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Mazan
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Mazan (French pronunciation: [mazɑ̃]; Occitan: Masan) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

Key Information

Geography

[edit]

The town is seven kilometres (4+1⁄2 miles) by road east of Carpentras, one of its neighbouring municipalities, and 34 kilometres (21 mi) by road from Avignon.

The town is located in the heart of the former Comtat Venaissin, near the south side of Mont Ventoux.

Features

[edit]

Mazan is home to one of the châteaux of the de Sade family. Today this château is a luxury hotel.[3]

Population

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1968 2,320—    
1975 2,896+3.22%
1982 3,729+3.68%
1990 4,459+2.26%
1999 4,943+1.15%
2007 5,515+1.38%
2012 5,804+1.03%
2017 6,036+0.79%
2021 6,269+0.95%
Source: INSEE[4]

Education

[edit]

There is a preschool (maternelle), École maternelle Mamé Blanc - La Condamine, an elementary school, École élémentaire Gilbert Laget - La Condamine, a mixed preschool and elementary school, École Saint Dominique,[5] and a junior high school (collège), Collège André Malraux.[6]

Notable residents

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Mazan

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Mazan is a commune in the department of the region in southeastern .
Situated at the foot of and approximately 7 kilometers from , the commune spans 37.95 square kilometers and had an estimated population of 6,269 in 2021.
Mazan is characterized by its agricultural economy, particularly vineyards, fruit orchards, and truffle production, which contribute to its local heritage and economy.
The village preserves historical elements including medieval ramparts, fortified gates, old churches, fountains, and Paleochristian sarcophagi, as well as the Château de Mazan, a former mansion of the Sade family linked to the .

History

Prehistoric and Ancient Periods

Archaeological evidence indicates human presence in the Mazan area during the period, primarily through the discovery of polished stone axes, suggesting early tool-making and possible agricultural or settlement activities consistent with broader regional patterns in . These artifacts point to rudimentary land use but lack indications of permanent villages or complex structures specific to Mazan, aligning with the gradual adoption of farming practices across around 6000–2200 BCE. During the Gallo-Roman era, from the 1st century BCE onward, Mazan's territory supported significant agricultural exploitation, particularly , with remnants of vineyards and estate structures evidencing organized wine production linked to Provence's Roman economic networks. Large rural domains, or villae rusticae, operated at sites including the of Saint-Andéol near Mazan, where necropolises dating to the 1st–4th centuries CE have yielded burial goods and architectural traces of Roman rural infrastructure. This activity reflects the integration of the region into the Roman province of , emphasizing export-oriented farming over urban development, with no major fortified settlements attested at Mazan itself.

Medieval and Early Modern Era

In 1274, the Comtat Venaissin, including Mazan, passed under direct papal sovereignty when King ceded the territory to as a guarantee for loans, marking a shift from Angevin control to ecclesiastical administration centered in . This integration positioned Mazan, located approximately 10 kilometers northeast of , as a strategically placed settlement in the papal enclave, benefiting from the economic and administrative influences of the nearby papal court without direct incorporation into the Kingdom of . During the Avignon Papacy from 1309 to 1377, Mazan saw the construction of defensive ramparts in the 14th century, encircling the medieval village built atop a hill overlooking the Auzon River to safeguard against regional instabilities, including banditry and conflicts arising from the . These fortifications, consisting of stone walls integrated with a row of houses, underscored Mazan's role in the defensive network of the , though remnants today are limited to preserved sections highlighted through restoration efforts. Local noble families, such as those originating from , established ties to the area by the mid-14th century, constructing early residences near the church that evolved into more substantial structures by the . The economy during this era remained rooted in feudal agriculture, with arable lands supporting grain and olive cultivation under manorial systems, gradually incorporating encouraged by papal demand for wine from the Ventoux region. By the late medieval period, early trade networks facilitated modest exports of local wines to markets, reflecting the Comtat's specialization in without evidence of widespread prosperity or urbanization. Into the under continued papal legates until 1791, agricultural patterns persisted with incremental shifts toward cash crops, though Mazan avoided significant industrialization or mercantile dominance seen in larger Comtat centers like .

