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Michael Herr
Michael Herr
Michael Herr
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Michael David Herr[1] (April 13, 1940 – June 23, 2016) was an American writer and war correspondent, known as the author of Dispatches (1977), a memoir of his time as a correspondent for Esquire (1967–1969) during the Vietnam War. The book was called "the best book to have been written about the Vietnam War" by fellow author C.D.B. Bryan in his review for The New York Times Book Review. Novelist John le Carré called it "the best book I have ever read on men and war in our time."

Key Information

Life and career

[edit]

Herr was born in Lexington, Kentucky, the son of a jeweler, and grew up in Syracuse, New York. His family was Jewish.[1] After working with Esquire in the 1960s, from 1971 to 1975 he published nothing. Then, in 1977, he went on the road with rock and roller Ted Nugent and wrote about the experience in a 1978 cover story for Crawdaddy magazine.[2] Also in 1977, he published Dispatches, upon which his reputation mostly rests.

Herr was credited in the film for writing the narration for Francis Ford Coppola's 1997 film The Rainmaker. He had previously contributed to the narration for Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now. He co-wrote the screenplay for the film Full Metal Jacket (1987) with director Stanley Kubrick and author Gustav Hasford. That film was based on Hasford's novel The Short-Timers and the screenplay was nominated for an Academy Award. Herr collaborated with Richard Stanley in writing the original screenplay for the 1996 film The Island of Dr. Moreau based on the H.G. Wells novel of the same name. However, Stanley claims the subsequent rewrites cost Herr his writing credit, omitting most of the material created by the two writers.

Herr wrote a pair of articles for Vanity Fair about Stanley Kubrick, which were later incorporated into the short book Kubrick (2000), a personal biography of the director. He declined to edit the script of Kubrick's last film Eyes Wide Shut (1999).[3]

Herr lived with his wife Valerie in Delhi, New York, until his death on June 23, 2016, at the age of 76.[4]

Publications

[edit]
  • Dispatches (1977) ISBN 0-679-73525-9
  • The Big Room: Forty-Eight Portraits from the Golden Age (1987) (with Guy Peellaert) ISBN 0-671-63028-8 (stories about Hollywood personalities including Judy Garland, Howard Hughes, Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra and Walter Winchell)
  • Walter Winchell: A Novel (1990) ISBN 0-679-73393-0 (biographical novel about the newsman Walter Winchell)[5]
  • Kubrick (Grove, 2000) ISBN 0-8021-3818-7 (based on essay for Vanity Fair)

References

[edit]
[edit]
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Michael Herr

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Michael Herr (April 13, 1940 – June 23, 2016) was an American journalist, author, and screenwriter renowned for his visceral, firsthand reporting on the as a correspondent for Esquire magazine from 1967 to 1969. His 1977 memoir Dispatches, drawn from those experiences, pioneered a raw, novelistic style within that captured the war's chaos, alienation, and moral ambiguities through embedded observation rather than detached , earning acclaim as one of the era's most incisive accounts. Herr later co-wrote screenplays for influential Vietnam films, including (1979) and (1987), adapting his themes of psychological disintegration and futile violence to cinematic narratives under directors and . After early freelance work for publications like magazine following studies at , Herr retreated from prolific output post-Dispatches, residing in for over a decade and contributing sporadically to , reflecting a post-war disillusionment that underscored his defining reluctance to romanticize or sanitize conflict's human toll.

Early Life and Education

Childhood and Family Background

Michael Herr was born in , in 1940 to Jewish parents Donald Herr, a jeweler, and Muriel Jacobs. As an infant, the family relocated to , where Donald Herr managed a series of jewelry stores, establishing a middle-class household. Herr grew up on Crawford Avenue in Syracuse, a typical suburban setting that shaped his early observational habits. He attended , where he was classmates with future writer , though no specific familial influences beyond the stable, Jewish-American environment are prominently documented in contemporary accounts. His father died in 1982, while his mother later resided in a high-rise on James Street in Syracuse before her own passing. From a young age, Herr exhibited a precocious interest in and unnoticed observation, traits he later attributed to cultivating a writer's in the everyday rhythms of Syracuse life. These formative experiences in a conventional Midwestern-turned-upstate New York family milieu provided scant foreshadowing of his eventual immersion in war , underscoring instead a quiet, introspective youth unmarred by notable adversity or public incident.

