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Paul Horner
Paul Horner
Paul Horner
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Paul Horner (November 5, 1978 – September 18, 2017)[1] was an American writer, comedian and contributor to fake news websites. Horner has been described as a "hoax artist" by outlets such as The Associated Press, The Chicago Tribune, PolitiFact and The Washington Post.

Key Information

Early life

[edit]

Horner was born on November 5, 1978, in Minnesota. There he grew up with his family and brother until they moved to Arizona when they became adolescents. Horner developed an interest in politics at an early age, often sketching and creating political cartoons before becoming a writer and web contributor.[2]

Lead writer for National Report

[edit]

Horner was lead writer of the website National Report since the site's launch.[3][4]

One of his widest-spread fake stories was a piece claiming artist Banksy had been arrested and his identity revealed as Paul Horner, which Horner posted in 2013 and was re-circulated in 2014 and once again in 2017.[5][6][7]

Horner is still listed as a possible suspect behind Banksy's true identity and some even believe Banksy could be Horner's creation.[8][9][10][11][12] Random art sightings claiming to be works of art by Banksy stating "Paul Horner I come for you" turned out to be hoaxes by Horner.[13][14]

Due to one of Horner's stories, former Arizona Governor Jan Brewer had to go on live television to insist that she was not implementing mandatory gay to straight programs in all Arizona K-12 schools.[15] Fox News did a live broadcast about one of Horner's stories as being factual: Barack Obama had personally funded a Muslim museum so it could stay open during the government shutdown of 2013.[16][17]

A stir was caused across the Internet as St. George, Utah, was the focus of an article posted on National Report claiming the city had made pornography illegal with first-time offenders receiving 30 days in jail.[18]

Departure and launch of News Examiner

[edit]

Horner left National Report in 2014, launched News Examiner at the start of 2015 and also started numerous websites including abcnews.com.co, cnn.com.de, cbsnews.com.co and nbc.com.co (note that domains ending in “.co” are registered in Colombia as that is its official two-letter abbreviation, and Colombia allows non-Colombians to register such domains because of the similarity to “.com” as a way to get a similar-looking domain if the equivalent “.com” is taken) to post fake news articles,[19] as well as ABCnews.com.co.[20] In 2015, he wrote a fake story that Yelp was suing South Park that received wide circulation.[21]

By 2015, he had written several fake stories about DeQuincy, Louisiana, which said that the town had been under attack from gay zombies, had legalized polygamy, and had banned twerking, discussing the color of any dress (in response to the viral story about the dress), and Koreans; he told a local news station that he originally targeted it because "my friend Brandon Adams said there is like 4,000 people that live there, and all they do is drink Old Milwaukee's Best and beat their wives" and that he kept targeting it because he had received death and castration threats in response to his first story.[22] One of his stories about DeQuincy, and one that he says is one of his favorites, was about a man who stopped a robbery in a diner by quoting Pulp Fiction;[23] the story was posted on the Miramax website.[24] In 2016, one of Horner's stories about Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán escaping from prison for a third time, forced the Mexican government to tweet images of the drug kingpin behind bars to dispel rumors of the escape.[25][26][27]

2016 U.S. presidential election

[edit]

His stories had an "enormous impact" on the 2016 U.S. presidential election according to CBS News;[28] they consistently appeared in Google's top news search results, were shared widely on Facebook and were taken seriously and shared by third parties such as Trump presidential campaign manager Corey Lewandowski, Eric Trump, ABC News and Fox News.[29][30][31] Horner later claimed that his work during this period was intended "to make Trump's supporters look like idiots for sharing my stories".[32]

In a November 2016 interview with The Washington Post, Horner expressed regret for the role his fake news stories played in the election and surprise at how gullible people were in treating his stories as news.[23][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] In February 2017 Horner said,

I truly regret my comment about saying that I think Donald Trump is in the White House because of me. I know all I did was attack him and his supporters and got people not to vote for him. When I said that comment it was because I was confused how this evil got elected President and I thought maybe instead of hurting his campaign, maybe I had helped it. My intention was to get his supporters NOT to vote for him and I know for a fact that I accomplished that goal. The far right, a lot of the Bible thumpers and Alt-Right were going to vote for him regardless, but I know I swayed so many that were on the fence.[40]

