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Lotud
The Lotud people are an indigenous ethnic group residing in Sabah, eastern Malaysia on the island of Borneo. They reside mainly in the Tuaran district (including the Tamparuli and Kiulu sub-districts) and also a portion of this tribe's population also reside in the village of Kampung Sukoli located in the Telipok suburban township of Kota Kinabalu city, all located in the West Coast Division of Sabah. Their population was estimated at 5,000 in the year 1985 but now believed to be more than 20,000. They are a sub-ethnic group of the Dusunic group, now also known as Kadazan-Dusun.
Nowadays, most of this ethnic group's population has been Christianized by adhering to denominations such as Roman Catholicism (in Tuaran district proper as well as the suburban township of Telipok in Kota Kinabalu city) and Seventh-Day Adventism (mostly those residing in Tamparuli and Kiulu sub-districts as well as in Telipok since the neighbouring town of Manggatal, both within the Kota Kinabalu city area has a Seventh-Day Adventist majority population among its native Dusun populace) with a large Muslim minority (both converts to the faith and Muslim by birth and ethnic descent alike) and some lesser extent to evangelical Christianity (Sidang Injil Borneo) as well as other denominations such as Anglicanism, True Jesuism and Lutheranism (Basel Christian Church of Malaysia), with a dwindling number are still animists. Less than 20 traditional priestesses are still alive, with no prospect of future replacement.
The Lotud ethnic group has their own spiritual world. In the Lotud spiritual world, their god Kinohoringan and his wife, Umsumundu, are widely believed to be the creators of the first humans and everything in the universe. The Asug Tantagas exist in the spiritual world as Lotud ritual experts. They are sent to the spiritual world to persuade Hajin Sambawon. They are said to be the spiritual leaders of Libabou, a place said to be located in the clouds. The role is specifically mandated by Kinohoringan and Umsumundu in overseeing human behavior in the invisible realms. If there is a violation of customary laws or natural rules of life that emphasize the balance between the visible and invisible worlds, the universe will become disordered. The role of the Asug Tantagas is to facilitate the release of trapped human spirits. In the Lotud spiritual world, the Asug Tantagas functions as intermediaries between the human world and the unseen realm.
From the available written historical sources, the Tuaran area is likely to be among the oldest centers of civilization in Sabah due to its rich history and advanced civilization. The word "tawaran" in the Dusun language means "corn", while other Dusun dialects use the term "luong" for corn. The earliest record of the term "Tawaran" appears in the written records of the Persian explorer ibn Rosteh who wrote a journal of his trip to Southeast Asia in 903 AD, where he said that there was a famous trading city called "Tawaran". Tawaran (now Tuaran) in this year was controlled by Srivijaya in its attempt to control it, being the city that produced the best camphor in the world.
Previously, some sources suggest that Tawaran was conquered by a Tang Dynasty military unit during the reign of Emperor Dezong, in China's attempt to control the city that produced the best camphor in the world. However, the colony of the Chinese military unit was expelled by the local government forces, before Tawaran was conquered again, this time by Srivijaya forces, during the reign of Maharaja Balaputra, before finally the Srivijaya forces were also removed from Tawaran.
On the oldest map of northern Borneo drawn by Petrus Plancius in 1594 AD, the Kota Kinabalu or Tuaran area is labelled "Canciraö". This city or settlement was under the auspices of Sultanate of Brunei during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah or Sultan Muhammad Hasan. Indeed, Tawaran was most likely the best camphor-producing city in the world at that time. The Dusun people collected camphor from the forest and traded it in the city of Tawaran. At this time, there were no Bajau people in the Tuaran area, the coast of Tuaran was inhabited by the Dusun people, who had a maritime culture, as evidenced by the name of the city "Tawaran" that was recorded as early as 903 AD. According to historical records, the Bajau people, specifically the West Coast Bajau, migrated from Johor to the coast of Sabah around the 16th century. The Bajau people, or better known as Samah, settled in Mengkabong and the surrounding area, and they began to establish permanent settlements. The Bajau people have been mixing and trading with the Dusun people for hundreds of years.
Tawaran, or Tuaran, as the oldest and most advanced Dusun civilizational hub in Sabah for being one of the important trading centers in Asia at that time, has raised questions about the Nunuk Ragang legend. The Lotud people say that Nunuk Ragang is not the oldest Dusun settlement in Sabah. According to written and oral historical analysis, the Nunuk Ragang settlement only appeared around the 12th century, and was the last and largest centre of the Dusun expansion. Several Dusun oral stories say the pattern of Dusun migration is from the coast to the interior, indicating that the earliest Dusun settlements were not in the interior but the coastal areas, and that they initially had a maritime culture. Dalrymple, who explored the west coast of Sabah in 1762, said that coastal settlements such as Tuaran and Kimanis were still inhabited by Dusun pagans whom he called "Ida'an" (Dalrymple, 1793:552). Henry Keppel called the Dusun "Idaan the Voyager" (Keppel, 1847:194), where, according to Sir Hugh Low, they had extensive trade routes, reaching as far as Java and other places that were far away from Borneo (Low, 1852:2).
The name "Muja" was used by the Arab scholar al-Idrisi in his description of a kingdom or settlement on the west coast of Borneo in 1154 AD (Robert, 1983:40). This kingdom was ruled by a dynasty called the "Kamrun Dynasty", where one of its cities was called "Haranj" (possibly Tuaran). This city is said to be "a city of spices" that became famous at that time because the camphor produced from this city was the best in the world. According to al-Idrisi, the island of Haranj was famed for a deep precipice from which camphor was extracted, an allusion that scholars believe corresponds to Tuaran, or the forested foothills of Mount Kinabalu, long renowned as a major source of Borneo camphor. al-Idrisi says:
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Lotud
The Lotud people are an indigenous ethnic group residing in Sabah, eastern Malaysia on the island of Borneo. They reside mainly in the Tuaran district (including the Tamparuli and Kiulu sub-districts) and also a portion of this tribe's population also reside in the village of Kampung Sukoli located in the Telipok suburban township of Kota Kinabalu city, all located in the West Coast Division of Sabah. Their population was estimated at 5,000 in the year 1985 but now believed to be more than 20,000. They are a sub-ethnic group of the Dusunic group, now also known as Kadazan-Dusun.
