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Prebendal stalls in the Choir of Salisbury Cathedral in England[1]

A prebendary is a member of the Catholic or Anglican clergy, a form of canon with a role in the administration of a cathedral or collegiate church. When attending services, prebendaries sit in particular seats, usually at the back of the choir stalls, known as prebendal stalls.

History

[edit]

At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, the canons and dignitaries of the cathedrals of England were supported by the produce and other profits from the cathedral estates.[2] In the early 12th century, the endowed prebend was developed as an institution, in possession of which a cathedral official had a fixed and independent income. This made the cathedral canons independent of the bishop, and created posts that attracted the younger sons of the nobility.[3] Part of the endowment was retained in a common fund, known in Latin as communia,[4] which was used to provide bread and money to a canon in residence in addition to the income from his prebend.[2]

Most prebends disappeared in 1547, when nearly all collegiate churches in England and Wales were dissolved by the Act for the Dissolution of Collegiate Churches and Chantries of that year, as part of the Reformation. The church of St Endellion, Cornwall, is one of the few still extant.[5][6]

The office of prebendary is retained by certain Church of England dioceses (those of Lichfield, Lincoln, and London being significant examples) as an honorary title for senior parish priests, usually awarded in recognition of long and dedicated service to the diocese. These priests are entitled to be called "Prebendary" (usually shortened to Preb.) and have a role in the administration of the relevant cathedral.[7] Prebendaries have a prebendal stall in certain cathedrals and collegiate churches.[8]

The greater chapter of a cathedral includes both the residentiary canons (full-time senior cathedral clergy) and the prebendaries (and, in London, the Minor Canons). In the Church of England, when a diocesan bishop retires, moves to another diocese or dies, the monarch will summon the greater chapter to elect a successor. This election is ceremonial, as the monarch (following the advice of the prime minister) tells the members of the greater chapter whom they are to elect.[citation needed]

Wells Cathedral and Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin still call their canons "prebendaries". They form the chapter of the cathedral and sit in their prebendal stalls when in residence in the cathedral.

Prebend

[edit]

The prebend is the form of benefice held by a prebendary; historically, the stipend attached to it was usually drawn from specific sources in the income of a cathedral's estates. In the 21st century, many remaining prebendaries hold an honorary position which does not carry an income with it.

Notes

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Prebendary

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A prebendary is a senior member of the clergy in the Church of England, typically a canon of a cathedral chapter who holds a prebend—an endowment consisting of a portion of the cathedral's revenues or lands designated to support their ecclesiastical duties. The term originates from the Late Latin praebebenda, meaning "allowance" or "things to be supplied," derived from the verb praeberē ("to offer" or "to grant"), reflecting its historical function as a stipend for clerical service. Historically, prebends emerged in the medieval period as fixed incomes from church properties to sustain canons who assisted in cathedral administration, worship, and governance, often without requiring full-time residence. In the Church of England, this system dates back to the establishment of cathedral chapters following the Norman Conquest, with prebends allocated by bishops or the crown to promote clerical learning and pastoral care. By the 19th century, reforms under the Ecclesiastical Commission redirected prebendal incomes to a common fund benefiting the wider clergy, transforming the role into largely honorary status while retaining ceremonial privileges, such as a designated stall in the cathedral choir. Today, the title of prebendary is conferred as a courtesy on distinguished parish priests or senior clergy, equivalent in many dioceses to that of an honorary canon, symbolizing recognition for distinguished service without entailing financial stipend or mandatory duties.

Definition and Terminology

Definition

A prebendary is a senior member of the clergy, historically in the Roman Catholic Church and currently in the Anglican tradition (particularly the Church of England), serving as a type of canon attached to a cathedral or collegiate church. In the Roman Catholic tradition, the role involved specific canonical duties such as participation in church administration, recitation of the Divine Office, and attendance at Chapter Masses, with occupation of a designated stall in the choir. Prebendaries are distinguished from other canons by their association with a specific prebend, historically an endowed portion of church or that provided financial support for their duties. This contrasts with non-stipendiary or simple canons, who lack such a tied endowment and may serve without a from the chapter. The prebend functioned as the financial or honorary entitlement that sustained the prebendary's role. In contemporary contexts, particularly within the , the title of prebendary carries an honorary status, awarded to senior clergy as recognition of service and often used interchangeably with honorary canon in some dioceses. The traditional has been replaced by symbolic privileges, such as a designated stall in the , underscoring the prebendary's integration into the cathedral's governance and worship without requiring full-time residence or financial support from the prebend.