Stephen Colbert mocked Horner on The Late Show as did other television/talk show hosts.[41][42]

In December 2016, while speaking on Anderson Cooper 360°, Horner said that all news is fake news and called CNN "fake news", which was one month before Donald Trump leveled the same criticism at that network.[43][44]

2017

[edit]

Horner spoke at the European Parliament in March, speaking about fake news and the importance of fact checking.[45] According to a 2017 BuzzFeed article, Horner stated that a story of his about a rape festival in India helped generate over $250,000 in donations to GiveIndia, a site that helps rape victims in India.[46][47][48] Horner wrote many anti-Donald Trump stories in 2017, one about Twitter canceling his account, and one about Trump canceling Saturday Night Live.[49][50] Horner was in many documentaries about the subject of fake news including one by Orange S.A. and L'important.[51] Horner said he disliked being grouped with people who write fake news solely to be misleading. "They just write it just to write fake news, like there's no purpose, there's no satire, there's nothing clever. All the stories I wrote were to make Trump's supporters look like idiots for sharing my stories."[52] HuffPost referred to Horner as a "Performance Artist".[53]

Horner said he wrote about things he saw wrong in society and mocked them satirically to bring awareness to the problem. Horner said that sites like The Onion give away the gag in the headline so the information presented is not as powerful because the reader knows it is a joke, but in his stories, Horner believed that when he wrote an article about Donald Trump saying that he will deport all the Jews in America, people would actually listen and reconsider their support of the president. Horner was referred to as a "hoax artist" by outlets such as the Associated Press and the Chicago Tribune.[54] PolitiFact and The Washington Post both called Horner the Internet's most prolific hoax artist.[55][56][57][58]

Death

[edit]

The Phoenix New Times reported that Horner died at his home on September 18, 2017, at the age of 38.[59] Although this was initially thought to be a hoax, it was later confirmed by the Maricopa County, Arizona, coroner's office.[60]

Maricopa County Sheriff's Office spokesman Mark Casey said on September 19, 2017, that authorities discovered Horner dead in his bed on September 18. Casey said the county's medical examiner performed an autopsy which showed there were no signs of foul play. He said Horner had a history of prescription drug abuse and that "evidence at the scene suggested this could be an accidental overdose".[61] Horner had a history of heart problems since adolescence.[61]

The Maricopa County medical examiner determined the death a drug overdose after finding a mix of drugs in his system, including the synthetic opioid fentanyl, according to The Arizona Republic.[62]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Paul Horner

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Paul Horner (c. 1979 – September 18, 2017) was an American internet entrepreneur and hoax creator who founded and operated websites such as National Report and Huzlers, which published fabricated stories and disguised as news to exploit algorithms for ad revenue through high-traffic viral shares. Horner's content often targeted politically charged topics, with pro-Donald Trump hoaxes in 2016 generating disproportionate engagement on among conservative users, leading him to claim in interviews that his output inadvertently contributed to Trump's victory by amplifying narratives overlooked or dismissed by established outlets. Though Horner intended many pieces as mockery of gullible readers and media credulity—such as falsely claiming was a gay prostitute or impersonating artist —his model highlighted vulnerabilities in where volume and outpaced verification. He was found dead in his mother's home in Laveen, , at age 38, with the Maricopa County Medical Examiner's report determining the cause as an accidental overdose from mixing and , amid a history of abuse.

Early Life

Upbringing and Formative Influences

Paul Horner was born in , where he spent his early childhood. As the eldest son of Steve Horner, a conservative author, and Joyce Barth, he grew up alongside his brothers, Joseph James (J.J.) and , the latter of whom suffered brain damage from illness and medical errors as a , fostering Horner's role as a devoted in the family. His parents divorced in , after which he initially lived with his strict father before moving to with his mother Joyce around age 17. Raised primarily in the Phoenix area after the relocation, Horner attended Tolleson High School. His grandfather, Jack Horner, was a sports broadcaster, exposing him to media and public narratives from a young age. Family challenges, including the divorce and his brother's , contributed to a close-knit sibling bond, with Horner and J.J. sharing childhood activities like building snow forts and drawing. Horner's formative interests leaned toward politics and humor without formal training, as he drew political cartoons and read newspapers cover-to-cover as a , reflecting an early self-directed engagement with media and societal observations. He enjoyed such as , football, and ping-pong, and displayed creative tendencies, inventing characters like "The Rabbit" in his youth, which hinted at an innate penchant for satirical or exaggerated storytelling drawn from everyday life rather than institutional education. This background, marked by familial and personal resilience, cultivated a attuned to questioning dominant narratives, though public details on his pre-adult years remain sparse due to his private nature.

