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Proton VPN
Proton VPN
Proton VPN
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Proton VPN
DeveloperProton AG
Stable release(s) [±]
Windows4.3.1 / 10 September 2025; 48 days ago (2025-09-10)[1]
macOS6.0.0 / 29 September 2025; 29 days ago (2025-09-29)[2]
Android5.13.22.0 / 18 September 2025; 40 days ago (2025-09-18)[3]
iOS6.5.0 / 22 September 2025; 36 days ago (2025-09-22)[4]
Linux (GUI)4.11.0 / 25 September 2025; 33 days ago (2025-09-25)[5]
Linux (CLI)2.2.12 / 27 February 2024; 20 months ago (2024-02-27)[6]
Browser Extension1.2.10 / 29 September 2025; 29 days ago (2025-09-29)[7]
tvOS1.2.0 / 4 December 2024; 10 months ago (2024-12-04)[8]
Repository
Operating system
Platform
TypeVirtual private network
Websiteprotonvpn.com

Proton VPN is a VPN service launched in 2017 and operated by the Swiss company Proton AG, the company behind the email service Proton Mail.[9] According to its official website, Proton VPN and Proton Mail share the same management team, offices, and technical resources, and are operated from Proton's headquarters in Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland.[10] On June 17, 2024 the company announced that it will be transitioning to a non-profit structure under the Proton Foundation.[11]

Features

[edit]

As of 1 October 2025, Proton VPN has a total of 15,330 servers, sited in 126 different nations.[12]

Although Proton VPN owns and operates a portion of their servers, the bulk majority are owned and operated by ASNs such as M247 and Datacamp Limited.[13][14] Its service is available for Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android, iOS, and ChromeOS and also has a command-line tool[15] for Linux and can be implemented using the IPsec protocol.[16] Proton VPN can also be installed on a wireless router.

Proton VPN utilizes OpenVPN (UDP/TCP), IKEv2, and WireGuard (UDP/TCP) protocols with AES-256 encryption. On October 11, 2022, Proton VPN released their Stealth Protocol for Android, iOS and MacOS clients, designed to disguise VPN traffic as HTTPS traffic.[17] In August 2024, Proton VPN announced that it had also added the Stealth protocol to its Windows client.[18]

Proton VPN has a no-logs policy that was independently audited by Securitum, a European security auditing company.[19][20][21]

In January 2020, Proton VPN released its source code on all platforms[22] and had SEC Consult conduct an independent security audit.[23]

In March 2025, Vivaldi integrated Proton VPN into its desktop app, offering the free tier of Proton VPN to all Vivaldi users.[24][25]

Reception

[edit]

In a January 2023 review by TechRadar, Proton VPN received 4-1/2 out of 5 stars.[14] A May 2023 PC Magazine review gave Proton VPN a 5-star rating. Proton VPN was awarded their Editor's Choice Award in 2022 and 2023.[26] In October 2023 technology website Engadget rated Proton VPN as the "best overall" for streaming, gaming, privacy and security.[27] In January 2024 a comparative review of 10 different VPNs by German technology magazine CHIP rated Proton VPN as their test winner.[28] In a 2025 TechRadar review of travel VPN services, Proton VPN was ranked second overall and described as the "best VPN for privacy," with emphasis on its Swiss jurisdiction, independent audits, no-logs policy, and advanced security features. The same review placed NordVPN first, calling it the "best overall" option, while Surfshark was identified as the "best cheap (and fastest)" service, ExpressVPN as "best for beginners," and Private Internet Access (PIA) as the "best Linux VPN".[29]

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Proton VPN

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from Grokipedia
Proton VPN is a virtual private network (VPN) service launched in 2017 by Proton AG, a Swiss company founded in 2014 by scientists who met at CERN, with a focus on providing secure, private internet access through encrypted connections that mask users' IP addresses and protect against surveillance. Operated under Switzerland's stringent privacy laws, which prohibit mandatory data retention and offer robust protections against foreign subpoenas, the service enforces a strict no-logs policy independently audited multiple times to verify that no user activity or connection data is stored. Its open-source applications and protocols, including WireGuard and OpenVPN, enable transparency and community verification of security claims, distinguishing it from proprietary competitors reliant on opaque code. Key features include Secure Core servers, which route traffic through hardened data centers in privacy-respecting countries like Switzerland, Iceland, and Sweden to defend against advanced network threats, and a free tier offering unlimited bandwidth without ads or data selling but limited to servers in a few countries—rare in the VPN market where free options often compromise privacy for revenue. Proton AG's primary shareholder, the non-profit Proton Foundation, aligns the service with a mission-driven model that funds operations through paid subscriptions rather than advertising or data monetization, supporting integration with other Proton products like encrypted email and storage. While praised for its empirical commitment to privacy via audits and Swiss jurisdiction, the service has faced scrutiny over occasional performance variability in free tiers due to server load, though premium plans deliver high speeds via proprietary VPN Accelerator technology.

History

Founding and Launch

Proton VPN was developed by Proton AG, a Swiss technology company established in 2014 by a group of scientists who met while working at CERN, led by Andy Yen, a particle physicist holding a PhD from Harvard University and serving as the company's founder and CEO. Initially focused on encrypted email with the launch of Proton Mail, the organization expanded its privacy-focused services amid growing concerns over internet surveillance and censorship, viewing VPN technology as essential for protecting user data and access to information. The development of Proton VPN stemmed from the team's recognition of the need for a reliable, no-logs VPN that aligned with Swiss privacy laws, which prohibit mandatory data retention and emphasize user rights. Unlike many commercial VPN providers reliant on advertising or data sales, Proton AG funded the project through its existing user base and commitments to open-source principles, ensuring independence from venture capital influences that could compromise privacy commitments. Proton VPN officially launched to the public on June 20, 2017, transitioning from beta testing to open signups with both free and paid tiers, the latter offering advanced features like higher speeds and more server locations. This release emphasized secure protocols and a strict no-logs policy from inception, positioning it as a tool to counter rising online threats, including those observed in events like government crackdowns on dissent in the preceding months.