University Years and Initial Interests

Michael Herr enrolled at following high school graduation in the late 1950s, pursuing studies amid a burgeoning interest in and creative expression. During his undergraduate years, he contributed fiction and film criticism to the campus literary magazine, which was then edited by , honing skills in narrative storytelling and cultural analysis. Herr's time at Syracuse reflected an early fascination with adventurous authorship, particularly emulating Ernest Hemingway's blend of experiential immersion and vivid prose. This ambition led him to prioritize real-world pursuits over formal academia; bored with structured education, he dropped out without earning a degree, opting instead for travel in to gather material for writing. These university experiences laid foundational interests in journalism's literary potential, emphasizing personal observation over detached reporting, though Herr had yet to enter professional magazine work. His early outputs foreshadowed a style prioritizing sensory detail and psychological depth, influences that would later define his dispatches.

Pre-Vietnam Journalism Career

Entry into Magazine Writing

After graduating from in 1962 with a degree in English literature, Michael Herr entered freelance magazine writing in the early 1960s, contributing pieces to periodicals including magazine. His work during this period focused on travel and cultural observation, reflecting a nascent interest in immersive, personal reportage that characterized his later style. A notable early assignment appeared in Holiday in 1966 under the title "Fort Dix: The New Army Game," where Herr revisited the U.S. Army's basic training facility, critiquing its routines and the psychological impact on recruits amid escalating U.S. involvement in Vietnam. This feature exemplified his approach to blending firsthand experience with vivid, unfiltered prose, drawing on limited prior journalistic training but leveraging his observational acuity honed through amateur film criticism and sporadic magazine contributions. Herr's entry into the field relied on persistence as a freelancer, producing a handful of articles that secured his reputation among editors for evocative, non-traditional nonfiction, though he lacked formal newsroom experience or extensive bylines prior to these efforts. This modest output in the mid-1960s positioned him to pursue more ambitious foreign assignments, marking the transition from domestic freelance work to international reporting.

Travel and Formative Experiences

After leaving without graduating, Herr embarked on extensive travels across the , , and made several trips to during his twenties, from approximately 1960 to 1967. These journeys were intertwined with freelance writing, where he contributed pieces on , music, and cultural scenes, building a portfolio that emphasized vivid, on-the-ground observation over detached analysis. His peripatetic lifestyle, often involving and immersion in local environments, exposed him to diverse social dynamics and honed a narrative approach influenced by emerging techniques, prioritizing subjective experience and sensory detail. Concurrently, Herr's brief service in the U.S. Reserve, including basic training at around 1965, provided early exposure to military culture and discipline, though he avoided active deployment. This period, amid escalating U.S. involvement in , contrasted with his civilian wanderings and likely intensified his skepticism toward institutional authority, as reflected in later writings. The combination of global travel and domestic military obligation formed a crucible for his pre-war , fostering resilience in chaotic settings and a penchant for capturing the raw undercurrents of human conflict and camaraderie.

Vietnam War Reporting

Assignment to Vietnam and Embedment

In late 1967, at the age of 27, Michael Herr persuaded Esquire magazine editor Harold Hayes to assign him as a war correspondent to Vietnam, with an initial plan to file monthly reports on the conflict. He arrived in Saigon on November 25, 1967, shortly before the Tet Offensive, intending a brief visit but quickly extending his stay to immerse himself in the war's realities rather than relying on official briefings or rear-area observations. Over the next 18 months, until mid-1969, Herr remained in country, producing dispatches that captured frontline experiences amid escalating U.S. involvement peaking at over 500,000 troops. Herr eschewed the standard journalistic detachment afforded by military accreditation and press pools, instead adopting an informal embedment style by attaching himself to U.S. combat units without formal restrictions, a freedom enabled by his affiliation and personal initiative. He frequently traveled with Marine Corps elements during the Siege of from January to July 1968, enduring artillery barrages and trench conditions alongside enlisted men, and rode helicopter assaults with the 1st Cavalry Division in operations like those around Hue following Tet. This approach exposed him to the war's chaos—witnessing ambushes, medevacs, and soldier psyches—but also blurred lines between observer and participant, as he carried no weapon yet shared risks like incoming fire and threats in remote firebases. His embedment prioritized experiential reporting over verifiable counts or strategic , often basing in Saigon between embeds but rejecting corps' hotel-centric routine for direct immersion that yielded visceral accounts, such as the "Hell Sucks" piece on Tet's urban fighting published in in July 1968. This method, while yielding unprecedented intimacy with troops' language and fears, drew later scrutiny for its subjective intensity over detached , though contemporaries noted it reflected the war's disorienting scale where official data often clashed with .

