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Mopery
Mopery
Mopery
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Mopery (/ˈmoʊpəri/)[1] is a vague, informal name for minor offenses. The word is based on the verb to mope, which originally meant "to wander aimlessly"; it only later acquired the sense "to be bored and depressed". The word mope appears to have first been used in the 16th century, and appears in William Shakespeare's works. It has occasionally been put into use by police as a charge to bring when no other legitimate charge seems appropriate. It has also been used for satiric or comedic effect in books and films.

Definitions

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In 1970, in Columbus, Ohio, mopery was defined as "loitering while walking, or walking down the street with no clear destination or purpose", and was used by police to stop and interview counterculture "hippies" who were regarded as unsavory.[citation needed] In discussions of law, mopery is used as a placeholder name to mean some crime whose nature is not important to the problem at hand. This is sometimes expanded to "mopery with intent to creep" or "mopery with intent to gawk".

The word mopery has been used by authors Thomas Pynchon (Gravity's Rainbow) and Dashiell Hammett (The Thin Man), among others, for whom it is usually a comic accent. In Catch-22 (Joseph Heller, 1961), the mildly rebellious Cadet Clevinger is court-martialed by three angry officers, who accuse him of "breaking ranks while in formation, felonious assault, indiscriminate behavior, mopery, high treason, provoking, being a smart-guy, listening to classical music, and so on". Similarly, in the 1984 comedy film, Revenge of the Nerds, mopery is defined as "exposing yourself to a blind person".[2] According to Russell Baker, "mopery isn't a crime, but only an old policemen's joke in which it's defined as the act of displaying yourself in the nude to a blind person."[3]

See also

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References

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Mopery

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Mopery is an informal American slang term denoting a trivial, minor, or entirely imaginary legal offense, often invoked humorously by law enforcement to describe vague acts of public misconduct such as , dawdling, or aimless wandering. Derived from the verb "mope," originally meaning to wander without purpose, the term emerged in the early as a catch-all for petty infractions lacking specific statutory backing. In police jargon, it frequently appears in ironic phrases like "mopery with intent to creep" or "mopery and dopery," underscoring its use for detaining suspects on nebulous pretexts when no substantive crime is evident. While not codified in any formal legal code, mopery reflects broader patterns in discretionary policing, where officers leverage ambiguous ordinances for minor disturbances, though its application remains confined to colloquial rather than prosecutorial contexts.

Definition and Terminology

Primary Meaning

Mopery is American slang denoting a trivial, imaginary, or minor violation of , often invoked ironically by to describe undefined or catch-all offenses lacking specificity. This usage typically arises in informal police contexts to justify temporary detention or for behaviors like , dawdling, or suspicious idling without for a formal . The term implies an offense so nebulous as to be practically nonexistent, serving as a placeholder for discretionary policing actions. In practice, mopery encapsulates acts of moping—prolonged dejection or aimless lingering—that might overlap with statutes but are exaggerated for humorous or expedient effect among officers. Dictionaries consistently frame it as for breaching minor or fabricated rules, distinguishing it from literal gloominess or mopish behavior, which represents a less common, non-legal connotation. This primary sense underscores its role as a linguistic tool in American underbelly rather than a codified legal category.

Variant Phrases

Mopery in American police slang is frequently elaborated with qualifying phrases to denote specific types of vague or petty , often employed humorously or as a catch-all for arrests lacking precise statutory grounds. One common variant, "mopery with to gawk," describes individuals lingering suspiciously while staring or peering inappropriately, as noted in discussions dating back to at least the early . Another, "mopery with to creep," refers to furtive or stealthy warranting detention, such as skulking in public areas without apparent purpose, a phrase attested in police compilations from departments. Additional formulations include "mopery and dopery," an ironic charge for minor infractions tied to idleness or substance-related loitering, originating in underworld and police vernacular to signify trivial violations. "Mopery with intent to commit dopery" extends this to imply intent to engage in drug-seeking or aimless solicitation, as reported in officer anecdotes. Less standardized variants, such as "public mopery" or "mopery with intent to gape," appear in retired officers' recollections for broad vagrancy-like offenses, emphasizing the term's flexibility in pre-digital era policing. These phrases underscore mopery's role as non-codified slang rather than formal legal terms, with usage peaking in mid-20th-century urban departments before stricter charging protocols reduced such informalism.