Expansion and Milestones

Following its initial launch, Proton VPN expanded its server network and platform support in the years immediately after 2017. By June 2018, the service had attracted over 500,000 users and introduced native applications for Android, Windows, macOS, and Linux, with an iOS app in development; it also added dedicated servers optimized for streaming services such as Netflix and Hulu. That year, expansions included entry into the Indian subcontinent, bringing the total to servers in 23 countries. Plans announced for further growth targeted at least 50 countries by the end of 2019, a goal approached with coverage in 45 countries by December of that year, enabling secure access for millions amid rising global demand for uncensored internet. Server infrastructure saw steady but moderated increases through the early 2020s, remaining relatively flat from 2022 to 2023 before accelerating sharply. This community-funded model, avoiding venture capital or advertising revenue, prioritized bare-metal physical servers for control and privacy, funding expansions without external pressures. By June 2024, the network reached over 5,000 servers across more than 90 countries on six continents, including over 100 Secure Core servers for enhanced routing. Demand surges, including those tied to geopolitical events like the Ukraine conflict that spiked VPN signups by 9,000% temporarily, drove rapid scaling thereafter. Within weeks of the 5,000-server milestone, the count exceeded 6,300 by July 2024. By January 2025, Proton VPN had doubled its fleet to over 11,000 servers in more than 110 countries, reflecting a 43% network growth in prior months alone. Further expansions continued, achieving 16,755 servers across 127 countries as of November 2025, with ongoing additions emphasizing high-risk jurisdictions and anti-censorship capabilities. This trajectory positioned Proton VPN among the largest VPN providers, prioritizing owned infrastructure over virtual servers for reliability.

Company and Ownership

Organizational Structure

Proton VPN is operated by Proton AG, a for-profit Swiss corporation headquartered in Plan-les-Ouates, near Geneva, with its services sharing management, offices, and technical resources with Proton Mail and other Proton products. The company was founded in 2014 by scientists affiliated with CERN and employs over 500 staff from more than 50 nationalities, including engineers, privacy specialists, and researchers focused on encryption and secure communications. Proton AG's primary shareholder is the non-profit Proton Foundation, established in Geneva in June 2024 as part of a structural transition to prioritize long-term mission sustainability over profit maximization, prevent hostile takeovers, and maintain operational independence. This hybrid model positions the foundation as the controlling entity, with Proton AG continuing commercial operations to fund free-tier services and development. Executive leadership includes Andy Yen as founder and CEO, Bart Butler as CTO, and Raphael Auphan as COO, with Yen serving as chairman of Proton AG and a board member of the Proton Foundation. The Proton Foundation's board of trustees, which oversees strategic direction, comprises Andy Yen, Antonio Gambardella, Prof. Carissa Véliz, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, and Dingchao Lu as of June 2024. This governance emphasizes privacy advocacy, with board members selected for expertise in technology, ethics, and web standards rather than commercial interests.

Funding and Business Model

Proton VPN operates on a freemium business model, offering a free tier with limited servers and speeds alongside paid subscription plans such as Proton VPN Plus and Visionary, which provide access to advanced features including higher speeds, more server locations, and Secure Core routing. This approach funds operations through direct user payments, avoiding advertising or data monetization to maintain privacy commitments. As of 2024, Proton reports deriving nearly all revenue from these subscriptions, achieving profitability without reliance on external investors. Initial funding for Proton's ecosystem, including the development of Proton VPN launched in 2017, stemmed from a 2014 crowdfunding campaign for Proton Mail that raised over $550,000 from more than 10,000 backers. Subsequent capital included a $2 million round in 2015 from Charles River Ventures and the Fondation Genevoise pour l'Innovation Technologique (FONGIT). By 2024, Proton had divested from venture capital dependencies, sustaining growth through subscription revenue alone. In June 2024, Proton announced a transition to a non-profit structure via the Proton Foundation, a Swiss non-profit entity that became the primary shareholder of Proton AG, the for-profit operating company. This setup aims to prioritize mission-driven goals over shareholder profits, with Proton AG continuing to generate revenue from paid services while the foundation oversees strategic direction and has distributed over $2.7 million in grants for privacy initiatives since 2019. The model contrasts with ad-supported competitors by emphasizing user-funded sustainability, though it relies on converting free users to paid subscribers for scalability.

Technical Architecture

Protocols and Encryption

Proton VPN supports a selection of secure, modern VPN protocols, including WireGuard, OpenVPN, IKEv2/IPSec, and its proprietary Stealth protocol, while avoiding outdated or insecure options such as PPTP or L2TP/IPSec. These protocols are implemented with configurable options for UDP or TCP transport where applicable, and users can select them manually or enable the Smart Protocol feature, which automatically chooses the optimal protocol based on network conditions and censorship resistance. WireGuard, Proton VPN's default protocol since its integration in 2020, prioritizes speed and simplicity through a lightweight codebase of approximately 4,000 lines, using state-of-the-art cryptography including Curve25519 for key exchange, ChaCha20 for symmetric encryption, and Poly1305 for message authentication. Proton's implementation incorporates a double Network Address Translation (NAT) system to enhance privacy by obscuring the client's real IP from the VPN server, differing from standard WireGuard deployments that may expose this information. It supports both UDP for maximum performance, enabling QUIC/HTTP/3 traffic, and TCP for better reliability in restricted networks; Proton VPN does not use QUIC for VPN tunneling itself. OpenVPN, a battle-tested open-source protocol, is used in Proton VPN with UDP for high-speed connections or TCP for environments with packet loss or firewalls, employing up to AES-256-GCM as the symmetric cipher, RSA-4096 for key exchange, and HMAC SHA-384 for integrity verification of TLS certificates. This configuration ensures forward secrecy and resistance to quantum attacks via ephemeral keys, though it incurs higher overhead compared to WireGuard due to its more complex tunneling mechanism. IKEv2/IPSec provides robust mobile connectivity with fast reconnection times, utilizing AES-256 encryption and supporting perfect forward secrecy through Diffie-Hellman key exchange, making it suitable for iOS and unstable networks but less customizable than OpenVPN. The Stealth protocol, introduced by Proton in 2022, is a custom obfuscation layer built atop WireGuard TCP, designed to mimic regular HTTPS traffic and evade deep packet inspection by authoritarian firewalls, without compromising underlying encryption strength. Across all protocols, Proton VPN employs AES-256 as the primary symmetric cipher for data encryption—a U.S. government-approved standard resistant to brute-force attacks even with supercomputers—and ChaCha20 as an alternative stream cipher optimized for devices without hardware AES acceleration, both paired with Poly1305 or GCM modes for authenticated encryption. Key exchanges use 4096-bit RSA or equivalent elliptic curve methods, with HMAC SHA-384 or SHA-512 for message authentication, ensuring comprehensive protection against eavesdropping, tampering, and replay attacks. These standards have undergone independent audits, confirming no known vulnerabilities when implemented as specified.