Etymology

The term "prebendary" derives from praeBendārius, denoting the holder of a prebenda, an allowance or provided for services, particularly in contexts. The root prebenda originates from , as the neuter plural gerundive of the verb praebeō ("to supply" or "to offer"), literally meaning "things to be supplied" or "provisions to be furnished." This etymon initially referred to daily rations or subsistence allowances granted to soldiers or officials, evolving by the early medieval period to signify fixed incomes or portions allocated within church structures for clerical support. The word entered English in the late 14th to early as a late borrowing, first recorded around 1375–1425, via prebende, which itself stemmed from the prebenda denoting a or . In this linguistic progression, "prebendary" specifically came to designate the individual recipient of such a grant, distinguishing the role from the endowment itself. Over time, the term solidified in English vocabulary, with the -ary emphasizing the person's status as the . Related terminology includes "canon," a broader designation for members of a cathedral or collegiate church chapter, wherein "prebendary" specifies the subtype historically endowed with a dedicated stipend or prebend. Variations in English usage have included archaic forms like "prebendal" as an adjectival descriptor for matters pertaining to the prebend, though the noun form "prebendary" remains the standard in formal ecclesiastical language.

Historical Development

Medieval Origins

The practice of assigning portions of cathedral estates to support canons emerged by 1086, as documented in the , where separate endowments for clerical communities were recorded in most English dioceses. These divisions, often labeled as manors de victu (for sustenance) or de vestitu (for clothing), provided income streams to sustain the canons without granting full ownership, while bishops retained overarching jurisdictional rights. For instance, at , the canons held 44 carucates and one bovate of land, including early prebends such as Upper Poppleton, marking the initial steps toward individualized support systems. Similarly, London's canons controlled 58 hides in common, which were later reorganized into 30 distinct prebends after 1087. By the , prebends were formalized as independent sources of income within the medieval , particularly to draw younger sons of noble families into clerical roles without requiring full monastic vows. This development aligned with the Gregorian Reform's emphasis on educated , allowing aristocratic parents to channel excess heirs toward ecclesiastical careers that preserved family influence while adhering to norms. In collegiate churches, prebendaries functioned as resident canons who managed allocated portions of church revenues to ensure their own sustenance, promoting a structure of self-funding that diminished direct dependency on the . This autonomy was evident in English cathedrals like , where prebendal endowments evolved from communal holdings to individual assignments by the late 12th century, enhancing chapter independence. At , formalized under Bishop Osmund around 1090–1100, prebends similarly supported resident clergy through dedicated estates, such as those at and Moreton, allowing the chapter to oversee its resources separately from episcopal control.

Reformation and Later Changes

The profoundly disrupted the prebendal system, culminating in the Chantries Act of 1547 under , which targeted chantries, guilds, fraternities, and collegiate churches as sources of perceived and surplus wealth. This legislation dissolved most prebends associated with these institutions, redirecting their revenues—often comprising lands, tithes, and endowments—to for secular purposes, including national defense and initiatives. The act effectively dismantled the financial backbone of numerous cathedral and collegiate chapters, leaving only a skeleton of clerical roles in many dioceses, as the prebends' economic support was confiscated to fund Protestant reforms. Despite the widespread dissolution, certain prebends survived as exceptions, notably the prebend of St Endellion in , which escaped suppression due to its integration with parochial functions and local patronage networks that shielded it from full enforcement of the act. This anomaly preserved a rare continuity in the prebendal tradition post-Reformation, allowing the title and limited endowments to persist amid the broader reconfiguration of church structures under Protestant governance. Such survivals were uncommon, as the act's implementation prioritized revenue extraction over ecclesiastical preservation, fundamentally altering the landscape of staffing. In the , further reforms transformed surviving prebends into largely honorary positions within the , stripping away their financial endowments while maintaining their ceremonial and prestigious status. The Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840 played a pivotal role by reorganizing chapters, suppressing non-residential prebends, and converting others into unendowed canonries to redistribute church revenues more equitably toward parochial needs and resident support. This shift emphasized administrative efficiency over medieval-style benefices, ensuring prebendaries served without dedicated stipends from prebendal estates. The Cathedrals Act 1873 extended these changes by mandating greater residency and restructuring chapter governance, which indirectly eroded remaining prebendal frameworks in old-foundation cathedrals. It required the augmentation of residentiary posts and the integration of honorary prebendaries into broader chapter duties, fostering a more unified and accountable system that diminished the autonomy of traditional prebends. These reforms, driven by the Commissioners, marked the transition of prebendaries from endowed sinecures to symbolic honors, aligning them with Victorian ideals of ecclesiastical discipline and public accountability.