Etymology and Historical Origins

Linguistic Roots

The term "mopery" is a formation in English, combining the mope—denoting aimless wandering, dawdling, or listless —with the -ery, which typically creates nouns expressing an action, state, or collective instance of the base word's meaning. This , inherited from and Latin via , often nominalizes s to indicate practices or qualities, as in from rob or from slave. The root verb mope traces to late , around the 1560s, originally connoting dazed or foolish inaction, possibly linked to an obsolete sense of mop as a grimace or fool's expression, though its precise pre-English origins remain uncertain. By the , mope had evolved to emphasize or sulking idleness, providing the semantic foundation for mopery as for trivial or undefined misconduct akin to . The records the noun's first documented use in 1907, in a U.S. context within McClure's Magazine, solidifying its colloquial application to minor infractions.

Earliest Attestations

The slang term "mopery," denoting a trivial, minor, or ironically charged offense in American underworld and police contexts, is first attested in a January 1, 1919, article in the New York Tribune, where a dialect-speaking character recounts being court-martialed "fo' mopery or sumpin'," implying a vague or fabricated infraction leading to discharge from the army. This early usage aligns with the term's ironic application to petty or undefined misconduct, predating its broader adoption in law enforcement jargon. By 1929, the term appeared in Damon Runyon's "The Defence of Strikerville," further embedding "mopery" in depictions of minor criminality or incompetence within urban narratives. A variant, "mopry," emerges in 1933 prison slang compilations as a term for , suggesting parallel evolution in confined settings where vague charges facilitated control. These attestations reflect "mopery"'s roots in early 20th-century , derived from the standard verb "mope" (to dawdle or act listlessly), but repurposed for humorous or expedient legal euphemisms rather than literal moping behavior. Earlier proposed dates, such as 1820–1830 for general "mopish" conduct, pertain to non-slang derivations and do not capture the offense-specific sense.

Usage in American Law Enforcement

Role as Informal Charge

In American law enforcement, mopery serves as for an informal, catch-all charge applied to minor or vaguely defined infractions that justify temporary detention or arrest when no precise statutory violation is evident, such as , , or aimless wandering. This usage derives from the verb "to mope," historically meaning to wander without purpose, enabling officers to invoke discretionary authority over behaviors deemed suspicious but not explicitly criminal. The term is often employed ironically to describe trivial offenses warranting intervention, as in the phrase "mopery and dopery," which mocks the fabrication of minor charges to remove undesirables from public spaces. Practically, mopery-like charges historically facilitated arrests under broad vagrancy statutes prevalent in the mid-20th century, allowing police to target transients or perceived threats without detailed , a practice documented in urban policing contexts like where "mopery with intent to creep" denoted lurking suspiciously. Such informal application provided flexibility in maintaining order but risked abuse, as it relied on officer judgment rather than codified law, contributing to criticisms of arbitrary enforcement against marginalized groups. By the late 20th century, as laws faced constitutional challenges for —exemplified by the U.S. Supreme Court's 1972 ruling in Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville invalidating Florida's sweeping ordinance—mopery's role diminished, though the slang persists in informal police to signify low-level, discretionary stops.

Practical Applications

In American , mopery functions primarily as an informal mechanism for officers to initiate detention of individuals displaying ambiguous or low-level suspicious conduct, such as aimless or dawdling in public spaces, without immediate evidence of a substantive offense. This allows time for further inquiry, such as running background checks or observing for escalating behavior, effectively bridging gaps in requirements under stricter modern standards like Terry v. Ohio (1968), which mandates for stops but not always for brief holds. Historically, phrases like "mopery with intent to gawk" have been applied in scenarios to address perceived or undue staring that disrupts public order, enabling arrests that could later be dropped or converted to charges if no further violations emerge. For instance, during routine foot s in urban areas, officers might use it to remove potential troublemakers from high-crime zones preemptively, a tactic noted in police compilations as a way to "roust" ne'er-do-wells before incidents occur. This application peaked in pre-1960s policing, when statutes provided broader discretion, but persists in informal for similar discretionary stops today. In investigative contexts, mopery serves as a placeholder for detaining low-level suspects—often termed "mopes" in —while verifying identities or searching for outstanding warrants, particularly in drug or operations where initial contact reveals minor infractions like slow movement or public moping suggestive of impairment. Such uses have been documented in departmental glossaries and anecdotes, underscoring its role in maintaining street-level control without overcommitting resources to prosecutable cases. Practical outcomes include of potential disturbances, as seen in cases where "grand mopery" variants justify cuffing and transport for evaluation rather than on-site release.