Server Infrastructure

Proton VPN operates a global network comprising 16,755 servers across 127 countries, with a total capacity exceeding 18,000 Gbps. This infrastructure supports high-speed connections, including 10 Gbps-capable servers optimized for performance. The network has expanded rapidly, doubling from approximately 5,500 servers in mid-2024 to over 11,000 by early 2025, driven by increasing demand for privacy tools amid global censorship efforts. Unlike some competitors that rely on virtual private servers (VPS) from third-party cloud providers, Proton VPN deploys its infrastructure on bare-metal hardware it directly owns and provisions, reducing risks from shared environments or untrusted hosts. This approach was verified in a 2025 independent security audit of its production servers, confirming dedicated physical servers without reliance on multi-tenant virtualization that could introduce side-channel vulnerabilities. Proton VPN eschews RAM-only servers—hardware that discards all data upon power loss—arguing that such configurations offer illusory security, as forensic tools can extract data from powered RAM or cold-boot attacks, and instead prioritizes full-disk encryption, automated wiping on reboot, and strict no-logs enforcement to ensure ephemerality. A subset of the infrastructure consists of Secure Core servers, hardened entry points located exclusively in data centers in Switzerland, Iceland, and Sweden—jurisdictions with robust privacy protections outside major intelligence alliances. These approximately 113 servers in 65 countries route traffic through Proton-owned hardware for multi-hop connections, mitigating endpoint compromise risks by isolating initial entry from exit points. Regular servers, while not all RAM-only, run open-source software stacks with ephemeral configurations, and the free tier accesses a selection of servers in ten countries (United States, Netherlands, Japan, Poland, Romania, Mexico, Canada, Switzerland, Norway, Singapore) to balance accessibility with resource constraints.

Secure Core and Multi-Hop

Secure Core is Proton VPN's proprietary multi-hop routing feature, designed to bolster privacy by directing user traffic through a chain of at least two servers rather than a single endpoint. The initial connection routes through one of Proton's hardened Secure Core servers—physically located in data centers owned and operated by the company in Switzerland, Iceland, or Sweden, jurisdictions noted for robust privacy protections and resistance to foreign surveillance demands—before proceeding to a secondary exit server in the user's selected destination country. This architecture mitigates risks associated with server compromise, such as targeted attacks by advanced adversaries capable of intercepting traffic at a single VPN node, by ensuring that even if the exit server is vulnerable, the originating IP and unencrypted data remain isolated within the Secure Core layer. The feature employs full-disk encryption on Secure Core servers and leverages Proton's open-source infrastructure for transparency, with traffic encrypted end-to-end using protocols like WireGuard or OpenVPN. By default, the entry server is automatically selected from the three privacy-focused locations based on availability and load, while users choose the final exit country from Proton's global network exceeding 3,000 servers across 65 countries as of 2023. This double-hop mechanism, sometimes termed a "double VPN," adds latency—typically reducing speeds by 20-50% compared to single-hop connections due to the additional encryption and routing overhead—but provides causal protection against nation-state level threats, such as those exploiting physical access to exit servers in less secure jurisdictions. Independent analyses confirm its efficacy in obscuring traffic origins, though it is not impervious to global adversaries monitoring both hops. Secure Core is exclusive to Proton VPN's paid tiers (Visionary, Lifetime, and Plus plans), unavailable in the free version, and configurable via desktop and mobile apps through dedicated profiles that enforce the multi-hop path. Proton emphasizes that these servers undergo regular security audits and are isolated from standard infrastructure to prevent lateral movement in case of breaches, aligning with the company's no-logs policy verified by third-party audits in 2022 and 2024. While effective for high-risk users like journalists or activists in authoritarian regimes, its performance trade-offs make it unsuitable for latency-sensitive tasks such as gaming or real-time video calls.