19th to 20th Century Developments

Following the and the annexation of the in 1791, Mazan was incorporated into the newly formed department by decree on 25 June 1793, establishing long-term administrative stability within the French Republic's departmental structure. During the early , agriculture modernized amid broader regional shifts, with Mazan's economy centered on diverse crops including cereals, cherries, olives, silk, garance, , and expanding vineyards; by 1812, the population reached 3,380, predominantly cultivators, rising to 4,050 by 1836. The Second Empire era brought infrastructural enhancements, such as the Canal de for irrigation and regional railway connections benefiting nearby , while town walls were demolished to create a and roads were improved during the of 1870. The epidemic, arriving in the 1860s and peaking around 1880, devastated Mazan's vineyards as part of the national crisis that destroyed up to 40% of French grapevines between 1863 and 1890, prompting widespread uprooting and economic disruption. Recovery efforts focused on replanting with phylloxera-resistant American rootstocks grafted to European varieties, revitalizing and contributing to agricultural rebound by the late , though initial income shocks led to heightened rural and social strain in southern departments like . was introduced in 1872, marking early infrastructural progress, followed by service in 1900. In the , Mazan faced population declines amid , interwar rural exodus, and disruptions, with numbers falling from early 19th-century peaks to 1,705 by 1946 and 1,912 by 1960, reflecting broader French rural depopulation driven by urbanization and industrial pull toward cities like . The was liberated on 15 August 1944 during , with Allied forces advancing through . Postwar stabilization occurred through agricultural consolidation and early utilities expansion, including a municipal in 1954 (serving 300,045 m³ annually via a 79 km network) and a station in 1995; population rebounded to 2,320 by 1968, enabling modest urban extensions along the RD 942 with low-density quarters like La Peyrière. These developments laid groundwork for later economic diversification, though remained dominant, preserving Mazan's rural character amid national modernization pressures.

Geography and Environment

Location and Topography

Mazan is a commune in the Vaucluse department within the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France. It lies approximately 28 kilometers southeast of Avignon and 7 kilometers east of Carpentras, positioning it in a rural area conducive to agricultural activities. The village is situated at the northern base of Mont Ventoux, with geographic coordinates around 44.06°N latitude and 5.13°E longitude. The topography of Mazan features gently undulating plains that support and orchards, transitioning northward into the montane foothills of , which rises prominently nearby. Elevations within the commune vary, with the town center at about 158 meters above and higher terrain reaching up to 450 meters in surrounding areas. This varied elevation contributes to diverse microclimates, while proximity to Mont Ventoux Regional Natural Park influences local drainage patterns and soil composition, enhancing fertility for farming without significant flood-prone lowlands dominating the landscape.

Climate and Natural Features

Mazan exhibits a (Köppen Csa ), featuring hot, dry summers and mild winters with moderate concentrated in the cooler months. Average high temperatures peak at approximately 30°C (86°F) in and , while January highs average 11°C (52°F) and lows around 2°C (36°F). Annual totals about 750 mm, with October being the wettest month at roughly 71 mm (2.8 inches) and the driest at 20 mm (0.8 inches); rainfall occurs on approximately 121 days per year, primarily from autumn through spring. The region is subject to the Mistral, a forceful northwesterly wind originating from the Valley, which can gust up to 160 km/h (100 mph) and predominates in winter and spring. This wind clears atmospheric pollutants and enhances sunshine hours—averaging over 2,700 annually—but poses risks to by desiccating soils and damaging crops like vines and olives. Proximity to , approximately 20 km north, introduces microclimatic influences, including enhanced föhn effects that amplify temperature contrasts and frost risks in valleys. Ecologically, Mazan is characterized by olive groves, lavender fields, and vineyards on , well-drained soils typical of lowlands, supporting drought-resistant Mediterranean vegetation such as scrub and evergreen oaks. These features benefit from the area's 2,500–2,800 annual sunshine hours, fostering in pollinator-dependent crops, though Mistral exposure necessitates windbreaks like hedges for crop protection.

Demographics and Society

The population of Mazan has exhibited steady growth since the mid-20th century, increasing from 2,320 inhabitants in 1968 to 6,272 in 2022, reflecting a reversal of earlier rural depopulation trends through net in-migration. This expansion, amounting to approximately 170% over the period, accelerated post-1999 from a base of 4,943 residents, driven primarily by residential attraction to the countryside rather than high natural increase.
YearPopulation
19682,320
19752,896
19823,729
19904,459
19994,943
20065,445
20115,791
20165,944
20226,272
Demographic composition shows an aging profile typical of rural French communes, with 20.5% of residents aged 60-74 and 13.5% aged 75 or older in , up from lower elderly proportions in prior decades. Youth under 15 comprise only 16.1%, while the stands at 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants, contributing to a negative natural balance of -0.1% annually from 2016-, offset by positive migratory flows of 1.0%. This pattern underscores economic and lifestyle pulls—such as proximity to urban centers like and appeal for retirement—fostering slow, migration-led expansion amid low fertility and post-World War II stabilization of Provençal heritage communities.