Career Beginnings in Satire

Initial Writing and Comedy Efforts

In the early 2000s, Paul Horner pursued in , performing at local venues and co-hosting the monthly "Mystery Show" at The Lost Leaf, which drew small audiences of a few dozen. His routines often incorporated characters, such as Fappy the Anti-Masturbation Dolphin, reflecting an improvisational style aimed at humor through absurdity. Horner's initial forays into writing centered on online hoaxes via the domain Microsoftsite.com, which he registered around and used to post hastily crafted jokes and pranks mimicking corporate announcements. These efforts predated the dominance of viral platforms, relying instead on early from search engines and word-of-mouth sharing. Influenced by satirical outlets like , Horner developed a style that began with plausible, news-like setups before escalating into exaggeration to highlight perceived societal flaws, distinguishing his work from pure by emphasizing provocative commentary on media and cultural inconsistencies. He monetized these early sites through rudimentary ad revenue, earning approximately $100 per month from Microsoftsite.com, which honed his techniques in and attention-grabbing headlines for audience growth.

Role at National Report

Contributions as Lead Writer

Paul Horner served as lead writer for the satirical website National Report starting in 2013, where he crafted hoax articles mimicking legitimate news formats to lampoon and public susceptibility to unverified claims. One early example included a fabricated 2013 story alleging that President Obama planned to divert taxpayer funds to establish a national Muslim culture museum in , complete with pseudonymous sources and official-sounding details to replicate mainstream reporting styles. Such pieces targeted perceived absurdities in political discourse, particularly around Obama-era policies, by exaggerating conservative grievances into implausible scenarios designed for rapid dissemination. Horner's creative process emphasized constructing narratives that exploited cognitive biases and platform algorithms, drawing on first-hand observations of how audiences prioritized over verification. He intentionally omitted overt disclaimers in many stories to test reader discernment, arguing that the hoaxes revealed fundamental errors in evaluating source reliability, such as failing to cross-check claims against primary evidence. This approach aligned with a causal view that proliferates due to structural incentives in social sharing, rather than isolated malice, aiming to highlight overreliance on headline-driven consumption. These efforts yielded empirical traction, with stories like a claiming Obama would invalidate the November election amassing over 250,000 shares, fueling ad revenue through amplified visibility on social platforms. Horner's output during this period demonstrated how algorithmically favored content—often inflammatory and partisan—could achieve disproportionate reach, underscoring the mechanics of virality independent of factual accuracy.

Operational Style and Revenue Model

National Report operated with a business model centered on programmatic advertising revenue, primarily through and supplementary deals with other advertisers, which Horner reported generating up to $18,500 monthly at peak, though averages hovered around $3,000 to $5,000 across his sites and contributors. This reliance on ad networks incentivized high-traffic content, as earnings scaled with page views driven by viral dissemination on platforms like rather than traditional editorial standards. Horner, leveraging his prior experience in and (SEO), crafted the site's layout to emulate credible news outlets, employing clean templates, stock imagery, and keyword-optimized headlines to enhance discoverability and user retention. Content production emphasized provocative, sensational narratives designed for rapid sharing, prioritizing empirical reader engagement over factual accuracy to exploit algorithmic amplification and human biases toward outrage-inducing material. Subtle disclaimers labeling material as were present but often overlooked by audiences, as Horner noted in defenses framing his work as humorous commentary rather than deliberate deception, though the intent appeared geared toward monetizing gullibility amid market dynamics where verifiable truth garnered less traffic than fabricated provocation. Traffic analytics from Horner's operations underscored this, with spikes correlating to stories eliciting strong emotional responses, revealing how audience behavior favored verifiably false content for its shareability, sustaining the model's viability despite ethical critiques. He maintained that the approach highlighted deficiencies in , positioning as a tool for cultural critique while profiting from the very distrust it amplified.

