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Neo-Nazism in Russia

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Neo-Nazism in Russia

Neo-Nazism in Russia is a far-right political and militant movement in Russia. Emerging during the late Soviet era and early 1990s from white power skinheads and football hooligans, neo-Nazism in Russia has become known for a series of violent attacks and murders targeting Central Asian and Caucasian migrants. Videos of these attacks have been uploaded onto the internet by members of neo-Nazi or skinhead gangs, leading to international outcry and an eventual crackdown in the late 2000s and early 2010s.

Neo-Nazi organizations and the use of Nazi symbols in Russia are prohibited by federal law; however, with the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War, Russian neo-Nazis have achieved international attention for their militant support of Russian-backed separatist forces in eastern Ukraine. Certain groups, such as the Russian Imperial Movement, have been accused of training white supremacists and neo-Nazis from other countries in Europe. The links between these groups and the Russian government, comprising a policy known as managed nationalism, have become particularly noteworthy since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine after Russian President Vladimir Putin claimed to be pursuing the "denazification" of Ukraine.

Neo-Nazi organizations and the use of Nazi symbols in Russia are prohibited by the Federal Law on Commemoration of Victory of the Soviet People in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 and the Federal Law on Countering Extremist Activity.

The ideology of Nazi Germany regarded the Slavs in general as members of an "inferior race" and "subhuman", which resulted in an attempt to implement Generalplan Ost during World War II, which provided for the extermination, expulsion, or enslavement of most or all of the Slavs in Central and Eastern Europe (mainly ethnic Poles, Belarusians, Czechs, Ukrainians, Serbs, and Russians).

The first reports of neo-Nazi organizations in the Soviet Union appeared in the second half of the 1950s. In some cases, participants were primarily attracted by the aesthetics of Nazism (rituals, parades, uniforms, the cult of the body, and architecture). Other organizations were more interested in the Nazi ideology and program and Adolf Hitler. In 1957, influenced by the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, neo-Nazi activist and dissident Alexey Dobrovolsky founded the Russian National Socialist Party, one of the first Russian neo-Nazi organizations, for which he was imprisoned. The emergence of neo-Nazism in the USSR continued in the 1960s and 1970s, during which such organizations still preferred to operate underground.[citation needed]

In 1970, a text entitled The Word of the Nation was circulated in samizdat in the Soviet Union. Signed by "Russian patriots" and later determined to have been written by A. M. Ivanov (Skuratov), one of the founders of the Russian Neo-pagan movement and a supporter of the struggle against the so-called "Jewish Christianity", it expressed rejection of the liberal democratic ideas then prevalent among some Russian nationalists, and proclaimed a new program based on the ideas of a strong state and the formation of a new elite. To maintain order and combat crime, the program said, the authoritarian government should rely on extrajudicial "people's militias" (analogous to the Black Hundreds). The author demanded a struggle against the "infringement of the rights of the Russian people" and the "Jewish monopoly in science and culture". He also argued against the "biological degeneration of the white race", which he said was due to the spread of "democratic cosmopolitan ideas" and "accidental hybridization" of races, and called for a "national revolution", after which "true Russians by blood and spirit" would become the ruling nation. The full Russian version of this document was published in the émigré magazine Veche in 1981, where the author wrote about the possibility of the United States turning into "an instrument for achieving global domination by the black race" and argued that Russia has a special mission to save global civilization.[citation needed]

In late 1971, a text entitled Letter to Solzhenitsyn, signed by a certain Ivan Samolvin, was also circulated in samizdat. The letter spoke of alleged Jewish ties to the Freemasons and a secret conspiracy to seize power over the world. The October Revolution was presented as the implementation of these secret plans. It was claimed that the "true history" of the ancestors of the Russian people was being carefully concealed from the public. The letter was written by Moscow-based Arabist Valery Yemelyanov. This document and The Word of the Nation had a significant impact on the development of Russian racism and neo-Nazism.

Modern Russian neopaganism emerged in the late 1970s and is associated with the anti-Semitic activities of Valery Yemelyanov and Alexey Dobrovolsky. However, not all currents of Russian neopaganism (Rodnovery) are associated with neo-Nazism.

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