Security and Privacy Practices

No-Logs Policy and Audits

Proton VPN maintains a strict no-logs policy, under which it does not record session usage data, such as websites visited or files downloaded, nor does it log metadata like original IP addresses, connection timestamps, or bandwidth usage that could identify users. This policy applies uniformly to both paid and free users, with no exceptions for traffic analysis or retention of identifiable information. The company's adherence is supported by its Swiss jurisdiction, which lacks mandatory data retention laws, enabling verifiable non-collection rather than deletion of logs. To substantiate its claims, Proton VPN undergoes annual independent audits by third-party security firms focused specifically on verifying the no-logs implementation. The audits examine server configurations, access logs, database retention practices, and operational procedures to confirm the absence of logging mechanisms and any potential circumvention practices. Securitum, a Polish cybersecurity firm specializing in penetration testing and compliance assessments, has conducted these audits consecutively since 2022. In the most recent audit, completed in August 2025 and publicly released on September 23, 2025, Securitum verified that Proton VPN servers retain no user activity data or metadata, with no evidence of logging tools or retention scripts in place. The assessment included simulated user sessions across multiple servers and confirmed compliance with the declared policy, including checks for indirect logging via timestamps or aggregated statistics. Prior audits in 2024, 2023, and 2022 yielded identical confirmations, establishing a consistent track record without discrepancies. While audits depend on the provider's transparency during testing, the repeated independent validations by a specialized firm provide empirical evidence of policy enforcement, distinguishing Proton VPN from services reliant solely on self-reported assurances. Proton VPN is operated by Proton AG, a company headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, subjecting it to Swiss jurisdiction and the protections afforded by Swiss federal data protection laws, which emphasize individual privacy and lack mandatory data retention requirements for VPN services. Switzerland's legal framework prohibits VPN providers from being compelled to log user activity, distinguishing it from jurisdictions with surveillance obligations, and positions the country outside major intelligence-sharing alliances such as the Five Eyes or Fourteen Eyes. This setup ensures that Proton VPN cannot legally transmit user data directly to foreign authorities under Article 271 of the Swiss Criminal Code, requiring any international request to be validated through a Swiss court order before consideration. In practice, Proton VPN's compliance with legal requests is governed by its strict no-logs policy, which has been independently audited multiple times and upheld in a 2019 Swiss court case where authorities ordered the handover of connection logs to identify a user involved in protests, but Proton VPN produced none due to the absence of such records. The company's transparency reports detail that it rejects all foreign data requests lacking Swiss judicial approval and has never disclosed VPN user traffic or connection metadata, as none is retained; this contrasts with metadata available in Proton's email services, which have seen compliance with thousands of validated Swiss orders annually. For example, in response to India's 2022 CERT-In directives requiring VPN providers to retain extensive user data such as IP addresses and timestamps for five years, Proton VPN removed its physical servers from India in September 2022 and switched to virtual servers routed through Singapore via Smart Routing, providing Indian IP addresses while adhering to its no-logs policy and avoiding mandatory compliance. However, these virtual Indian IP addresses may still face blocks or restrictions from Indian financial institutions and payment services, such as Paytm's UPI, leading to transaction failures due to fraud detection, latency, or IP location mismatch. Proton VPN does not block the Paytm app itself, but the issues arise from decisions by the Indian services. This proactive step exempted it from 2025 enforcement actions ordering the removal of non-compliant VPN apps from Indian app stores, as the absence of physical presence avoided logging obligations tied to CERT-In requirements. Concerns over evolving Swiss surveillance legislation, including proposals for expanded real-time traffic logging mandates, prompted Proton in 2025 to relocate much of its physical infrastructure outside Switzerland while maintaining its legal domicile there, aiming to mitigate potential future risks to privacy without altering its jurisdictional obligations. Despite these shifts, Proton VPN continues to assert adherence solely to Swiss-approved requests, with end-to-end encryption and no-logging ensuring minimal data availability even under domestic compulsion.

Open-Source Commitments

Proton VPN's open-source commitments center on the release of its client applications' source code, enabling public scrutiny to verify security claims and absence of backdoors. On January 21, 2020, the company announced that all its apps for Windows, macOS, Android, and iOS were fully open-sourced, positioning itself as the first VPN provider to do so across major platforms while also undergoing an independent security audit of the code. This initiative allows developers and users to inspect implementations for encryption handling, connection logic, and potential vulnerabilities, fostering trust through verifiable transparency rather than proprietary assurances. Subsequent expansions included open-sourcing Linux clients via the GTK-based app and a browser extension, with repositories hosted on GitHub under the ProtonVPN organization, encompassing over 30 projects such as android-app, win-app, ios-mac-app, and proton-vpn-gtk-app. Core libraries like go-vpn-lib further support protocol implementations, though these client-side releases do not extend to server infrastructure code, limiting independent verification of backend operations like traffic routing and logging enforcement. Independent audits, such as those confirming app security post-open-sourcing, have reviewed the code for compliance with privacy standards, reinforcing claims of no embedded surveillance mechanisms. This approach aligns with Proton's broader ethos of providing open-source tools for privacy, but critiques note that without server-side openness, users cannot fully audit end-to-end operations, relying instead on no-logs policy audits and jurisdictional protections. The company maintains that client open-sourcing addresses the most critical trust vectors, as users directly interact with apps, and has committed to ongoing code maintenance and third-party reviews to uphold these standards.

Features

Core Functionality

Proton VPN operates as a virtual private network (VPN) service, encrypting users' internet traffic to protect it from interception by third parties, including internet service providers (ISPs), hackers, and surveillance entities. This core function creates a secure tunnel between the user's device and a remote server, routing data through the VPN provider's infrastructure to mask the user's real IP address and make online activities appear to originate from the server's location. The service supports connection to a global network of servers located in over 120 countries, enabling users to select servers based on geographic proximity for optimal performance or specific regions to access geo-restricted content and bypass censorship. Core protocols include OpenVPN for robust security, IKEv2 for mobile stability, and WireGuard for efficient speed, all employing strong encryption standards such as AES-256 to safeguard data in transit. Additional baseline protections integral to its operation encompass a kill switch that automatically disconnects the internet if the VPN connection drops, preventing data leaks, and DNS leak prevention to ensure queries do not bypass the encrypted tunnel. These elements collectively provide anonymous, private browsing without logging user activity, adhering to Swiss privacy laws that prohibit mandatory data retention.

