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| Years |
|---|
| Millennium |
| 2nd millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| 1746 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Countries |
| Lists of leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1746 MDCCXLVI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2499 |
| Armenian calendar | 1195 ԹՎ ՌՃՂԵ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6496 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1667–1668 |
| Bengali calendar | 1152–1153 |
| Berber calendar | 2696 |
| British Regnal year | 19 Geo. 2 – 20 Geo. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2290 |
| Burmese calendar | 1108 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7254–7255 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙丑年 (Wood Ox) 4443 or 4236 — to — 丙寅年 (Fire Tiger) 4444 or 4237 |
| Coptic calendar | 1462–1463 |
| Discordian calendar | 2912 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1738–1739 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5506–5507 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1802–1803 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1667–1668 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4846–4847 |
| Holocene calendar | 11746 |
| Igbo calendar | 746–747 |
| Iranian calendar | 1124–1125 |
| Islamic calendar | 1158–1159 |
| Japanese calendar | Enkyō 3 (延享３年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1670–1671 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 11 days |
| Korean calendar | 4079 |
| Minguo calendar | 166 before ROC 民前166年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 278 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2288–2289 |
| Tibetan calendar | ཤིང་མོ་གླང་ལོ་ (female Wood-Ox) 1872 or 1491 or 719 — to — མེ་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་ (male Fire-Tiger) 1873 or 1492 or 720 |
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1746 (MDCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1746th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 746th year of the 2nd millennium, the 46th year of the 18th century, and the 7th year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1746, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 8 – The Young Pretender Charles Edward Stuart occupies Stirling, Scotland.
- January 17 – Battle of Falkirk Muir: British Government forces are defeated by Jacobite forces.[1]
- February 1 – Jagat Singh II, the ruler of the Mewar Kingdom, inaugurates his Lake Palace on the island of Jag Niwas in Lake Pichola, in what is now the state of Rajasthan in northwest India.[2]
- February 19 – Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, issues a proclamation offering an amnesty to participants in the Jacobite rebellion, directing them that they can avoid punishment if they turn their weapons in to their local Presbyterian church.[3]
- February 22 – Brussels, at the time part of the Austrian Netherlands, surrenders to France's Marshal Maurice de Saxe.[4]
- March 10 – Zakariya Khan Bahadur, the Mughal Empire's viceroy administering Lahore (in what is now Pakistan), orders the massacre of the city's Sikh people.[5]
April–June
[edit]- April 16 – The Battle of Culloden in Scotland, the final pitched battle fought on British soil, brings an end to the Jacobite rising of 1745.[6]
- May 27 – The three Scottish leaders of the Jacobite uprising— the Earl of Kilmarnock, Lord Balmerino, and Lord Lovat— are imprisoned for treason in the Tower of London, where they are held by the British government until their execution. Boyd and Balmerino are beheaded in August, while Fraser is not put to death until April 1747.[7]
- June 16 – Battle of Piacenza: Austrian forces defeat French and Spanish troops.
- June 18 – Samuel Johnson is contracted to write his A Dictionary of the English Language.
- June 29 – Catherine of Ricci (b. 1522) is canonized.
July–September
[edit]- July 3 – Father Joachim Royo, the last of the five Spanish Catholic missionaries to Fuzhou in China, is captured by Chinese authorities, after having spent three decades defying orders to not evangelize.[8] He and three fellow priests are put to death two years later, on October 28, 1748.
- July 9 – King Philip V of Spain dies, after a reign of more than 45 years. His oldest living son succeeds him, as King Ferdinand VI.
- August 1 – The wearing of the kilt is banned in Scotland by the Dress Act, which comes into force one year later, on August 1, 1747.
- August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerinoch, are beheaded in the Tower of London (Lord Lovat is executed in 1747).
- September 20 – Bonnie Prince Charlie flees to the Isle of Skye from Arisaig, after the unsuccessful Jacobite rising of 1745, marked by the Prince's Cairn on the banks of Loch nan Uamh.
October–December
[edit]- October 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Rocoux: The French army defeats the allied Austrian, British, Hanoveran and Dutch army in Rocourt.
- October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded in Princetown, New Jersey. In 1896, it is renamed Princeton University.
- October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru.
- November 4 – Anwaruddin Khan, the Nawab of the Arcot State in South India, is driven back by the Captain Louis Paradis of the French Army after he and 10,000 soldiers attempt to drive the French back out of Madras.[9]
- December 5 – Rallied by a teenage boy, Giovanni Battista Perasso (nicknamed Balilla"), the citizens of the Republic of Genoa rise up against the Austrian occupying troops and the collaborator Military Governor, the Genoese Marquis of Botta d'Adorno. By December 11, the Austrian soldiers are driven from the Italian city-state, but return a few months later.[10]
Date unknown
[edit]- Eva Ekeblad reports her discovery, of how to make flour and alcohol from potatoes, to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
- The town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.