Role and Responsibilities

Canonical Duties

Prebendaries, as members of the , are obligated to participate in the liturgical life of the , particularly through at daily services such as the choral and . This includes singing or leading portions of the Divine from their assigned prebendal stalls in the , as well as joining processions during major feasts and installations, where they are conducted to their stalls as part of the ceremonial order. In historical Catholic practice, which influenced Anglican traditions, these duties centered on the public recitation of the and presence at chapter masses, with canons required to attend unless legitimately excused. A key canonical privilege of prebendaries is their role in the governance of the chapter, notably in the of . As part of the college of canons, they convene to formally a new upon a vacancy in the see, conducting the process according to cathedral statutes and royal license in the . This electoral function underscores their advisory position to the , rooted in medieval chapter traditions where canons formed the . Prebendaries also hold oversight responsibilities for subordinate clergy, such as minor canons and vicars choral, ensuring their proper performance of duties and study of Scripture. In early Anglican statutes, deans and resident canons, including prebendaries, were tasked with supervising these ministers to maintain the standards of the divine . This role extended to urging among the and petty canons. Historically, fulfilling these duties required strict residence in or near the to enable consistent participation in the divine office, with prebendaries limited to one month's absence per year unless dispensed by the . In the modern , such residence requirements have become largely ceremonial, with prebendaries—often honorary—expected to contribute when possible without mandatory living arrangements, though diocesan residency is typically required. These liturgical obligations may extend briefly to administrative support within the chapter.

Administrative Functions

Prebendaries, as members of the in medieval English , played key roles in the governance and operational management of church institutions, particularly through collective decision-making in chapter meetings. These meetings addressed critical matters such as the allocation of cathedral revenues, oversight of repairs and maintenance to the fabric of the building, and the appointment of subordinate officials like vicars choral or treasurers. For instance, at secular cathedrals like , the dean and chapter, comprising prebendaries, collectively managed the cathedral's estates and ensured the enforcement of statutes governing daily operations. In historical contexts, prebendaries often supervised specific prebendal estates or properties assigned to their stalls, which provided their stipends and required active management, including the collection of rents, agricultural oversight, and legal dealings with tenants. This role extended to broader chapter responsibilities, such as auditing financial accounts and negotiating with diocesan authorities on resource distribution, thereby integrating local estate administration with cathedral-wide policy. Examples include prebendaries at contributing to decisions on land leases that supported cathedral upkeep during the 13th century. Over time, these functions evolved, with prebendaries shifting toward advisory roles in modern governance while retaining involvement in chapter deliberations. Under the Cathedrals Measure , prebendaries, classified as non-residentiary canons, participate in the College of Canons, which convenes to review and discuss financial reports, maintenance plans, and appointment processes, providing input to the administrative Chapter led by the dean and residentiary canons. This advisory capacity includes collaboration with the dean on managing collegiate affairs, such as reviewing proposed revisions to cathedral statutes or policies on visitor access and charitable initiatives. In contemporary practice, prebendaries contribute to on finances through their at meetings, where they examine annual budgets and endowment investments, ensuring alignment with the cathedral's mission without direct executive authority. Similarly, their oversight of maintenance has transitioned to consultative advice on conservation projects, often intersecting briefly with liturgical needs, such as allocating resources for spaces used in services. At cathedrals like , prebendaries offer perspectives on appointments to administrative roles, supporting the Chapter's nominations committee in selecting personnel for operational efficiency.

The Prebend

Nature of the Prebend

A prebend constitutes a specific type of ecclesiastical benefice, comprising a designated portion of the revenues, lands, or other endowments of a cathedral or collegiate church, allocated to provide financial support for a canon who is a member of the cathedral chapter. This assignment ensures the canon's maintenance while fulfilling their role within the chapter's governance and liturgical functions. Unlike broader ecclesiastical incomes, the prebend is intrinsically linked to the cathedral's communal structure, deriving its value from tithes, estates, or fixed sums tied directly to the institution's resources. Prebends historically varied in their expectations of the holder's presence, categorized as residential—requiring the canon to reside near or within the precincts to participate actively in services and administration—or non-residential, which permitted with allowances for delegated duties, though the former was preferred to foster chapter cohesion and liturgical regularity. This distinction arose from medieval reforms emphasizing communal life among canons, where non-residential arrangements were often critiqued for undermining the chapter's . Legally, a prebend holds the status of a but is differentiated from parochial forms such as vicarages or rectories, as it lacks direct oversight of a and instead binds the holder exclusively to the 's chapter and its collegiate obligations. Symbolically, the prebend manifests in the allocation of a designated within the cathedral's , signifying the canon's rank and position in the among fellow chapter members. This physical seat, assigned upon installation, underscores the prebend's role in ordering the chapter's precedence during divine office and processions, reinforcing the structured communal authority of the canons.