Education and Community Services

Mazan maintains a network of educational institutions focused on primary and lower secondary levels, including the public , which encompasses both maternelle (nursery) and élémentaire (elementary) sections, enrolling approximately 194 and 248 students respectively in the 2024-2025 school year. A private Catholic , École Saint Dominique, serves an additional 162 pupils, emphasizing family-oriented instruction under state contract. The public Collège accommodates around 615 students from 6ème to 3ème, drawing from Mazan and ten neighboring villages to ensure regional access to basic without higher-level facilities on site. These communal provisions prioritize straightforward enrollment processes, including pre-registration via the mairie, and ancillary services such as subsidized canteen meals and after-school garderie, managed by local associations to support working families. Scolarization rates in Mazan reach 99.1% for ages 6-10 and 99.7% for 11-14, with 96.8% continuation into 15-17, reflecting robust local attendance comparable to national benchmarks and the self-reliant structure of rural French communes. Among residents aged 15 and older, 16.3% hold no diploma beyond primary certification, while 21.3% possess a or equivalent, indicating completion outcomes consistent with broader trends rather than urban disparities. Community services center on the Centre Communal d'Action Sociale (CCAS), located at 424 Chemin des Écoliers, which delivers tailored aid for administrative hurdles, guidance via forums like Maz'embauche, and support for vulnerable households through initiatives such as allotments for family gardens. Elderly assistance relies on volunteer networks, including "Clins d'œil" home visits for those over 90 and parcel distributions for individuals aged 75 and above, complemented by October's Semaine Bleue events for awareness and engagement. Primary healthcare provision occurs through proximate facilities in , accessible via community bus lines linking Mazan, underscoring dependence on inter-communal resources for specialized medical needs in this modestly sized locale.

Economy

Agriculture and Viticulture

Viticulture forms the cornerstone of Mazan's agricultural economy, with vineyards occupying a substantial portion of the commune's approximately 28 square kilometers dedicated to farming and wine production. The area falls within the Ventoux AOC, originally designated Côtes-du-Ventoux in 1973 and renamed in 2009, where grapes thrive on terroirs influenced by the Mistral winds and Mont Ventoux's slopes, yielding balanced reds, rosés, and whites primarily from , , and varieties. Archaeological evidence points to viticultural roots tracing to the Gallo-Roman era, including a potter's workshop near Mazan producing wine amphorae as early as 30 BC, with modern revival following the crisis through grafted rootstocks and expanded plantings. Family-run domains such as Château la Croix des Pins and Mas des Guépiers emphasize sustainable and organic practices, exporting wines that compete on quality in domestic and international markets without heavy reliance on external supports. Olive cultivation complements , leveraging the same sun-drenched, wind-swept landscapes for high-quality extra virgin production. Estates like Le Trésor des Oliviers manage around 9,000 trees across 9 hectares within larger 25-hectare properties that integrate olives with vines and almonds, harvesting varieties suited to Provence's soils for oils noted for their fruity, peppery profiles. These operations, often certified for high environmental value, process olives via cold extraction to preserve qualities, contributing to local GDP through direct sales and regional appellations that reward terroir-driven excellence over volume. Fruit growing, particularly cherries, adds diversity, with Mazan's estates producing alongside Vaucluse's broader output of nearly 20,000 tons annually from 4,000 hectares, positioning the department as France's top cherry producer. Domains such as Plein Pagnier cultivate cherries amid 15-hectare mixed plots of vines, olives, and fruit trees, harvesting varieties that benefit from the commune's microclimate for market-fresh sales. Truffle cultivation occurs regionally in Vaucluse, where 70-80% of France's black truffles originate, though Mazan's focus remains on symbiotic tree plantings like oaks that enhance soil health in polycultural systems. Cooperative structures among local producers promote entrepreneurship by pooling resources for milling, bottling, and distribution, enabling adaptation to climate fluctuations—such as variable rainfall—through diversified cropping and resilient varieties rather than prescriptive interventions.