- Gabriel Johnston, British Governor of the Province of North Carolina, moves to New Bern, the province's largest. New Bern replaces Edenton as the capital of North Carolina until Raleigh is established in 1792.
- Charles Batteux's Les beaux-arts réduits à un même principe is published in Paris, putting forward for the first time the idea of "les beaux arts": "the fine arts".
Births
[edit]- January 4 – Benjamin Rush, a Founding Father of the United States (d. 1813)
- January 12 – Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, Swiss pedagogue (d. 1827)
- January 24 – King Gustav III of Sweden (d. 1792)
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- February 4 – Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish general and nationalist (d. 1817)
- February 5 – Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, American politician and soldier (d. 1825)
- March 3 – Izabela Czartoryska, Polish magnate princess (d. 1835)
- March 7 – André Michaux, French botanist (d. 1802)
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- March 30 – Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (d. 1828)
- April 4 – John Andrews, American clergyman, Provost of the University of Pennsylvania (d. 1813)
- May 9 – Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and geometer (d. 1818)
- June 3 – James Hook, English composer (d. 1827)
- July 3 – Henry Grattan, Irish politician (d. 1820)
- July 16 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer (d. 1826)
- July 23 – Bernardo de Gálvez, Spanish military leader, aids the United States in its quest for independence in the American Revolutionary War (d. 1786)
- July 30 – Louise du Pierry, French astronomer (d. 1807)
- September 28 – Sir William Jones, English philologist (d. 1794)
- October 7 – William Billings, American composer (d. 1800)
- November 27 – Robert R. Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1813)
- December 29 – Saverio Cassar, Gozitan priest and rebel leader (d. 1805)
- date unknown
- Hong Liangji, Chinese scholar, statesman, political theorist and philosopher
- Isaac Swainson, English botanist (d. 1812)
- Victor d'Hupay, French philosopher and writer (d. 1818)
- Ekaterina Kozitskaya, Russian industrialist (d. 1833)
- Ebenezer Pemberton, American educator (d. 1835)
Deaths
[edit]- February 4 – Robert Blair, Scottish poet and cleric (b. 1699)
- February 8 – Anton Josef Kirchweger, German writer
- February 26 – Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham, British politician (b. 1715)
- February 28 – Hermann von der Hardt, German historian (b. 1660)
- March 18 – Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia, regent of Russia (b. 1718)
- March 20 – Nicolas de Largillière, French painter (b. 1656)
- April 29 – William Flower, 1st Baron Castle Durrow, Irish politician (b. 1685)
- May 6 – William Tennent, Scottish-American theologian (b. 1673)
- May 13 – James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth, British noble (b. 1713)
- May 22 – Thomas Southerne, Irish playwright (b. 1660)
- June 14 – Colin Maclaurin, Scottish mathematician (b. 1698)
- July 2 – Thomas Baker, English antiquarian (b. 1656)
- July 9 – King Philip V of Spain (b. 1683)
- July 28 – John Peter Zenger, American printer, whose court case advanced freedom of the press in the American colonies (b. 1697)
- July 30 – Francesco Trevisani, Italian painter (b. 1656)
- August 6 – Christian VI, King of Denmark and Norway (b. 1699)
- August 8 – Francis Hutcheson, Irish philosopher (b. 1694)
- September 25 – St George Gore-St George, Irish politician (b. 1722)
- October 2 – Josiah Burchett, English Secretary of the Admiralty (b. c. 1666)
- November 14 – Georg Steller, German naturalist (b. 1709)
- December 6 – Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish poet (b. 1665)
- December 8 – Charles Radclyffe, British politician and rebel, by beheading after being convicted of treason against the Crown (b. 1693)
References
[edit]- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Falkirk II (BTL9)". Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ^ Cheryl Bentley, A Guide to the Palace Hotels of India (Hunter Publishing, 2011)
- ^ Geoffrey Plank, Rebellion and Savagery: The Jacobite Rising of 1745 and the British Empire (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015) pp61-62
- ^ George Edmundson, A History of Holland (Ozymandias Press, 2018)
- ^ Harish Jain, The Making of Punjab (Unistar Books, 2003) p193
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Culloden (BTL6)". Retrieved June 18, 2020.