Key Experiences and Correspondent Role

Herr arrived in Saigon in November 1967 as a freelance correspondent for Esquire magazine, initially tasked with providing monthly reports on the Vietnam War. Rather than adhering to a fixed schedule, he adopted an immersive approach, spending over a year roaming combat zones, accompanying U.S. troops—particularly Marine units—on patrols and operations, and witnessing frontline engagements without official military embeds. His reporting captured the disorientation and intensity of the war's turning points, including the beginning January 30, 1968, which involved coordinated North Vietnamese and attacks across , shattering U.S. public perceptions of progress. Herr documented the urban fighting in cities like , where U.S. forces faced house-to-house combat amid civilian casualties and destruction, contributing to his early Esquire piece "Hell Sucks." A pivotal experience was the 77-day of from January 21 to July 9, 1968, where Herr embedded with encircled enduring artillery barrages, supply shortages, and B-52 airstrikes that blurred lines between offense and survival. He described the firebase's isolation—over 500 U.S. deaths and thousands wounded—highlighting the psychological toll of waiting under constant threat, which informed his raw, sensory depictions of fear and futility among troops. Herr's mobility, often via with pilots like those he later portrayed, allowed access to multiple fronts, contrasting with more static bureau-based . By February 1969, after intermittent returns to the U.S., Herr departed , having produced dispatches that prioritized visceral perspectives over strategic analysis, influencing the style with its blend of participation and observation. His role eschewed official briefings for direct immersion, yielding accounts valued for immediacy but scrutinized for subjective intensity over detached verification.

Literary Output

Dispatches: Composition and Content

Dispatches originated from Michael Herr's extensive notebooks and on-the-ground reporting during his 14-month stint in Vietnam from October 1967 to February 1969, where he covered the war for Esquire magazine without formal accreditation, embedding primarily with U.S. Marines. Portions of the material first appeared as articles in Esquire and Rolling Stone between 1968 and 1970, capturing raw, immediate observations amid operations like the Tet Offensive and the Siege of Khe Sanh. Following his return, Herr relocated to London in 1969, where he grappled with post-war disorientation, including substance use and creative block, delaying full composition; he later described the process as taking about six years, involving meticulous editing of fragmented notes into a cohesive yet non-linear whole published in 1977 by Alfred A. Knopf. This extended timeline reflected Herr's rejection of conventional war journalism, prioritizing subjective immersion over detached chronology, with the final text drawing on verbatim soldier dialogues and sensory details to evoke the war's psychological disintegration. The book's content eschews linear battle histories or strategic analysis, instead presenting a mosaic of vignettes that foreground the war's absurdity, terror, and cultural undercurrents through Herr's first-person lens as a participatory observer. Structured in five main sections—"Breathing In," "Hell Sucks," "CA," "Huo!," and ""—it interweaves personal dispatches with depictions of frontline life, including assaults, sieges, and downtime marked by , amphetamines, and gallows humor among grunts. "Breathing In" immerses readers in the aerial frenzy of troop insertions and extractions, contrasting mechanical efficiency with human vulnerability, while later sections explore embeds at and Hue, highlighting morale erosion, racial tensions, and the seductive pull of combat's intensity. Herr profiles fellow journalists like Tim Page and Sean Flynn, portraying them as adrenaline-fueled seekers, and critiques institutional media detachment, emphasizing boots-on-ground truths over sanitized reports; the narrative integrates motifs of fear as a force, the war's rock-and-roll , and an undercurrent of existential futility, rendering the conflict as a hallucinatory fever dream rather than a winnable campaign. This approach, blending reported scenes with introspective riffs, amplifies the troops' raw voices—e.g., ' slang-laden —while avoiding moralizing, though Herr admits selective reconstruction for emotional fidelity over strict verbatim accuracy.