Tourism and Local Commerce

Mazan attracts tourists primarily through its proximity to , serving as a staging point for cyclists tackling the mountain's challenging ascents, which feature in events like the and draw enthusiasts via dedicated routes starting from the village. The landscape, including vineyards and olive groves at the mountain's base, complements this appeal, with visitors seeking relaxation amid the region's historical sites and natural parks. Infrastructure remains modest, with holiday rentals, gîtes, and villas providing accommodations focused on self-catering stays rather than large-scale hotels, supporting seasonal influxes without overwhelming local capacity. Local commerce revolves around small-scale enterprises tied to and daily needs, including a weekly market held on Mondays featuring regional , which operates from 8:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and underscores the village's agricultural ties. Restaurants such as L'Oulo and L'Ardoise emphasize cuisine, often incorporating local wines from the Côtes du Ventoux , while guesthouses and eateries cater to heritage trails and wine tastings. Retail is confined to boutique shops, bakeries like Patisserie Lou Gau offering seasonal pastries, and essential services, with commercial listings indicating limited availability for new ventures like bureaux or small locals. This sector functions as a modest supplement to , with presence negligible and economic activity centered on sustainable, community-oriented operations that avoid mass pressures, preserving Mazan's village character amid Vaucluse's broader 21 million annual overnight stays.

Cultural Heritage and Attractions

Historical Monuments and Sites

Mazan features remnants of its medieval fortifications, including portions of 12th- and 14th-century ramparts that once encircled the village on a hill overlooking the Auzon River, constructed during the era when the served as a papal territory. These defensive walls, integrated with rows of houses, provided protection and reflect the strategic positioning of the settlement. A round tower on the Place de l'Église stands as the sole surviving element of the original , abandoned by the Sade family in the 17th century for a more modern residence. The Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Pareloup, a Romanesque structure dating to the 12th and 14th centuries, is situated within the village and exemplifies early ecclesiastical architecture in the region. Nearby, the houses 64 monolithic Gallo-Roman sarcophagi, rare artifacts from 1st- to 4th-century Christian necropolises, including those at the of Saint-Andéol, underscoring Mazan's antiquity as a site of continuous occupation since Roman times. Medieval gateways, such as the Renaissance-style Portail of 1515 and various ancient doors, mark entry points to the historic core, linking to the Comtat Venaissin's feudal past. The Église Saint-Nazaire-et-Saint-Celse originated as a Benedictine priory founded in 1248 but was rebuilt between and in a neo-Romanesque style, preserving elements of its medieval foundation amid the village's papal heritage. Ruins of earlier châteaux, including those associated with the Sade and Astoaud families, contribute to the tangible record of noble estates from the medieval and early modern periods.

Traditions and Events

Mazan maintains several recurring markets that embody its agricultural roots, with a producers' market held every Saturday morning featuring local fruits, vegetables, and artisanal items from the region. A market occurs on Monday mornings in front of the old at Place du 11 Novembre, emphasizing seasonal and plants tied to traditional farming practices. These weekly events, drawing consistent local attendance, serve as hubs for commerce and social exchange without contrived revivalism. During July and August, Wednesday evening nocturnes extend market traditions, hosting approximately twenty artisans, food trucks offering regional specialties, and live music to celebrate summer harvests. The annual fête votive in July honors the village's through parades and communal gatherings, reflecting longstanding folk customs linked to agrarian cycles rather than modern inventions. Viticulture features prominently in events like the Vignobles en Scène festival at Domaine de Plein Pagnier, scheduled for September 6, which includes guided walks, wine tastings, sensory workshops, live concerts, and local pairings to underscore Mazan's wine production heritage. The Foire des Artisans et Producteurs, typically in late May, gathers regional producers for displays of crafts and foodstuffs, promoting direct farmer-consumer ties observed in attendance patterns. Such gatherings integrate elements of Occitan nomenclature, as in the village's historic name , but prioritize observable practices over linguistic revival efforts.

Notable Residents

Donatien Alphonse François, (1740–1814), a French nobleman, philosopher, and writer whose works explored extreme libertinism and critiques of societal norms, maintained strong ties to Mazan through his family's ownership of the Château de Mazan, acquired by the de Sade lineage in the . In 1774, following his escape from the Fortress of Miolans, de Sade sought refuge at the chateau, where the property was subsequently looted amid scandals linked to his libertine activities. The estate served as a provincial base for the family, contrasting with de Sade's primary residences in and La Coste, though it symbolized his aristocratic Provencal roots.