- ^ Richard Davey, The Tower of London (E. P. Dutton, 1910) pp333-334
- ^ Anthony E. Clark, China's Saints: Catholic Martyrdom During the Qing (1644–1911) (Lexington Books, 2011) p73
- ^ Sir William W. Hunter, The History of Nations: India (John D. Morris, 1906) p179
- ^ "Eighteenth Century", in Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, ed. by Micheal Clodfelter (McFarland, 2017) p77
from Grokipedia
1746 was a common year marked by the culmination of the Jacobite Rising of 1745 in Scotland, featuring the Jacobite forces' victory at the Battle of Falkirk Muir on 17 January and their decisive defeat by government troops under the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April, effectively ending Charles Edward Stuart's campaign to restore the Stuart monarchy.[1][2] As a positive integer, 1746 is an even composite abundant number with the prime factorization , possessing 12 positive divisors whose sum exceeds the number itself.[3]
The year's historical significance stems from the Jacobite army's earlier successes in Scotland and northern England, which faltered amid harsh weather, logistical challenges, and superior Hanoverian reinforcements, leading to the brutal suppression of Highland clans in the rising's aftermath.[2][4] Mathematically, its abundance arises from the divisor sum of 3822, classifying it among numbers where the proper divisors exceed the value, while its structure as a product of small primes and one larger factor underscores typical properties of mid-range composites.[3]
Events
Jacobite advances in January
Following the retreat from Derby in mid-December 1745, the Jacobite army under Charles Edward Stuart advanced northward back into Scotland, aiming to consolidate control and besiege key government strongholds. By early January 1746, the main force reached the vicinity of Stirling, where they joined existing Jacobite units already investing the castle held by Major General William Blakeney. On 8 January, the town of Stirling surrendered to the Jacobites, allowing them to occupy it and intensify the siege operations against the castle, though progress was slow due to a lack of heavy artillery.[5] As government reinforcements under Lieutenant General Henry Hawley marched north from Edinburgh to relieve the besieged garrison, the Jacobites shifted southward to intercept them, advancing approximately ten miles to position themselves on Falkirk Muir. This maneuver, executed on 17 January, placed Lord George Murray's forces—numbering around 8,000 men, primarily Highlanders with Lowland support—in a blocking stance against Hawley's army of about 7,000, setting the stage for engagement while protecting the ongoing siege efforts. The Jacobite advance demonstrated tactical mobility in harsh winter conditions, leveraging their knowledge of the terrain to challenge the relief column before it could link up with Stirling's defenders.[1][6] Despite these advances yielding a tactical position, the Jacobites' inability to fully invest Stirling Castle highlighted logistical constraints, including shortages of siege equipment and supplies, which limited sustained pressure on government-held fortifications. The January movements thus represented a critical phase of consolidation and preemptive action, temporarily staving off immediate threats to their Scottish heartlands amid the broader campaign.[7]Battle of Culloden
The Battle of Culloden was fought on 16 April 1746 near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands, marking the decisive climax of the Jacobite Rising of 1745–46.[2] Jacobite forces, led by Charles Edward Stuart, faced a British government army commanded by the Duke of Cumberland on Drummossie Moor, where the terrain favored defensive positions with open ground exposing attackers to artillery fire.[4] The Jacobites, numbering around 5,000–6,000 men mostly Highland clansmen, were exhausted from prior campaigns and short on supplies after retreating north from their failed advance toward London.[8] The engagement lasted less than an hour, beginning with ineffective Jacobite artillery bombardment followed by a desperate Highland charge against well-disciplined government lines supported by grapeshot and musket volleys.[9] Government forces, totaling about 8,000 troops including regular infantry and cavalry, maintained formation and inflicted heavy casualties, with Jacobite losses estimated at over 1,250 killed in the assault and rout.[2] Charles Edward Stuart fled the field, evading capture, while the victory secured British control and ended organized Jacobite resistance.[4] The battle's outcome shattered Stuart claims to the throne and prompted severe reprisals against Highland supporters, including disarmament and cultural suppression measures that reshaped Scotland's clans system.[8] It remains the last pitched battle on British soil, symbolizing the final defeat of the Jacobite cause.[9]Notable individuals
Born in 1746
- Francisco Goya (30 March), Spanish painter and printmaker renowned for his portraits and scenes depicting the French occupation of Spain, influencing later romanticism and expressionism.[10]
- Tadeusz Kościuszko (4 or 12 February), Polish-Lithuanian military engineer who fought in the American Revolutionary War and led the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising against partitions of Poland.[10]
- Gustav III (24 January), King of Sweden from 1771 who reformed the government, promoted arts, and engaged in wars with Russia and Denmark.[10]
- Benjamin Rush (4 January), American physician, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and advocate for public health and abolitionism.[11]
- Robert R. Livingston (27 November), American lawyer and statesman who administered the oath of office to George Washington and negotiated the Louisiana Purchase.[12]
- Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (12 January), Swiss pedagogue whose emphasis on child-centered education influenced modern schooling methods.[13]