Endowment and Stipend

The endowment of a prebend historically derived from specific portions of a cathedral's or collegiate church's revenues, primarily allocated from tithes, rents, and lands assigned to individual stalls. Tithes, which included greater tithes on crops like corn and hay as well as lesser tithes on items such as and , formed a core component of these endowments, providing variable income based on agricultural output. Rents arose from leased church properties, while lands—parcels of church-owned farmland—could be cultivated directly or rented out to generate steady returns for the prebendary's maintenance. These sources ensured the prebend functioned as a self-sustaining portion of the estate, distinct from the general chapter funds. The associated with a prebend was structured as a fixed or semi-fixed drawn from the endowment, intended to support the prebendary's duties without constituting for services rendered. In medieval and early modern periods, this often manifested as annual payments in money or kind, such as the 20 marks per annum from garbal teinds ( sheaves) allocated to certain prebends in the of in 1253. Over time, particularly in honorary prebends, stipends became nominal or were absorbed into broader diocesan funding, reflecting a shift from substantial to symbolic provision in the . Appointment to a prebend in the traditionally occurs through by the , often following consultation with the dean and approval by the , ensuring alignment with diocesan needs. Tenure is typically for life or until voluntary resignation, though modern statutes allow for fixed terms in some cases to promote rotation and fresh contributions. Reforms initiated by the Commissioners in the 1830s and 1840s significantly altered prebendal finances, commuting variable endowments like into fixed annual salaries to stabilize incomes amid economic fluctuations. The Tithe Commutation Act 1836 facilitated this by replacing in-kind with monetary rent-charges, while subsequent Commissioners Acts, such as the 1840 measure implementing revenue redistribution reports, transferred management of non-residentiary prebend properties to the Commissioners, enabling equitable reallocation and fixed stipends. These changes, driven by parliamentary inquiries into church revenues, reduced the prebend's role as a personal estate and integrated it into centralized diocesan support systems.

Modern Usage

In the Church of England

In the , the title of prebendary serves as an honorary distinction for senior , evolving from its historical role as a position tied to endowed income to a recognition of distinguished service without any attached. This title is awarded in select dioceses such as , Lincoln, , and Wells, where prebendaries are granted a in the as a mark of esteem for their contributions to ministry or diocesan life. Appointments are made by the , often in consultation with the dean, based on criteria including long-term dedication to work or broader impact, with the title typically held until age 70. The number of such positions is capped per to maintain their prestige; for instance, allocates 28 prebendary stalls. In cathedrals like Wells and St Paul's, prebendaries contribute to the advisory functions of the chapter and of canons, participating in discussions and leading services such as preaching or on a rotational basis to foster links between the cathedral and parishes. The Cathedral Measure 1999 formalized their integration into modern cathedral structures, positioning prebendaries within the of canons to support strategic oversight, dean elections, and the cathedral's spiritual mission. In the 21st century, this involvement is evident in ongoing appointments, such as the 2025 installations at , where new prebendaries continue to enhance diocesan unity and advisory roles.

In Other Traditions

In the , the prebendary system has survived in rare historical instances within certain European collegiate churches, where canons held prebends as endowed positions tied to specific duties. For example, in 19th-century , magisterial prebendaries existed in cathedrals such as Vitoria, reflecting historical reforms that established professional canonries in both cathedrals and collegiate foundations. Similarly, in , prebends historically persisted in some collegiate chapters, though exemptions and disputes shaped their role. Within the , prebendaries remain active at St Patrick's Cathedral in , where they form part of the chapter alongside dignitaries and diocesan canons. These positions, such as the Prebendary of or Tipperkevin, involve honorary and representational duties—for instance, the 2025 appointment of Revd Dr Stanley Gamble as Prebendary of . The employs analogous roles through honorary canons, appointed to recognize faithful service without formal prebends or endowments, differing from the English Anglican model by emphasizing diocesan contributions over cathedral-specific ties. These canons assist in and , often as non-resident . Global variations include historical lay prebendaries in Welsh contexts, such as those held by non-clerical figures in the for administrative or purposes within diocesan structures. In colonial churches, adaptations occasionally incorporated prebend-like endowments to sustain in emerging Anglican foundations, adapting the system to local resources amid expansion.

References

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