obligations most of the time, driven by community norms and a positive attitude toward collective upkeep, which enhances social capital and civic engagement.[14][40] Culturally, Kehrwoche symbolizes core German values such as Ordnung (order), Sauberkeit (cleanliness), and collective duty, often portrayed as a quirky yet enduring tradition that reflects diligence and local self-governance. It embodies "gelebte Subsidiarität," or lived subsidiarity, where individuals take initiative for communal welfare without external intervention, aligning with broader societal ideals of reliability and consideration. This ritualistic practice has been humorously linked to proverbial wisdom, such as the saying, "If everyone sweeps in front of their own door, the whole street will be clean," underscoring its role in promoting personal accountability for the common good.[12] In literature and media, Kehrwoche frequently appears as a motif representing everyday Swabian life and social dynamics. Swabian crime novels, such as Sybille Baecker's Kehrwoche: Schwaben Krimi (2021), use it to explore themes of community tension and routine, integrating it into narratives of local intrigue. Media depictions, including an episode of ARTE's Karambolage series (2022), present Kehrwoche to international audiences as a humorous emblem of German meticulousness, highlighting its role in cultural exchanges.[41] Contemporary challenges to Kehrwoche arise from generational shifts and evolving lifestyles, with younger residents often viewing the tradition as outdated and preferring professional cleaning services to outsource duties. A majority of surveyed individuals rate it positively, particularly among older participants, leading to debates over preserving cultural heritage versus adapting to modern conveniences. This tension underscores broader discussions on balancing tradition with individualism in urban settings.[14][12]References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kehren
- https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_German_Language/kehren