Advanced and Specialized Features

Proton VPN's Secure Core feature implements a multi-hop routing architecture, directing user traffic through hardened servers located in privacy-friendly jurisdictions such as Switzerland, Iceland, and Sweden before exiting to the destination server, thereby mitigating risks from compromised entry servers in network-based attacks. This specialized setup enhances privacy by isolating the initial connection point from the broader internet, reducing the potential for traffic correlation even if an exit server is targeted. The service integrates Tor over VPN, allowing users to route all traffic through Proton's VPN servers and then into the Tor network via dedicated entry nodes, providing layered anonymity without requiring the separate Tor Browser application. Available exclusively on paid plans and select servers in countries including Switzerland and Sweden, this feature supports full-browser anonymity for activities like accessing .onion sites, though it may introduce latency due to Tor's onion routing. NetShield functions as an integrated DNS-based content blocker, filtering out advertisements, trackers, and malware domains at the network level to prevent data exfiltration and improve browsing security. In its standard mode, it targets common ad and tracking servers; an enhanced malware-specific mode blocks known malicious domains, drawing from threat intelligence feeds, though it does not replace comprehensive antivirus solutions. The Stealth protocol obfuscates VPN traffic to resemble regular HTTPS web traffic, aiding circumvention of deep packet inspection and censorship in restrictive networks. Introduced progressively across platforms including Windows in 2024, it employs techniques like traffic shaping and encryption mimicry without relying on standard VPN signatures, making detection more challenging for firewalls. VPN Accelerator optimizes connection speeds through a combination of protocol enhancements, server-side optimizations, and wireguard-based improvements, achieving up to 400% faster performance on supported WireGuard connections compared to baseline implementations. This feature leverages techniques such as TCP proxying and congestion control adjustments, particularly beneficial for high-bandwidth tasks on 10 Gbps-capable servers.

Free vs. Paid Tiers

Proton VPN's free tier provides unlimited data usage without advertisements or artificial bandwidth caps or speed throttling, accessible via servers in five countries: the United States, the Netherlands, Japan, Romania, and Poland. As of 2026, Proton VPN is widely regarded as the best free VPN, serving as the top recommendation among free options for online surveys requiring a consistent US IP, offering unlimited data, access to US servers, strong privacy (audited no-logs policy, Swiss jurisdiction), no ads, and decent speeds. However, no single free VPN is reliably the best for such purposes, as survey platforms often detect and block free VPN IPs, resulting in variable success. Alternatives like PrivadoVPN and Windscribe offer US servers but have data caps of 10GB/month. For better consistency, paid VPNs with dedicated IPs or obfuscation are preferable. Other strong options include PrivadoVPN (10GB/month, good for streaming) and Windscribe (10GB/month with options to earn more), though truly free VPNs often have limitations or risks such as data selling, slower speeds, or security issues, with experts recommending paid VPNs for serious use. The free version has limited servers and medium speeds. Free users are assigned random servers in these countries and cannot manually select specific servers; switching requires a cooldown period starting at approximately 45 seconds for the first change, increasing with subsequent switches (e.g., up to 10 minutes or more). The process involves opening the app and clicking Quick Connect for an initial random server, then accessing the Home (Android) or Countries page to click Change server, which assigns a new random server after the cooldown. It offers the same privacy protections as paid plans, including a strict, independently audited no-logs policy, open-source applications, and strong encryption from a trusted Swiss-based company, making it suitable for basic privacy needs such as secure browsing and protection on public Wi-Fi. However, connections in regions with heavy internet censorship, such as China, may be unstable and require multiple attempts. It supports a single simultaneous connection and employs medium-speed protocols, resulting in comparatively slower performance due to shared infrastructure with other free users and potential queues or slowdowns during peak times from high demand. Users may experience higher latency, lag in online gaming applications such as Roblox, and more frequent CAPTCHA challenges due to crowded servers and shared IP addresses, which are typical for free VPN services; paid tiers mitigate these with access to less loaded servers and additional features like dedicated IPs. It lacks support for torrenting, which is reserved for paid tiers. All core privacy features, such as no-logs policy and open-source apps, apply equally to the free plan. Paid tiers, primarily Proton VPN Plus (starting at approximately $5 per month as of 2023 pricing) and higher bundles like Visionary, expand access to over 15,000 servers across 127 countries with manual selection and no cooldown limits, enabling up to 10 simultaneous connections and high-speed performance optimized for streaming, torrenting, and general browsing. These plans include advanced options like Secure Core routing (multi-hop via hardened servers in privacy-friendly jurisdictions), NetShield ad and malware blocking, and VPN Accelerator for up to 400% speed boosts on WireGuard connections. Paid users also gain P2P-optimized servers and streaming unblocking for services such as Netflix and Disney+, which are unavailable on the free tier.
FeatureFree TierPaid Tiers (Plus/Visionary)
Server NetworkRandom servers in 5 countries (US, NL, JP, RO, PL); cooldown-based switching15,000+ servers in 127 countries with manual selection
Simultaneous Connections1 deviceUp to 10 devices
Speed TierMedium (no artificial limits, but crowded servers reduce effective speed)High-speed with VPN Accelerator and priority access
Data/BandwidthUnlimitedUnlimited
Streaming SupportNot officially supported; may work inconsistently for some services like Netflix, but no guarantee due to potential IP blocks by streaming platformsOptimized servers for Netflix, Hulu, etc.
P2P/TorrentingNot supported on free serversDedicated P2P servers
Advanced SecurityBasic encryption (WireGuard, OpenVPN, IKEv2); no Secure Core; IPv6 support (toggleable, available on both free and paid plans)Secure Core multi-hop, Tor over VPN, NetShield blocker
Protocol AccessLimited to standard optionsFull access including Stealth for obfuscation
The free tier's limitations on server selection and lack of specialized features position it as suitable for basic privacy needs, such as occasional secure browsing, while paid plans cater to users requiring reliability for high-bandwidth activities or multi-device protection. Proton VPN funds its free service through paid subscriptions, ensuring no reliance on data sales or third-party ads. Independent tests, such as those from Tom's Guide in 2023, confirm free plan speeds averaging 200-300 Mbps on optimal connections but dropping under load, compared to paid averages exceeding 500 Mbps.