The Pelicot Rape Case

Case Background and Investigation

From 2011 to 2020, Dominique Pelicot, a retiree residing in Mazan, Vaucluse, systematically drugged his wife Gisèle with sedatives such as Temesta to induce unconsciousness, enabling repeated rapes by himself and over 50 other men whom he recruited online via platforms advertising consensual encounters. Pelicot deceived the recruits by claiming Gisèle consented to these acts as part of a cuckolding fantasy, while in reality she remained unaware of the assaults, attributing her frequent lapses in memory and physical soreness to age-related health decline or menopause. The incidents occurred primarily in the couple's home in Mazan, spanning approximately nine years from July 2011 until ceasing in October 2020, with Pelicot meticulously filming the encounters to document and revisit them, reflecting a pattern of calculated psychological compulsion rather than impulsive behavior. The case surfaced in 2020 following a police investigation initiated after concerns prompted scrutiny of Pelicot's activities, leading to a raid on the Mazan residence that uncovered multiple hard drives containing thousands of videos and photographs depicting the assaults. These materials provided direct empirical evidence, including identifiable faces and timestamps, enabling authorities to trace and arrest numerous participants through and cross-referencing with online communications. Gisèle Pelicot learned of the full extent of the violations only after the videos were analyzed post-raid, confirming her non-consent and the deliberate incapacitation used in each instance. The investigation highlighted Pelicot's role in orchestrating the events via anonymous solicitations, underscoring individual agency in sourcing accomplices rather than broader .

Trial Proceedings and Verdicts

The trial of Dominique Pelicot and 50 co-defendants commenced on September 2, 2024, at the criminal court, spanning over three months until December 16, 2024, with verdicts delivered on December 19, 2024. The proceedings involved examination of extensive , including over 1,700 hours of video footage recorded by Pelicot himself, which documented the assaults while the victim was sedated with drugs like Temesta, rendering her unconscious and incapable of . Prosecutors emphasized that the sedation established objective non-consent, irrespective of defendants' claims of believing the acts were consensual based on Pelicot's online solicitations or verbal assurances. All 51 defendants were convicted: 47 of , two of attempted rape, and two of , with the rejecting defenses centered on or by Pelicot. Dominique Pelicot received the maximum sentence of 20 years for aggravated , having admitted to drugging his wife and facilitating the assaults from 2011 to 2020, while explicitly acknowledging his role as a rapist during . Co-defendants' sentences ranged from four to 13 years, scaled by factors such as the number of assaults committed (evidenced by videos identifying 49 men, plus two unidentified), use of violence, and prior knowledge of the victim's condition; for instance, one repeat offender received 12 years for aggravated and attempted . The upheld through forensic proof of and defendants' actions despite visible signs of incapacity, countering arguments that online recruitment via platforms like Coco.gg absolved individual agency or intent. Post-verdict appeals were filed by at least 15 co-defendants by late December 2024, with some sentences adjusted in subsequent 2025 hearings, including one man's term increased from eight to 12 years by an appeals court. Legal analysts noted the trial's rigor in applying French penal code provisions on aggravated (Article 222-23-1), which incorporates lack of via incapacity, though debates persisted on whether digital anonymity unduly mitigated culpability compared to direct observation of the victim's state. No acquittals occurred, reflecting the court's reliance on irrefutable video and pharmacological evidence over subjective claims of deception.