Launch and Operation of News Examiner

Establishment and Site Features

Paul Horner left his position at National Report in December 2014. He subsequently launched News Examiner as an independent venture in early , retaining a core format of fabricated stories presented in the style of conventional to satirize news consumption. The site's design emulated legitimate news platforms through domain choices like newsexaminer.net, which closely resembled established outlets, alongside expanded registrations such as and to broaden distribution and visibility. Horner positioned these elements as a deliberate test of discernment, stating in interviews that his hoaxes served to educate the public on verifying information and highlighting vulnerabilities in . News Examiner achieved initial financial viability through an advertising-based model, generating revenue from programmatic ad placements driven by high-traffic, click-generating content, with Horner reporting monthly earnings averaging $3,000 to $6,000 and occasionally reaching $20,000. This approach relied on viral dissemination across social platforms rather than direct affiliations or endorsements, allowing the site to operate as a standalone entity focused on production.

Engagement During 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

During the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Paul Horner's News Examiner website intensified its output of fabricated stories favoring , capitalizing on dissemination to achieve widespread virality. These hoaxes often depicted anti-Trump protests as orchestrated deceptions or highlighted unsubstantiated personal scandals involving , aligning with narratives skeptical of establishment figures. Horner's operations linked directly to dynamics, as his content proliferated amid heightened partisan tensions, particularly in the campaign's final months leading to the election, when rally disruptions and media distrust peaked. A prominent example was the August 2016 hoax titled "Donald Trump Protester Speaks Out: 'I Was Paid $3,500 To Protest Trump’s Rally,'" which Horner fabricated using a phony Craigslist advertisement to simulate paid agitation at Trump events. The story was shared as factual by Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski and Eric Trump, amplifying its reach on platforms like Twitter and Facebook without verification. Other fabrications included claims that Obama was secretly gay and affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, alongside lighter hoaxes like Trump supposedly banning yoga pants, which Horner designed to exploit confirmation biases. These pieces routinely garnered millions of interactions, with some outperforming verified mainstream reports in Facebook shares during the election's closing phase. Horner observed empirically that his stories evaded traditional media scrutiny by circulating directly via social networks, resonating particularly with working-class audiences distrustful of elite-controlled outlets, who shared content aligning with their preexisting skepticism toward official narratives. He attributed this to Trump supporters' tendency to forgo , stating they "eat up anything" fitting their worldview, thus enabling hoaxes to drive metrics higher than comparable authentic coverage. This dynamic underscored how distrust in facilitated the causal spread of unverified claims during the campaign's intensified online battles.

Post-Election Developments in 2017

Following Donald Trump's election victory on , 2016, Paul Horner sustained operations at News Examiner by generating hoax articles, though with diminished focus on politically charged narratives that had dominated pre-election output, opting instead for broader satirical topics as "" discourse escalated. This adaptation coincided with Horner's public assertions that his content was humorous exaggeration, not deliberate , a stance he upheld without issuing retractions for prior stories. In early 2017, Horner participated in media engagements, including interviews with and , as well as a February 12 Reddit AMA, where he reiterated the satirical intent behind his work and noted unanticipated belief in his hoaxes among Trump supporters. These interactions highlighted his defense of the format amid growing calls for accountability from platforms and regulators. Revenue from ad-supported traffic faced headwinds from algorithm tweaks designed to suppress viral misinformation; by May 2017, Horner acknowledged that had restricted access to some of his domains, such as stgeorgegazette.com, though select fabrications—like claims of Trump authorizing hunts or axing —persisted in circulating widely despite fact-checks. These platform interventions, part of broader post-election reforms, strained the click-driven model that had previously yielded Horner $10,000 to $20,000 monthly.