Nowadays, most of this ethnic group's population has been Christianized by adhering to denominations such as Roman Catholicism (in Tuaran district proper as well as the suburban township of Telipok in Kota Kinabalu city) and Seventh-Day Adventism (mostly those residing in Tamparuli and Kiulu sub-districts as well as in Telipok since the neighbouring town of Manggatal, both within the Kota Kinabalu city area has a Seventh-Day Adventist majority population among its native Dusun populace) with a large Muslim minority (both converts to the faith and Muslim by birth and ethnic descent alike) and some lesser extent to evangelical Christianity (Sidang Injil Borneo) as well as other denominations such as Anglicanism, True Jesuism and Lutheranism (Basel Christian Church of Malaysia), with a dwindling number are still animists. Less than 20 traditional priestesses are still alive, with no prospect of future replacement.
The Lotud ethnic group has their own spiritual world. In the Lotud spiritual world, their god Kinohoringan and his wife, Umsumundu, are widely believed to be the creators of the first humans and everything in the universe. The Asug Tantagas exist in the spiritual world as Lotud ritual experts. They are sent to the spiritual world to persuade Hajin Sambawon. They are said to be the spiritual leaders of Libabou, a place said to be located in the clouds. The role is specifically mandated by Kinohoringan and Umsumundu in overseeing human behavior in the invisible realms. If there is a violation of customary laws or natural rules of life that emphasize the balance between the visible and invisible worlds, the universe will become disordered. The role of the Asug Tantagas is to facilitate the release of trapped human spirits. In the Lotud spiritual world, the Asug Tantagas functions as intermediaries between the human world and the unseen realm.
From the available written historical sources, the Tuaran area is likely to be among the oldest centers of civilization in Sabah due to its rich history and advanced civilization. The word "tawaran" in the Dusun language means "corn", while other Dusun dialects use the term "luong" for corn. The earliest record of the term "Tawaran" appears in the written records of the Persian explorer ibn Rosteh who wrote a journal of his trip to Southeast Asia in 903 AD, where he said that there was a famous trading city called "Tawaran". Tawaran (now Tuaran) in this year was controlled by Srivijaya in its attempt to control it, being the city that produced the best camphor in the world.
Previously, some sources suggest that Tawaran was conquered by a Tang Dynasty military unit during the reign of Emperor Dezong, in China's attempt to control the city that produced the best camphor in the world. However, the colony of the Chinese military unit was expelled by the local government forces, before Tawaran was conquered again, this time by Srivijaya forces, during the reign of Maharaja Balaputra, before finally the Srivijaya forces were also removed from Tawaran.
On the oldest map of northern Borneo drawn by Petrus Plancius in 1594 AD, the Kota Kinabalu or Tuaran area is labelled "Canciraö". This city or settlement was under the auspices of Sultanate of Brunei during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah or Sultan Muhammad Hasan. Indeed, Tawaran was most likely the best camphor-producing city in the world at that time. The Dusun people collected camphor from the forest and traded it in the city of Tawaran. At this time, there were no Bajau people in the Tuaran area, the coast of Tuaran was inhabited by the Dusun people, who had a maritime culture, as evidenced by the name of the city "Tawaran" that was recorded as early as 903 AD. According to historical records, the Bajau people, specifically the West Coast Bajau, migrated from Johor to the coast of Sabah around the 16th century. The Bajau people, or better known as Samah, settled in Mengkabong and the surrounding area, and they began to establish permanent settlements. The Bajau people have been mixing and trading with the Dusun people for hundreds of years.
Tawaran, or Tuaran, as the oldest and most advanced Dusun civilizational hub in Sabah for being one of the important trading centers in Asia at that time, has raised questions about the Nunuk Ragang legend. The Lotud people say that Nunuk Ragang is not the oldest Dusun settlement in Sabah. According to written and oral historical analysis, the Nunuk Ragang settlement only appeared around the 12th century, and was the last and largest centre of the Dusun expansion. Several Dusun oral stories say the pattern of Dusun migration is from the coast to the interior, indicating that the earliest Dusun settlements were not in the interior but the coastal areas, and that they initially had a maritime culture. Dalrymple, who explored the west coast of Sabah in 1762, said that coastal settlements such as Tuaran and Kimanis were still inhabited by Dusun pagans whom he called "Ida'an" (Dalrymple, 1793:552). Henry Keppel called the Dusun "Idaan the Voyager" (Keppel, 1847:194), where, according to Sir Hugh Low, they had extensive trade routes, reaching as far as Java and other places that were far away from Borneo (Low, 1852:2).
The name "Muja" was used by the Arab scholar al-Idrisi in his description of a kingdom or settlement on the west coast of Borneo in 1154 AD (Robert, 1983:40). This kingdom was ruled by a dynasty called the "Kamrun Dynasty", where one of its cities was called "Haranj" (possibly Tuaran). This city is said to be "a city of spices" that became famous at that time because the camphor produced from this city was the best in the world. According to al-Idrisi, the island of Haranj was famed for a deep precipice from which camphor was extracted, an allusion that scholars believe corresponds to Tuaran, or the forested foothills of Mount Kinabalu, long renowned as a major source of Borneo camphor. al-Idrisi says:
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