Criticisms and Abuses

The informal and inherently vague nature of "mopery" as police slang for minor or ambiguous offenses has been criticized for facilitating arbitrary enforcement, akin to broader constitutional concerns over discretionary policing practices that lack clear standards. Legal scholars and courts have invalidated similar vague and statutes under the void-for-vagueness doctrine, which requires laws to provide fair notice of prohibited conduct and prevent discriminatory or capricious application by authorities; for instance, in Kolender v. Lawson (1983), the struck down a loitering law for failing to require "specific and articulable facts" as the basis for detention, emphasizing how such ambiguity invites . Mopery, not being a codified statute but rather an descriptor, amplifies these risks by allowing officers unchecked latitude to interpret everyday behaviors—such as lingering or observing—as criminal intent, potentially bypassing requirements for or . In practice, mopery-related charges have been documented as pretexts for prolonged detentions, particularly in interactions with activists or marginalized communities, where trivial accusations serve to hold individuals until more serious charges can be pursued or evidence gathered. Legal advocate , in documenting police tactics against and trans activists, describes how officers routinely apply "mopery with intent to gawk," obstructing sidewalks, or failing to produce ID as "the trivial stuff" to justify custody pending further scrutiny, effectively enabling fishing expeditions that erode Fourth Amendment protections against unreasonable seizures. This pattern mirrors historical abuses of vagrancy laws, ruled unconstitutional in Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville (1972) for their overbreadth and potential to target unpopular groups without objective criteria, as the Court noted such laws "trap the innocent" and punish status rather than conduct. Critics, including advocates, argue that the persistence of mopery in police vernacular perpetuates a culture of , disproportionately affecting the homeless, minorities, or political dissidents under the guise of maintaining order, without empirical justification for its efficacy in preventing . Empirical studies on pretextual stops, such as those analyzing stop-and-frisk data, reveal how vague behavioral justifications correlate with higher rates of unwarranted intrusions and lower yield of actual offenses, underscoring causal links between and rights violations rather than genuine public safety gains. While no large-scale data specifically isolates mopery due to its slang status, its conceptual overlap with invalidated practices highlights systemic vulnerabilities to misuse, prompting calls for stricter articulation of suspicion in training and oversight to mitigate bias-driven applications.

Cultural and Literary References

In Literature

The term "mopery" appears in the works of American author , where it is employed as slang for vague or minor infractions, often with ironic or absurd connotations reflective of bureaucratic overreach. In (1997), the ghost of the protagonist Mason's deceased wife Rebekah addresses him as "Mopery," linking the word to themes of melancholy and aimless wandering, while the includes multiple allusions to the term amid discussions of colonial and personal despondency. Pynchon's usage draws on the slang's historical ties to police jargon for trivial offenses, amplifying satirical elements in his portrayal of and individual futility. Similarly, (1990) incorporates "mopery" in scenes evoking countercultural resistance and law enforcement , with the term recurring across Pynchon's oeuvre to signify petty or undefined wrongdoing. In a more recent Pynchon work, Shadow Ticket (2025), the phrase evolves to "aggravated mopery," extending the motif to critique escalated and trivialized crimes in a postmodern context, alongside motifs like "asports and apports" that blend whimsy with . This escalation underscores Pynchon's consistent deployment of "mopery" as a linguistic artifact of institutional excess, appearing in nearly every novel to mock the vagueness of legal and social norms. Beyond Pynchon, the term features in Miriam Levine's poem "The Crime of Mopery: Exposing Yourself to a Blind Person" (published in Ploughshares, Winter ), which literalizes the slang's humorous police-joke definition—exposing oneself to the sightless—as a for futile exposure and perceptual isolation. Levine's piece treats "mopery" as a emblem of absurd criminality, aligning with its informal roots while exploring sensory and existential themes. These literary instances preserve "mopery"'s essence as a nebulous offense, often wielded for comic or critical effect rather than literal legal application. In the 1984 comedy film , directed by , a police sergeant explains "mopery" to the character Booger as "exposing yourself to a blind person" during a scene involving the arrest of college nerds following a gone awry. This fictional definition, delivered by actor F. William Parker, portrays mopery as an absurd, catch-all offense, amplifying its use in popular discourse as for trivial or invented infractions. The line has endured as a cultural touchstone, referenced in online discussions and memes for its satirical take on vague legal charges. The television series (2002–2008), created by , employs the related term "mope" to denote low-level criminals or routine suspects in Baltimore's drug trade, derived directly from "mopery" as an archaic police shorthand for undefined misdemeanors such as or . Characters like detectives frequently use "mope" in procedural contexts, reflecting real-world without the humorous exaggeration seen in films, and underscoring mopery's roots in practical, if imprecise, policing. This usage grounds the term in gritty realism, contrasting with comedic portrayals by highlighting its application to everyday street-level enforcement.