Notable Hoaxes and Public Claims

Key Fabricated Stories

One of Paul Horner's prominent fabrications occurred in February 2013, when he published a article on the National Report website claiming that the street artist had been arrested in for vandalism and counterfeiting, with his identity revealed as a 39-year-old resident named Paul William Horner. The story mimicked an official police and spread rapidly across and news aggregators, deceiving numerous outlets and readers before being debunked as satirical fiction. In July 2016, Horner fabricated a story impersonating an report, titled "Donald Trump Protester Speaks Out: 'I Was Paid $3,500 To Protest Trump's Rally,'" alleging that anti-Trump demonstrators were hired actors receiving substantial payments from Democratic operatives. The article amassed millions of views and shares on platforms like , influencing public discourse on protest authenticity, though it was later exposed as invention without evidence of organized payments. Another fabrication emerged in December 2016, with Horner authoring a false narrative purporting to be from a former Secret Service agent in a tell-all book, asserting that was "one-hundred-percent positive" gay and a radical Muslim, based on insider knowledge. This circulated widely online, prompting debunkings that highlighted its lack of verifiable sources or agent involvement, yet it persisted in partisan circles. These stories collectively garnered tens of millions of engagements across , often evading initial scrutiny due to their alignment with audience predispositions, only to be retracted after virality peaked. Horner described such hoaxes as experiments revealing public , insisting they were not meant to affirm beliefs but to expose failures in verification, as audiences shared without cross-checking.

Assertions of Political Influence

In a November 17, 2016, interview with The Washington Post, Paul Horner directly claimed responsibility for Donald Trump's election victory, stating, "I think Trump is in the White House because of me." He attributed this purported influence to his websites' content being widely shared among Trump supporters, who, in his view, routinely bypassed fact-checking in favor of narratives reinforcing their distrust of mainstream media. Horner emphasized that his stories, often fabricated to mimic sensational political reporting, resonated because "his followers don’t fact-check" and sought unmediated alternatives to outlets they perceived as hostile. Horner positioned his operations as inadvertently amplifying a voter for raw, unpolished over vetted journalism, arguing that the viral success of his pro-Trump hoaxes—such as claims of the endorsing Trump or Democrats planning to steal the —exposed the limitations of a media landscape dominated by fact-oriented but allegedly biased reporting. He cited empirical proxies for causation, including traffic spikes exceeding 1 million daily unique visitors to sites like News Examiner during the campaign's final months, alongside corresponding ad revenue surges from platforms like , as evidence that his content swayed undecided or low- voters by filling a unmet by traditional sources. From Horner's self-reported perspective, this dynamic validated a realist assessment among Trump backers: polished media narratives often masked institutional prejudices, rendering them less credible than even hyperbolic counter-stories that aligned with observed cultural shifts. He maintained that the absence of rigorous verification among his readership not only boosted his financial gains but also mirrored broader electoral mechanics, where emotional resonance trumped empirical scrutiny in mobilizing support.

Controversies and Broader Impact

Criticisms of Deception and Election Role

Following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Paul Horner drew sharp rebukes from and entities for propagating intentionally fabricated stories without clear disclaimers, allegedly fostering and partisan discord. The labeled him a "fake news kingpin" whose content blurred factual boundaries during the campaign, while critiqued his output as emblematic of deceptive practices that amplified unverified claims, such as assertions that anti-Trump protesters were compensated by political operatives. These portrayals highlighted concerns that Horner's hoaxes, disseminated via sites like News Examiner, deceived casual readers and eroded trust in information ecosystems, with outlets like noting his role in crafting viral falsehoods that narratives often dismissed as deliberate distortions. Analyses of election-era traffic underscored accusations against Horner by quantifying the disproportionate reach of pro-Trump fabricated narratives. A study by economists Hunt Allcott and Matthew Gentzkow, published by the , examined shares and determined that false pro-Trump stories garnered significantly more engagement—up to 10 times the volume of comparable pro-Clinton fakes—than authentic reporting from major outlets, with examples aligning to patterns in Horner's content. Critics, including those from , which designated "" as its 2016 Lie of the Year, contended that such disparities enabled operators like Horner to exploit algorithmic amplification, thereby skewing voter perceptions through unchecked sensationalism rather than balanced discourse. Tech platforms responded to these practices with targeted restrictions, effectively curbing Horner's operational model. In November 2016, and halted ad sales to identified fake news purveyors, a move prompted by post-election scrutiny over electoral influence and cited by observers as evidence of the perceived societal risks posed by unmitigated deception. This crackdown, while reducing revenue streams for sites like News Examiner, was framed by detractors as a necessary intervention against content that prioritized virality over veracity, contributing to broader claims of undermined democratic processes.