Performance and Usability

Speed and Reliability

Proton VPN's speed performance varies by protocol, server distance, and plan tier, with independent tests in 2025 showing competitive results for everyday use. Using the WireGuard protocol, local connections achieved download speeds exceeding 950 Mbps on a 1 Gbps baseline, while cross-Atlantic transfers reached 630 Mbps, with low latency of 19.6 ms and jitter of 4.09 ms suitable for gaming and video calls. Overall speed loss averaged 15.8% across protocols and platforms, including 6% on macOS with WireGuard and 19% on Windows, outperforming the typical VPN average of 25% but trailing leaders like NordVPN's 3%. Upload speeds demonstrated exceptional retention, with reductions as low as 0.22%—the best recorded in comparative benchmarks—making it reliable for file sharing and uploads. Nearby servers often delivered over 130 Mbps on average, supported by features like VPN Accelerator, which claims up to 400% speed gains on distant connections, though OpenVPN yielded higher losses of 25-31%. The service's network of 16,755 servers in 127 countries contributes to consistent load balancing and reduced congestion, enabling stable 4K streaming without buffering on platforms like Netflix, where retained speeds met or exceeded the 15 Mbps threshold from a 25 Mbps base. Reliability remains strong in real-world scenarios, with no detected DNS leaks, minimal connection drops in tests, and scalability demonstrated by doubled server capacity since prior evaluations without performance degradation. However, latency can increase significantly—up to 170%—on optimized distant servers, potentially affecting latency-sensitive tasks, and free tier users face slower speeds and higher latency due to restricted and crowded server access, leading to lag in bandwidth-intensive activities like gaming, despite unlimited bandwidth. Secure Core multi-hop routing, prioritizing privacy via hardened servers in privacy-friendly jurisdictions, introduces additional overhead that may reduce speeds by 10-20% compared to standard single-hop connections, trading velocity for enhanced security. Paid plans mitigate these limitations through broader server options and protocol flexibility, yielding dependable uptime for streaming, torrenting, and general browsing as corroborated across multiple 2025 audits.

Compatibility and Apps

Proton VPN provides native applications for Windows, macOS, Linux, Android (including Android TV), iOS, and iPadOS, enabling device-level encryption and protocol selection including WireGuard and OpenVPN. The apps support simultaneous connections on up to 10 devices for paid subscribers, with features like split tunneling, kill switch, and Secure Core routing available across platforms. Linux app compatibility is officially limited to Debian, Ubuntu, and Fedora distributions, though it may function on other Debian-based systems with potential limitations in support. For mobile devices, the Android app requires version 6.0 or later and includes widget support for quick connections, while the iOS app integrates with iPadOS and offers similar advanced features. Beta versions of the Proton VPN iOS app are available through Apple's TestFlight program, allowing users early access to new features. Windows users benefit from an ARM-specific version for devices like Microsoft Surface Pro and Samsung Galaxy Book S, alongside standard x86 support with recent updates for system tray integration and LAN passthrough. macOS apps require compatible distributions post-installation via login credentials. Router compatibility extends to devices supporting OpenVPN or WireGuard as clients, allowing network-wide protection without native apps, though setup requires manual configuration and is not officially supported on ISP-provided routers. Browser extensions are available for Chromium-based browsers (version 84 or later, including Chrome, Edge, Brave, and Opera) and Firefox (version 78 or later), providing proxy-like protection for web traffic with free access to basic server selection and NetShield ad-blocking; these do not encrypt non-browser traffic. IPv6 support is included in extensions, but full VPN functionality requires the native apps. Since September 2022, Proton VPN no longer operates physical servers in India due to new data retention regulations requiring extensive user logging, which conflicts with its no-logs policy. Indian IP addresses are still available via virtual servers (Smart Routing) located in Singapore, accessible to paid users. Users in India may experience compatibility issues with certain financial applications, such as Paytm, when connected to Proton VPN. Indian financial institutions and payment services, including Paytm's UPI, often flag or block transactions originating from VPN IP addresses due to fraud detection measures, latency concerns, or IP location mismatches. This can result in failed UPI payments or other transaction errors. Proton VPN does not block or restrict access to the Paytm app or similar services; these restrictions are implemented by the financial providers themselves. It is a common issue with many VPN services in India, and users may need to disconnect the VPN temporarily for such transactions.
PlatformApp TypeKey Requirements/Notes
WindowsNative appx86/ARM; kill switch, split tunneling
macOSNative appPost-install login; Secure Core support
LinuxNative appDebian/Ubuntu/Fedora official; open-source CLI/GUI
AndroidNative app6.0+; widgets, Android TV via smart protocol
iOS/iPadOSNative appApp Store download; Home screen widgets
RoutersManual configOpenVPN/WireGuard client support required
BrowsersExtensionsChrome/Firefox; proxy-level, not full VPN