Impact on Mazan and Broader Implications

The Pelicot case has imposed significant social strain on , a commune of approximately 6,272 residents as of , with no evident reported through 2025 despite intense national media coverage. Local inhabitants have voiced widespread disgust toward the perpetrators, describing the revelations as a profound shock to the community's fabric, though many expressed hope that the publicity could foster greater vigilance against without stigmatizing the village as a whole. This scrutiny has disrupted the sleepy rural routine, with residents reporting discomfort from outsiders associating Mazan inextricably with the crimes, yet empirical data shows no verifiable exodus or economic collapse, underscoring resilience amid external narratives often amplified by urban-centric media. Nationally, has correlated with heightened reporting of drug-facilitated sexual assaults, with French authorities noting a surge in complaints following the public airing of video , prompting shifts in investigative protocols to prioritize toxicological testing and . Surveys and public discourse indicate elevated awareness, particularly among younger demographics, of risks occurring in private settings rather than solely public ones, evidenced by protests numbering in the thousands against normalized abuse and calls for better on sedatives in assaults. However, causal analysis reveals these outcomes stem from the case's unique evidentiary strength—over 1,700 videos documenting deliberate, repeated acts—rather than indicative of pervasive male predisposition; overgeneralizations risk diluting focus on individual agency and preventive measures like personal security and relational trust verification, as unsubstantiated systemic indictments lack empirical grounding beyond anecdotal . Legally, the 2024 convictions, including for Dominique Pelicot, have established precedents for prosecuting filmed, non-consensual acts as aggravated , with 2025 appeals reinforcing this by upholding or escalating sentences, such as the October increase to 10 years for one appellant based on retrial of and . These rulings prioritize forensic documentation over subjective intent claims, potentially deterring similar networked crimes through heightened evidentiary standards, though broader implications hinge on rather than ideological reframings of detached from observable incapacitation. Mainstream coverage, while factually detailing the horrors, occasionally veers toward politicized interpretations favoring cultural overhaul, yet data-driven realism underscores that such outliers demand targeted legal and behavioral deterrents over unproven societal pathologies.

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  62. https://www.sauvegardeartfrancais.fr/projets/mazan-eglise-saint-nazaire-et-saint-celse/
  63. https://www.france-voyage.com/events/mazan-commune-33724.htm
  64. https://www.destinationventoux.com/en/art-de-vivre/les-marches-du-vaucluse/
  65. https://www.france-voyage.com/evenements/mazan-commune-33724.htm
  66. https://provence-alpes-cotedazur.com/en/things-to-do/events/all-events/vignobles-en-scene-the-plein-pagnier-estate-festival-mazan-en-5934759/
  67. https://www.eterritoire.fr/evenements/provence-alpes-cote-d-azur/vaucluse/mazan%2884380%29/foire%2Bdes%2Bartisans%2Bet%2Bproducteurs/40143
  68. https://www.messynessychic.com/2017/01/23/sleeping-with-the-marquis-de-sade/
  69. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/articles/Marquis-de-Sade-sites-on-the-trail-of-the-writer-and-rogue/
  70. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c390d8nd4n4o
  71. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2024/12/europe/gisele-pelicot-france-case-messages
  72. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/11/a-rapist-can-be-in-the-family-how-dominique-pelicot-became-one-of-the-worst-sexual-predators-in-history
  73. https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/03/europe/france-man-accused-strangers-rape-wife-intl-latam
  74. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/verdict-due-gisele-pelicot-rape-case-that-horrified-world-2024-12-19/
  75. https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/sep/05/french-woman-world-fell-apart-alleged-rapes-men-invited-by-husband-gisele-pelicot
  76. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-06/french-victim-of-drugging-and-sexual-assault-speaks-at-trial/104318494
  77. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyek8pgy7po
  78. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89xde5qzvgo
  79. https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/europe/pelicot-rape-trial-france-verdict-intl
  80. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/12/20/pelicot-rape-trial-a-fair-and-independent-verdict_6736290_7.html
  81. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/20/who-are-the-51-men-in-gisele-pelicot-rape-case-will-old-cases-be-reopened
  82. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/28/at-least-15-men-in-gisele-pelicot-trial-appeal-against-convictions
  83. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/police-and-justice/article/2025/10/09/french-court-increases-jail-term-for-man-in-pelicot-rape-case-appeal_6746270_105.html
  84. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/france/vaucluse/carpentras/84072__mazan/
  85. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/20/everyone-here-is-disgusted-the-village-at-the-heart-of-the-trial-that-shook-france
  86. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/18/world/europe/gisele-pelicot-rape-trial-mazan-france.html
  87. https://www.mediapart.fr/en/journal/france/311024/mass-rape-trial-upturns-sleepy-french-village-mazan
  88. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pelicot-rape-trial-shifts-frances-practices-around-drug-facilitated-assaults-2024-12-18/
  89. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd75v8eqz44o
  90. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-09-15/thousands-in-france-protest-rape-culture/104353346
  91. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/09/this-is-europe-gisele-pelicot-france-rape-trial
  92. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/09/man-loses-appeal-against-gisele-pelicot-rape-conviction-husamettin-dogan
  93. https://www.reuters.com/world/french-court-rejects-appeal-man-convicted-raping-gisele-pelicot-increases-2025-10-09/
  94. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cq65e2jdd3lo
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