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Malavas
The Malavas (Brahmi script: 𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀭𑀯 Mālava) or Malwas were an ancient Indian tribe and confederation. They are a federation attested in various states in North and Central India. The modern regions of Malwa (Punjab) and Malwa region in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are eponyms attributed to them. Their power gradually declined as a result of defeats against the Western Satraps (2nd century CE), the Gupta emperor Samudragupta (4th century), and the Chalukya emperor Pulakeshin II (7th century).
The Malava era, which later came to be known as Vikram Samvat, may have been first used by them.
The Malavas are a tribe mentioned in several ancient Indian texts, including the Mahabharata and Mahabhashya. According to the Mahabharata, the hundred sons of the Madra kekaya king Ashvapati, the father of Savitri were known as the Malavas, after the name of their mother, Malavi.
They are later regarded as a Gana which functions as a republic or confederation. Panini mentions a group of tribes called ayudhajivi samghas (those who live by the profession of arms) including the Malavas and the Kshudrakas his sutra V.3.117. The Malavas are also mentioned in the Mahabhashya (IV.1.68) by Patanjali. Patanjali states that the serfs and slaves of the Malava Gana were not to be considered Malavya, a term only applied to children of tribesmen with full rights.
The location of the original homeland of the Malavas is not certain, but modern scholars generally connect them with the "Malli" or "Malloi" mentioned in the ancient Greek accounts, which describe Alexander's war against them. At the time of Alexander's invasion in the 4th century BCE, the Malloi lived in present-day Punjab region, in the area to the north of the confluence of the Ravi and the Chenab rivers.
The Malavas extent and timeline is not fully elucidate. During the time of their conflicts with Alexander, they were attested in Punjab, however their presence in other regions at that time is not known. Furthermore, there are no literary or epigraphical mention of the Malavas during the Maurya Empire. The Malava gana resurfaced again three centuries later when they began to issues thousands of coins in Uniara in Tonk district near Jaipur, which likely represented Malavanagara (present-day Nagar Fort) their historical capital. These coins bear the legend Malavanam jayah (lit. 'victory of the Malavas'), and have been dated between 250 BCE and 250 CE during the Saka Era. Several inscriptions dated in the Malava era have been found in various parts of Rajasthan, which suggests that the Malava influence extended to a wider part of Rajasthan. It is unknown if they claimed the region prior or relocated here following their conflicts with entities such as Macedonians, Mauryans, Indo-Greek, or Indo-Scythians during their occupation of Punjab. Following their resurgence in Malavanagar, the Malavas ultimately claimed the Malwa region in central India: this region was named after them some time after the 2nd century CE. Some historians attribute the Malavas, originally residing in the Punjab region, migrating to Central India/Rajasthan due to the Huna invasion.
Around 120 CE, the Malavas are mentioned as besieging the king of the Uttamabhadras to the south, but the Uttamabhadras were finally rescued by the Western Satraps, and the Malvas were crushed. The account appears in an inscription at the Nashik Caves, made by Nahapana's viceroy Ushavadata:
... And by order of the Lord I went to release the chief of the Uttamabhadras, who had been besieged for the rainy season by the Malayas, and those Malayas fled at the mere roar (of my approaching) as it were, and were all made prisoners of the Uttamabhadra warriors.
Malavas
The Malavas (Brahmi script: 𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀸𑀭𑀯 Mālava) or Malwas were an ancient Indian tribe and confederation. They are a federation attested in various states in North and Central India. The modern regions of Malwa (Punjab) and Malwa region in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are eponyms attributed to them. Their power gradually declined as a result of defeats against the Western Satraps (2nd century CE), the Gupta emperor Samudragupta (4th century), and the Chalukya emperor Pulakeshin II (7th century).
The Malava era, which later came to be known as Vikram Samvat, may have been first used by them.
The Malavas are a tribe mentioned in several ancient Indian texts, including the Mahabharata and Mahabhashya. According to the Mahabharata, the hundred sons of the Madra kekaya king Ashvapati, the father of Savitri were known as the Malavas, after the name of their mother, Malavi.
They are later regarded as a Gana which functions as a republic or confederation. Panini mentions a group of tribes called ayudhajivi samghas (those who live by the profession of arms) including the Malavas and the Kshudrakas his sutra V.3.117. The Malavas are also mentioned in the Mahabhashya (IV.1.68) by Patanjali. Patanjali states that the serfs and slaves of the Malava Gana were not to be considered Malavya, a term only applied to children of tribesmen with full rights.
The location of the original homeland of the Malavas is not certain, but modern scholars generally connect them with the "Malli" or "Malloi" mentioned in the ancient Greek accounts, which describe Alexander's war against them. At the time of Alexander's invasion in the 4th century BCE, the Malloi lived in present-day Punjab region, in the area to the north of the confluence of the Ravi and the Chenab rivers.
The Malavas extent and timeline is not fully elucidate. During the time of their conflicts with Alexander, they were attested in Punjab, however their presence in other regions at that time is not known. Furthermore, there are no literary or epigraphical mention of the Malavas during the Maurya Empire. The Malava gana resurfaced again three centuries later when they began to issues thousands of coins in Uniara in Tonk district near Jaipur, which likely represented Malavanagara (present-day Nagar Fort) their historical capital. These coins bear the legend Malavanam jayah (lit. 'victory of the Malavas'), and have been dated between 250 BCE and 250 CE during the Saka Era. Several inscriptions dated in the Malava era have been found in various parts of Rajasthan, which suggests that the Malava influence extended to a wider part of Rajasthan. It is unknown if they claimed the region prior or relocated here following their conflicts with entities such as Macedonians, Mauryans, Indo-Greek, or Indo-Scythians during their occupation of Punjab. Following their resurgence in Malavanagar, the Malavas ultimately claimed the Malwa region in central India: this region was named after them some time after the 2nd century CE. Some historians attribute the Malavas, originally residing in the Punjab region, migrating to Central India/Rajasthan due to the Huna invasion.
Around 120 CE, the Malavas are mentioned as besieging the king of the Uttamabhadras to the south, but the Uttamabhadras were finally rescued by the Western Satraps, and the Malvas were crushed. The account appears in an inscription at the Nashik Caves, made by Nahapana's viceroy Ushavadata:
... And by order of the Lord I went to release the chief of the Uttamabhadras, who had been besieged for the rainy season by the Malayas, and those Malayas fled at the mere roar (of my approaching) as it were, and were all made prisoners of the Uttamabhadra warriors.