Reception and Comparisons

Expert Reviews and Ratings

Proton VPN has garnered consistently high marks from technology reviewers in 2025, with particular acclaim for its robust privacy protections, expansive server network of 16,755 locations across 127 countries, and the standout unlimited-data free tier, which outperforms most competitors in unrestricted access without bandwidth caps or time limits. As of late 2024 to early 2025 reviews, Proton VPN is widely regarded as the best free VPN, offering unlimited data, no ads, strong privacy via an audited no-logs policy, decent speeds, and servers in three countries on the free plan, though experts caution that free VPNs often carry limitations or risks such as data selling, slower speeds, or security issues and recommend paid VPNs for serious use; no major changes are expected for 2026 based on current trends. Experts frequently highlight its Swiss-based no-logs policy, independently audited multiple times, and open-source applications as bolstering credibility in an industry rife with unsubstantiated privacy claims. However, some critiques point to premium pricing that exceeds averages at renewal—around $80 annually after introductory discounts—and occasional app interface complexity that may overwhelm non-technical users. PCMag awarded Proton VPN a perfect 5.0 out of 5 stars in its evaluation, citing its comprehensive feature set, high-speed server performance suitable for torrenting and streaming, and unparalleled free subscription tier that includes access to three countries without data restrictions. CNET rated it 8.4 out of 10, praising broad device compatibility—including a native Linux GUI app rare among VPNs—and reliable speeds for bandwidth-heavy tasks like gaming, though noting the apps' dense menus as a usability hurdle for beginners. WIRED described it as "the best VPN for most people" in October 2025 testing, emphasizing record-breaking download speeds, affordability relative to peers, and full-featured support for platforms like smart TVs, without assigning a numerical score but positioning it above alternatives for everyday privacy needs.
ReviewerRatingKey StrengthsKey WeaknessesReview Date
PCMag5.0/5Feature-rich, fast servers, best free tierAverage core pricingOctober 2025 (updated)
CNET8.4/10Device support, speeds for downloads/gamingOverwhelming appsSeptember 5, 2025
Cybernews4.5/5Streaming unblocking, server scaleNone major notedJuly 21, 2025
Engadget4.5/5Ease of use, security standardsNone specifiedOctober 10, 2025
Cloudwards4.2/5Privacy policy, download speedsCustomer support, costJuly 1, 2025
Wirecutter (The New York Times) endorsed Proton VPN's free version as the top trustworthy option in 2025, valuing its no-data-cap policy and transparent operations over ad-supported or limited free alternatives from for-profit providers. TechRadar noted improvements in its apps for novice users, including explanatory tooltips, positioning it as a strong contender in overall VPN rankings for balanced privacy and accessibility. Tom's Guide gave the free tier 3.4 out of 5, acknowledging its power for basic needs but flagging server selection limits and slower free speeds compared to paid options. These assessments reflect Proton VPN's strength in privacy-centric evaluations, where its nonprofit roots and audit-backed claims differentiate it from commercial rivals often criticized for selective logging or marketing hype.

User Feedback

Proton VPN receives generally positive feedback from users on mobile platforms, earning a 4.6 out of 5 rating on the Apple App Store from over 41,000 reviews and a similar 4.6 out of 5 on Google Play from more than 566,000 reviews, where users frequently commend its privacy protections, straightforward interface, and reliable performance for everyday browsing and streaming. On Reddit, many users highlight its strong no-logs policy, stability for torrenting, and value in paid tiers, with reports of consistent speeds in regions like the US and Europe. However, feedback on Trustpilot is notably lower, with a 2 out of 5 TrustScore from 733 reviews as of late 2025, reflecting complaints about slow connection speeds, frequent disconnections, and difficulties with website access or gaming. Common praises there include ease of use and solid free-tier functionality, but criticisms dominate regarding unresponsive customer support, billing disputes such as denied refunds despite guarantees, and high resource usage in apps leading to lag. These issues appear more prevalent among free or trial users, while paid subscribers report fewer problems with speeds and reliability. Overall, users value Proton VPN's emphasis on privacy and open-source elements, but express frustration with occasional reliability hiccups and support delays, particularly in high-demand scenarios like torrenting or international streaming. Discrepancies in ratings may stem from platform-specific biases, with app stores capturing broader satisfaction and sites like Trustpilot amplifying unresolved complaints.

Comparisons with Competitors

Proton VPN distinguishes itself from competitors like NordVPN, ExpressVPN, and Mullvad through its emphasis on open-source applications and a Swiss jurisdiction governed by stringent privacy laws that prohibit mandatory data retention. Independent audits, including those by SEC Consult in 2020 and subsequent verifications, have confirmed Proton's no-logs policy, with no user data disclosed in legal challenges to date. Mullvad matches this privacy rigor via anonymous account creation without email requirements and multiple independent audits proving no logging, though its Swedish base falls under EU jurisdiction potentially subject to e-evidence regulations. Proton VPN requires an email address for account registration, unlike competitors like Mullvad and IVPN that allow anonymous signup without providing an email. NordVPN and ExpressVPN, based in Panama and the British Virgin Islands respectively, also pass no-logs audits but operate proprietary closed-source apps, raising questions about unverifiable internal implementations despite third-party validations. Performance benchmarks in 2025 reveal Proton VPN trailing in speed, with average download speeds of around 400-500 Mbps on nearby servers, compared to NordVPN's 600+ Mbps and ExpressVPN's consistent low-latency connections suitable for 4K streaming without buffering. Mullvad offers comparable speeds to Proton but with fewer optimization features for high-bandwidth tasks. Proton's Secure Core multi-hop routing enhances privacy by routing traffic through hardened servers in privacy-friendly countries like Switzerland and Iceland, a feature absent in standard ExpressVPN plans and less granular in NordVPN's double-VPN option. However, this comes at a throughput cost of 20-30% in tests, prioritizing causal security over raw velocity.
AspectProton VPNNordVPNExpressVPNMullvad
JurisdictionSwitzerland (strong privacy laws)Panama (no retention laws)British Virgin Islands (offshore)Sweden (EU jurisdiction)
No-Logs AuditYes, multiple (e.g., SEC Consult)Yes, annual auditsYes, regular verificationsYes, multiple independent
Open-Source AppsYesNoNoYes
Avg. Speed (Mbps, 2025 tests)400-500600+500-600400-500
Pricing (2-yr equiv., USD/mo)~$4.99 (with free tier)~$3.09 (discounted)~$6.67 (first year higher)Flat €5 (~$5.50)
Key FeaturesSecure Core, NetShield adblockMeshnet, Onion over VPNLightway protocol, split tunnelingWireGuard focus, anonymous payments
Proton's free tier provides unlimited data access to a subset of servers, a rarity among competitors where free options like TunnelBear impose strict limits, though it results in higher latency due to crowded nodes. Paid tiers include integration with Proton's ecosystem (e.g., Drive, Mail), appealing to users seeking unified privacy tools, whereas NordVPN and ExpressVPN bundle extras like password managers and dedicated IP addresses for business use. Mullvad's flat pricing and cryptocurrency payments enhance anonymity but lack Proton's streaming-optimized servers, which reliably unblock Netflix and BBC iPlayer in 2025 evaluations. Overall, Proton prioritizes verifiable privacy over feature bloat, suiting users in high-risk environments, while competitors like NordVPN excel in versatile, speed-optimized applications.