Other Books and Essays

Herr co-authored The Big Room: Forty-Eight Portraits from the Golden Age with Belgian artist Guy Peellaert, published in 1986, which combines Peellaert's paintings with Herr's accompanying texts to depict celebrities and personalities associated with Las Vegas casinos and mid-20th-century American entertainment, including figures like Howard Hughes and Judy Garland. The work draws on vaudeville and Hollywood's "golden age," presenting a stylized, nostalgic view of show business excess rather than Herr's characteristic war reportage. In 1990, Herr published Walter Winchell: A Novel, a 158-page fictionalized of the pioneering , broadcaster, and performer , who rose to prominence in the through rapid-fire delivery and scandal-mongering but later aligned with controversial political figures. The book employs a dramatic, stream-of-consciousness style to capture Winchell's bravado and malice, originating as a before adaptation into form, and received mixed reviews for its brevity and stylistic echoes of Herr's earlier work. Herr's final book, Kubrick, appeared in 2000 as a slim memoir recounting his nearly two-decade friendship and professional collaboration with filmmaker , beginning with screenplay contributions to (1979) and culminating in co-writing (1987). Drawing on personal correspondence and observations, it portrays Kubrick's reclusive intensity and perfectionism without delving into exhaustive biography, emphasizing their shared interest in war narratives and the challenges of adapting reality to film. Beyond these, Herr's essays appeared sporadically in periodicals like Vanity Fair and , often revisiting themes of media, celebrity, and cultural undercurrents, though few standalone collections exist outside material incorporated into Dispatches (1977). His later output remained limited, reflecting a deliberate withdrawal from prolific writing after the .

Screenwriting Contributions

Michael Herr provided the voiceover narration for Apocalypse Now (1979), directed by , which infused the film with a raw, introspective tone reflective of his journalism in Dispatches. The screenplay was credited to and Coppola, adapted loosely from Joseph Conrad's , but Herr's contributions focused on the narration spoken by as Captain Willard, capturing the disorientation and moral ambiguity of combat as observed during Herr's 1968 embedment with U.S. forces. This element was added late in production to replace earlier attempts, enhancing the film's surreal depiction of the war's psychological toll. Herr later co-wrote the screenplay for (1987), Stanley Kubrick's film based on Gustav Hasford's 1979 novel . Their collaboration began in 1985, with Herr adapting Hasford's semi-autobiographical account of Marine Corps boot camp and the Siege of during the 1968 , incorporating his own firsthand reporting to emphasize and the war's futility. The screenplay received an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1988, though it lost to . Herr's input shaped the film's bifurcated structure—training sequences and combat deployment—drawing on authentic military vernacular and eschewing heroic narratives in favor of stark realism. These efforts marked Herr's transition from print journalism to cinema, leveraging his immersion to influence two landmark anti-war films, though he avoided further Hollywood involvement, citing discomfort with the medium's collaborative demands. No additional credited screenplays followed, with Herr prioritizing literary work post-1987.