Satirical Defense and Media Distrust Narrative

Horner maintained that his fabricated stories constituted intentional political satire, designed to exaggerate and mirror the absurdities prevalent in actual political rhetoric and media narratives, with many articles including disclaimers labeling them as parody. In a December 2016 CNN interview, he described his work as an effort to "educate people" by highlighting how readily audiences accepted outlandish claims that aligned with preexisting biases, countering accusations of deception by equating his output to mainstream media distortions he labeled as equally untrustworthy. He argued that the viral success of his sites—generating up to $10,000 monthly in ad revenue—empirically validated the mainstream media's self-inflicted loss of credibility, as distrust stemming from perceived partisan coverage during the 2016 campaign drove readers to uncritical sharing of any content validating anti-establishment sentiments. Critics' post-election focus on Horner's tactics overlooked analogous pre-2016 patterns, where left-leaning viral content—such as exaggerated memes and hoaxes targeting Republican figures like or —circulated widely on social platforms without provoking institutional campaigns against "" as a systemic threat. This selective outrage, Horner implied and observers noted, appeared politically motivated, intensifying only after results favored outsider candidates, rather than reflecting consistent concern over deception's mechanics. Such dynamics underscored a causal : tactics tolerated when advancing favored narratives became vilified when undermining them, revealing institutional biases in media responses over uniform ethical standards. Through legal of via ad networks, Horner's operations demonstrated audiences' preference for unfiltered validation over gatekept reporting, eroding reliance on traditional outlets and facilitating the resonance of non-incumbent campaigns like Donald Trump's, which capitalized on widespread toward media narratives. His self-reported influence—claiming his pro-Trump hoaxes swayed undecided voters by filling trust vacuums—highlighted how pre-existing causal factors, including media overreach in coverage, primed receptivity to alternatives, independent of intent.

Death and Legacy

Circumstances of Demise

Paul Horner was discovered deceased in his residence in Laveen, , on September 18, 2017, at the age of 38. The initially reported evidence consistent with an accidental overdose, noting Horner's documented history of abuse and the absence of any indications of foul play. An conducted by the Maricopa County Medical Examiner's office corroborated these preliminary findings, revealing no trauma or suspicious circumstances. Toxicology results, released in December , determined the as an accidental overdose resulting from the combined effects of , despropionyl fentanyl (a fentanyl analog), and . This lethal aligned with the sheriff's office assessment of unintentional rather than intentional or external involvement.

Verification Challenges and Aftermath

Following the announcement of Paul Horner's death on September 18, 2017, initial reports faced widespread skepticism due to his extensive history of fabricating hoaxes, leading many to suspect it was another elaborate prank. Fact-checking organizations like delayed confirmation, with editors expressing concern that rushing to verify could perpetuate , while others speculated it might involve an or staged event given Horner's pattern of blurring reality and fiction. Verification proceeded through official channels, with the confirming the discovery of his body and an ruling out foul play, followed by the Maricopa County Medical Examiner's Office opening a case that later determined the cause as an accidental overdose from mixing multiple drugs, including opioids and . This process underscored the epistemic irony of Horner's career, where his deliberate deceptions eroded trust to the point that empirical evidence from coronial authorities was required to affirm a straightforward fact, absent any evidence of or staging. In the aftermath, Horner's websites saw negligible ongoing activity, effectively ceasing substantive operations, while his death fueled broader discussions on regulation without yielding concrete policy shifts directly attributable to his case. Rather than exemplifying individual culpability for election-era distrust, it highlighted systemic challenges in discerning truth amid pre-existing media amplification of sensational content, prompting reflection on institutional failures to consistently debunk similar fabrications prior to rather than retroactively scapegoating outliers like Horner.

References

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  44. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/09/27/who-do-you-believe-when-a-famous-internet-hoaxer-is-said-to-be-dead/
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