Controversies and Criticisms

Privacy Skepticism and Audits

Proton VPN's no-logs policy has been subjected to annual independent audits since 2022, with the fourth consecutive verification completed in August 2025 by Polish security firm Securitum. The audit, conducted on-site in Zürich, Switzerland, from August 18 to 20, examined production servers across regions and user tiers through documentation review, technical interviews, live system analysis, and configuration checks, finding no evidence of user activity logging, connection metadata storage (such as DNS queries or IP addresses), or network traffic inspection. Securitum concluded that Proton VPN complies with its stated policy, with uniform implementation and safeguards like automated integrity checks preventing unauthorized logging, though it recommended continued annual third-party reviews. Prior audits by the same firm in 2022, 2023, and 2024 similarly affirmed the absence of logging practices that could compromise user privacy, including no retention of session data or metadata even on free-tier servers where BitTorrent traffic is monitored in real-time solely for protocol enforcement without storage. These audits focus on technical implementation and policy adherence rather than source code or ancillary systems, providing empirical validation but not absolute proof against future changes or external coercion. Skepticism persists among privacy advocates, who note that audits, while commissioned by Proton and reliant on disclosed infrastructure, cannot fully preclude undisclosed logging or compliance under legal duress, as VPN providers inherently require user trust beyond verifiable snapshots. Switzerland's jurisdiction offers robust data protection outside major intelligence alliances like the Five Eyes, but proposed expansions to federal police surveillance laws in 2025—criticized for enabling bulk data access without warrants—have prompted Proton to relocate much of its physical infrastructure abroad to mitigate risks of compelled logging or monitoring. No verified instances of Proton VPN logging user data or suffering privacy-compromising breaches have emerged from independent investigations, distinguishing it from providers with documented leaks, though general wariness of centralized VPN services underscores the value of open-source apps and personal verification tools like leak testers.

Performance and Reliability Issues

Proton VPN's free tier enforces a soft data cap through speed throttling, reducing connection speeds to approximately 5 Mbps after 3-4 GB of usage to manage server load and encourage upgrades to paid plans, which can severely limit streaming or large downloads. This throttling occurs dynamically based on usage patterns, with recovery to higher speeds only after periods of reduced activity, as observed in tests where speeds briefly fell below 300 Mbps before partial restoration. Paid subscriptions exhibit variability in performance, particularly during peak hours, with upload speeds for long-distance connections like UK-to-US dropping from 700 Mbps in the morning to 257 Mbps in the evening due to network congestion on shared servers. Download speeds remain relatively strong on nearby servers using WireGuard protocol, often retaining over 90% of baseline, but distant or overloaded locations introduce higher latency and packet loss, exacerbated by Proton's emphasis on secure routing over raw throughput. The provider's use of virtual servers—physical hardware in one location masquerading as multiple regional endpoints—has expanded the network to 16,755 servers across 127 countries, but introduces reliability challenges when the underlying physical server is geographically remote, leading to increased ping times and intermittent instability in high-traffic scenarios. In regions with strict internet controls, such as China or India, Proton VPN's obfuscation tools fail to consistently evade detection, resulting in frequent connection drops or blocked access, unlike competitors optimized for such environments. User reports and independent tests confirm these issues persist into 2025, with no full resolution via Stealth protocol updates, attributing failures to Proton's privacy-focused design prioritizing no-logs compliance over aggressive circumvention.

Competitive and Market Critiques

Proton VPN occupies a niche in the privacy-centric segment of the VPN market, emphasizing open-source apps, no-logs policies, and Swiss jurisdiction, but it trails dominant providers like NordVPN and ExpressVPN in overall market penetration and user adoption. These leaders benefit from larger server fleets optimized for global performance and extensive marketing, resulting in Proton VPN's estimated market share remaining below 5% as of 2025, compared to NordVPN's leading position exceeding 20% in subscription-based VPN services. Critics highlight Proton VPN's pricing structure as a competitive disadvantage, with the VPN Plus plan—its primary paid tier—costing $4.99 per month on a one-year commitment or $9.99 monthly, exceeding equivalents from rivals offering advanced features like dedicated IP addresses or broader streaming unblocking at $3-4 per month on multi-year deals. This premium positioning, justified by Proton's non-profit model and privacy audits, is seen by some analysts as limiting accessibility in a price-sensitive market where budget options like Surfshark provide unlimited devices and faster protocols at lower costs. In feature comparisons, Proton VPN lags in specialized tools such as robust obfuscation for censored regions, where it inconsistently bypasses restrictions in countries like China, unlike ExpressVPN's Lightway protocol enhancements. Additionally, while Proton's Secure Core routing adds latency for extra security, competitors like NordVPN deliver lower average speed losses (under 10% in benchmarks) versus Proton's reported 21% drop during intensive tasks, impacting its appeal for gaming or high-bandwidth streaming. Market observers note that Proton's free tier, though data-unlimited, restricts P2P and geo-locked content, funneling users to paid plans but deterring casual adopters who prefer feature-parity in entry-level offerings from Mullvad or IVPN. Proton VPN's growth strategy, tied to its ecosystem of encrypted services, has drawn scrutiny for slower network expansion relative to venture-backed rivals; it operates 16,755 servers across 127 countries, yet this pales against NordVPN's 6,000+ optimized locations spanning more urban hubs for reduced congestion. This has positioned Proton as a premium privacy choice rather than a mass-market leader, with user retention challenged by perceptions of value mismatch in speed-feature-price trade-offs.

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