Writing Style and Techniques

Adoption of New Journalism

Michael Herr adopted in his reporting by prioritizing immersive, subjective narrative over detached objectivity, using literary devices to convey the war's psychological disorientation and . In Dispatches (1977), he drew on personal embedment with troops across sites like Saigon, Hue, and to construct scenes rich in dialogue reconstruction, vernacular phrasing (e.g., soldiers' fatalistic "There it is"), and evocative imagery, such as tracer rounds' "grace" amid "beautiful and deeply dreadful" incoming fire. This method aligned with 's tenets—outlined by as full dialogue recording, scene-by-scene buildup, and status details—but Herr adapted them to war's chaos, admitting in a interview to inventing exchanges based on authentic voices for emotional fidelity rather than verbatim accuracy. Herr's style rejected traditional journalism's singular factual , embracing instead multiple, shifting truths reflective of Vietnam's and unknowability, as in fragmented anecdotes and hallucinatory evoking "the floor of an ." Techniques like non-linear structure, perspective switches from reporter to viewpoints, and stream-of-consciousness passages created claustrophobic immersion, blurring participant-observer roles and heightening the madness of , such as jungle ambushes laced with shrapnel and jargon-laden banter. These choices produced a surreal immediacy, infused with irony, humor, and pop culture references, marking a shift toward experiential reporting that captured trauma's lasting toll on both combatants and correspondents. By layering rock-concert energy, drug-influenced insights, and filmic rhythms into his prose, Herr transcended baseline , forging poetic vernacular that elevated Dispatches to enduring nonfiction stature, akin to Tolstoy's portrayals in its character depth and universal resonance. This evolution prioritized causal realism of 's human impact—visceral dread, moral ambiguity, and perceptual distortion—over sanitized facts, influencing subsequent immersive writing while prompting debates on nonfiction's boundaries.

Narrative Innovations in War Reporting

Michael Herr's Dispatches (1977) marked a departure from conventional war reporting by prioritizing immersive, subjective narration over detached objectivity, embedding the journalist's voice amid soldiers' experiences to convey the Vietnam War's psychological disarray. Unlike traditional accounts focused on strategy or chronology, Herr's work, drawn from his 1967–1968 tenure covering events like the and the Siege of , adopted techniques such as scene-by-scene reconstruction and verbatim-like dialogue, but transcended them through a fragmented, non-linear structure that mirrored the war's chaos and unpredictability. Central to Herr's innovations was the use of stream-of-consciousness prose and hallucinatory language to capture and existential dread, rendering phenomena like incoming artillery as "beautiful and deeply dreadful" to evoke the war's paradoxical allure and terror. This approach incorporated soldiers' vernacular—"There it is"—and pop culture allusions, such as references to or , infusing reports with a rock 'n' roll rhythm that amplified the era's cultural dissonance amid combat. By living among grunts and adopting their drug-fueled worldview, Herr shifted focus from official narratives to frontline absurdity, using jagged, run-on sentences to simulate disorientation rather than linear exposition. Herr explicitly favored emotional authenticity over verbatim accuracy, admitting to composite characters, invented dialogue, and factual liberties—such as in his depictions—to distill the war's essence, prompting debates over Dispatches' classification as or despite its acclaim. This technique critiqued mainstream journalism's pretense of neutrality, which Herr viewed as inadequate for conveying Vietnam's moral and perceptual fragmentation, influencing subsequent embedded reporting by emphasizing personal testimony and visceral impact over verifiable minutiae.

Reception and Legacy

Critical Acclaim and Influence

Dispatches received widespread critical acclaim following its 1977 publication, lauded for its visceral, first-person immersion in the chaos of the . C.D.B. Bryan, in his review for Book Review, declared it "quite simply, the best book to have been written about the ," emphasizing its unparalleled evocation of combat's psychological toll. Novelist endorsed it with the , "the best book I have ever read on men and war in our time," highlighting its literary depth amid journalistic grit. The work was shortlisted for the 1978 in nonfiction, though it ultimately did not win, reflecting its strong contention among contemporaries. Herr's influence extended beyond immediate reception, elevating by fusing novelistic techniques—such as fragmented narrative and subjective voice—with frontline reporting, thereby transcending conventional war correspondence. Critics have ranked Dispatches as a cornerstone of literature, with its raw portrayal of soldiers' disorientation and moral ambiguity shaping subsequent memoirs like those of Tim O'Brien and influencing embedded journalism's emphasis on experiential authenticity over detached . In 2016, included it at No. 9 on its list of the 100 best books, citing its "compelling sense of urgency and unique voice" as making it "the definitive account of war in our time." Herr's stylistic innovations, prioritizing sensory immediacy and cultural critique, resonated in film adaptations of Vietnam narratives, underscoring his role in bridging literary and visual media depictions of conflict.