Modern Relevance and Decline

Contemporary Usage

In contemporary contexts, "mopery" survives primarily as informal within circles, denoting minor, suspicious, or undefined misconduct akin to or dawdling, often invoked humorously to describe arrests lacking a precise statutory basis. For instance, phrases like "aggravated mopery with intent to gawk" or "felonious mopery" appear in police banter and training anecdotes as of 2024 and 2025, reflecting its role as a catch-all for discretionary stops rather than prosecutable charges. No verifiable federal or state statutes codify "mopery" as an offense in the United States as of 2025, distinguishing it from related misdemeanor codes like laws, which have faced constitutional challenges and partial repeal under rulings such as Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville (1972). Its usage has contracted amid broader reforms in policing and , including scrutiny of vague ordinances post-2020 social movements, yet it persists in cultural references, such as Thomas Pynchon's 2025 short story collection Shadow Ticket, where "aggravated mopery" satirizes bureaucratic overreach. veterans occasionally reference it in memoirs or podcasts to evoke pre-digital flexibility in field decisions, but empirical data from arrest records indicate negligible formal application, with modern equivalents channeled through or statutes instead. This evolution underscores "mopery's" transition from practical to archival , emblematic of shifts toward evidence-based charging standards.

Comparisons to Similar Terms

Mopery, denoting trivial or imaginary violations through police slang, parallels formal yet vague charges such as , which typically criminalizes remaining in a public place without apparent purpose or lawful business, enabling discretionary arrests for behaviors resembling aimless wandering or dawdling. Similarly, historical statutes targeted "idle persons" or those "wandering abroad without visible means of support," allowing officers to detain individuals based on subjective assessments of suspicious idleness rather than overt criminal acts, a mechanism mopery informally replicates in non-codified usage. These statutes, often criticized for their breadth, were largely invalidated by the U.S. in Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville (405 U.S. 156, 1972), which held that such laws violated by failing to give fair notice of proscribed conduct and inviting arbitrary enforcement. Disorderly conduct offenses provide another point of comparison, functioning as catch-all provisions for disruptive or annoying public behavior without requiring specific intent or harm, much like mopery's ironic application to minor infractions such as "moping" or gawking. In extensions, mopery appears in phrases like "mopery with intent to gape" or "intent to creep," echoing structured charges such as " with intent to commit an offense," which similarly hinge on officers' interpretation of potential . Within jargon, mopery is frequently paired with "dopery" as "mopery and dopery," a humorous duo for petty or fabricated violations, distinguishing it from standalone like "mope" (a term for a worthless or suspicious individual) while underscoring its role in denoting low-level, non-serious deviance. Unlike codified terms, however, mopery lacks statutory basis, serving instead as internal that avoids the legal scrutiny faced by equivalents like , a petty infraction often enforced selectively for minor pedestrian encroachments. This informality highlights mopery's utility in contexts where formal charges might invite challenge, yet it shares the potential for abuse inherent in discretion-heavy policing.

References

  1. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mopery
  2. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mopery
  3. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/mopery_n
  4. https://greensdictofslang.com/entry/x4pbqaq
  5. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/mopery
  6. https://boards.straightdope.com/t/what-is-mopery/55096
  7. https://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin_board/53/messages/487.html
  8. https://baltimorepolicemuseum.com/en/component/content/article/564-police-jargon-slang?catid=2&Itemid=101
  9. https://www.quora.com/I-was-pulled-over-and-cited-for-mopery-What-is-that
  10. https://www.facebook.com/OldSchoolCOPS/posts/let-me-hear-some-of-your-favorite-old-school-cops-sayings/801902189162975/
  11. https://baltimorepolicemuseum.com/en/insight-1?view=article&id=564:police-jargon-slang&catid=2
  12. https://www.prindleinstitute.org/2017/02/8710-2/
  13. https://www.kith.org/jed/2003/12/01/it-isnt-the-cough/
  14. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-act-violence/201307/blue-slang
  15. https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=mopery
  16. https://www.deanspade.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/lies-final-for-online-download-done.pdf
  17. https://orbit.openlibhums.org/article/id/468/
  18. https://vineland.pynchonwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Chapter_11&direction=prev&oldid=200&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop
  19. https://openlettersreview.com/posts/shadow-ticket-by-thomas-pynchon
  20. https://pshares.org/issue-article/crime-mopery-exposing-yourself-blind-person/
  21. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088000/quotes/
  22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTUYsOZAAuQ
  23. https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/2wd3lm/til_mopery_described_in_revenge_of_the_nerds_as/
  24. https://www.quora.com/The-Wire-TV-series-Where-does-the-term-Mope-originate-and-is-it-an-abbreviation-of-something
  25. https://www.police1.com/police-humor/articles/p1-humor-corner-police-customer-service-improvement-survey-hJFJpG8phQN4jbqq/
  26. https://play.cdnstream1.com/s/radicalcompany/cops-and-writers-podcast/187-twenty-and-out-with-4c2278
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