Criticisms and Debates on Accuracy

Dispatches, published in 1977 and marketed as , has faced scrutiny for blending factual reportage with fictionalized elements, prompting debates over its reliability as historical documentation of the . Michael Herr himself acknowledged in interviews that the book contains fictional aspects, stating, "A lot of Dispatches is fictional. I've said this a lot of times," emphasizing that his goal was to convey the war's psychological and sensory reality rather than verbatim transcripts or precise chronologies. This approach aligns with techniques, where narrative invention serves emotional authenticity, but critics contend it undermines the work's status as objective , potentially misleading readers about events' literal occurrence. Herr described Dispatches internally as akin to a during its composition, despite its basis in his dispatches from 1967–1969, which drew from personal embeds with U.S. and Air Cavalry units. Literary analysts have noted that Herr prioritized "the feel of the " over strict factual fidelity, reconstructing dialogues and scenes to evoke the chaos and absurdity experienced by combatants, as evidenced by his evasion of binary fact-fiction labels in later reflections. This has led to accusations of postmodern fictiveness, with scholars arguing the text functions more as an exploration of Herr's than a verifiable , raising questions about its utility for historians seeking empirical details on battles like or Hue. Vietnam veterans, while often praising its visceral capture of frontline morale, have occasionally dismissed exaggerated or composite anecdotes—such as amplified drug use or surreal encounters—as embellishments that distort the average soldier's routine hardships. The debate extends to Herr's influence on war literature, where defenders like film critic Werner Herzog-inspired commentators praise its pursuit of "ecstatic truth" over mundane facts, arguing that literal accuracy fails to convey the war's disorienting ontology. However, journalistic purists, including some in the Columbia Journalism Review tradition, highlight the risk of such methods eroding public trust in correspondents, especially given Herr's limited combat exposure compared to embedded infantry reporters. No widespread fact-checking has debunked core events, but the absence of footnotes or sourcing—coupled with Herr's admissions—positions Dispatches as a hybrid artifact, valuable for atmosphere yet contested for precision in an era when Vietnam narratives grappled with myth versus record.

Later Years and Personal Life

Post-Vietnam Withdrawal and Reclusiveness

Following the publication of Dispatches in 1977, Herr largely withdrew from public life, giving few interviews and avoiding extensive travel or promotional activities associated with his Vietnam work. He relocated to , where he resided for many years, further limiting his visibility in the United States. This retreat was partly attributed to the disorienting effects of sudden fame, compounded by his earlier struggles with depression upon returning from in the late 1960s, from which he had recovered sufficiently to complete the book. Herr's later output remained sparse, including contributions to screenplays such as the narration for (1979) and co-writing (1987) with and , as well as lesser-acclaimed works like a novel on and a pseudo-biography of Kubrick. In his later years, he resisted being defined primarily by his Vietnam reporting, expressing ambivalence toward its enduring association with war literature and declining to revisit that territory in subsequent projects. Described consistently as reclusive and intensely private, Herr maintained a low profile, focusing on personal life with his wife, Valerie, and daughters, Catherine and Claudia, while residing in County, . Herr died on June 23, 2016, at age 76, in a hospital near his home after a prolonged illness, marking the end of a period characterized by deliberate seclusion from the literary and journalistic circles that had once defined his career.

Death and Posthumous Recognition

Michael Herr died on June 23, 2016, at a hospital near his home in , at the age of 76. His publisher, , stated that the death followed a lengthy illness, though no specific cause was publicly detailed. Herr had lived reclusively in the Catskills region with his wife, Valerie, for decades prior. Following his death, Herr's body of work received renewed tributes emphasizing its enduring impact on war literature and journalism. Obituaries in major outlets described Dispatches (1977) as a seminal account that redefined Vietnam War reporting through its raw, immersive style, with The New York Times noting its status as a "classic" that captured the conflict's psychological toll. Similarly, NPR highlighted how Herr's depictions "brought the war home" to readers, influencing subsequent generations of correspondents. No major posthumous awards were conferred, but his screenwriting contributions, including the Oscar-nominated screenplay for Full Metal Jacket (1987), were frequently cited alongside Dispatches in assessments of his legacy. The Guardian affirmed Dispatches as "one of the best accounts of life in wartime ever written," underscoring its lasting critical acclaim independent of formal honors.

References

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