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SS Dzhurma
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SS Dzhurma
SS Dzhurma (Russian: «Джу́рма», IPA: [ˈdʑurmə]) was converted to a Soviet steamship in 1935 and occasionally used for transporting prisoners within the Gulag system. Because of an urban legend of an incident in 1933–34 in which 12,000 prisoners were said to have died, it has become the most infamous ship of the Dalstroy prison fleet. The ship was built in the Netherlands in 1921 as the SS Brielle and sold to the Soviet Union in 1935.
SS Brielle was launched on 31 December 1920 at the New Waterway shipyard in Schiedam in the Netherlands. The cargo ship was 122.7 metres (402 ft 7 in) long (pp) and was 17.8 metres (58 ft 5 in) abeam. The 6,908-gross-register-ton ship was powered by a single triple-expansion steam engine that could move it at speeds of up to 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h). After its completion in April 1921, it was delivered to the Royal Netherlands Steamship Company (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Stoomboot-Maatschappij or KNSM). The ship was operated by Verenigde Nederlandsche Scheepvaartmaatschappij (VNS), founded by a Dutch consortium (that included KNSM) after the end of World War I. The ship was eventually absorbed into the Royal Netherlands Steamship Company, one of the consortium members.
The ship sailed under the Dutch flag out of Amsterdam for most of the next 14 years.
During the Great Depression, the ship was taken out of service and laid up. When its owners faced financial pressures to sell the ship, it was purchased by the "Dalstroy" in 1935.
In April and May 1935, the Soviet Union purchased ships in the Netherlands for the sea fleet of "Dalstroy". Eduard Berzin arrived in Amsterdam to see and check two purchased steamers Brielle and Almelo, which were renamed Dzhurma (Джурма) and Yagoda, the latter renamed Dalstroy (Дальстрой) after Genrikh Yagoda's fall, and to hasten the purchase of the third ship Batoe, which was renamed Kulu (Кулу). Yagoda was a sister ship of Dzhurma and the first purchased ship. Kulu was a different class of ship and was also purchased in 1935. The third ship was transferred to the Soviet flag under the name Djurma and registered with a home port of Nagayevo. Djurma or Dzhurma translates as "shining path" in the language of the Evenks from the Kolyma region.
The ship Yagoda was the first of the three purchased Dutch ships, to arrive in Nagayevo port on September 26, 1935. After the visit of Novorossiysk port, Dzhurma and Lulu arrived in Nagayevo in October 1935. The first Soviet captain of the ship Dzhurma was N.A. Finyakin.
Author Martin Bollinger reports that during the ship's Soviet career there is ample evidence that Dzhurma was used on Gulag routes between 1936 and 1950. As a part of the Dalstroy fleet, the ships Yagoda, Kulu and Dzhurma transported prisoners from Vladivostok, endpoint of the Transsiberian railway, across the Sea of Okhotsk to Kolyma via Nagayevo port, which was the port of Magadan city. Travel time to Magadan was about 6 to 14 days; trips to the Arctic were seasonal as during the winter the sea froze over. A steamer would make about ten trips a year. Conditions were horrendous, and many people did not survive the trip.
When the steamer Dzhurma or Kulu entered Nagayev Bay and signaled the arrival, everybody in the city knew that a new stage of prisoners had arrived, with up to 7,000 people in the holds. A column of ragged, hungry, wearied people, who had undergone night interrogations, were led from the shore to the "transitka" (the local name of transit camp), under the escort of submachine gunners with dogs. From here stages of prisoners went to camps in Kolyma.
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SS Dzhurma
SS Dzhurma (Russian: «Джу́рма», IPA: [ˈdʑurmə]) was converted to a Soviet steamship in 1935 and occasionally used for transporting prisoners within the Gulag system. Because of an urban legend of an incident in 1933–34 in which 12,000 prisoners were said to have died, it has become the most infamous ship of the Dalstroy prison fleet. The ship was built in the Netherlands in 1921 as the SS Brielle and sold to the Soviet Union in 1935.
SS Brielle was launched on 31 December 1920 at the New Waterway shipyard in Schiedam in the Netherlands. The cargo ship was 122.7 metres (402 ft 7 in) long (pp) and was 17.8 metres (58 ft 5 in) abeam. The 6,908-gross-register-ton ship was powered by a single triple-expansion steam engine that could move it at speeds of up to 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h). After its completion in April 1921, it was delivered to the Royal Netherlands Steamship Company (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Stoomboot-Maatschappij or KNSM). The ship was operated by Verenigde Nederlandsche Scheepvaartmaatschappij (VNS), founded by a Dutch consortium (that included KNSM) after the end of World War I. The ship was eventually absorbed into the Royal Netherlands Steamship Company, one of the consortium members.
The ship sailed under the Dutch flag out of Amsterdam for most of the next 14 years.
During the Great Depression, the ship was taken out of service and laid up. When its owners faced financial pressures to sell the ship, it was purchased by the "Dalstroy" in 1935.
In April and May 1935, the Soviet Union purchased ships in the Netherlands for the sea fleet of "Dalstroy". Eduard Berzin arrived in Amsterdam to see and check two purchased steamers Brielle and Almelo, which were renamed Dzhurma (Джурма) and Yagoda, the latter renamed Dalstroy (Дальстрой) after Genrikh Yagoda's fall, and to hasten the purchase of the third ship Batoe, which was renamed Kulu (Кулу). Yagoda was a sister ship of Dzhurma and the first purchased ship. Kulu was a different class of ship and was also purchased in 1935. The third ship was transferred to the Soviet flag under the name Djurma and registered with a home port of Nagayevo. Djurma or Dzhurma translates as "shining path" in the language of the Evenks from the Kolyma region.
The ship Yagoda was the first of the three purchased Dutch ships, to arrive in Nagayevo port on September 26, 1935. After the visit of Novorossiysk port, Dzhurma and Lulu arrived in Nagayevo in October 1935. The first Soviet captain of the ship Dzhurma was N.A. Finyakin.
Author Martin Bollinger reports that during the ship's Soviet career there is ample evidence that Dzhurma was used on Gulag routes between 1936 and 1950. As a part of the Dalstroy fleet, the ships Yagoda, Kulu and Dzhurma transported prisoners from Vladivostok, endpoint of the Transsiberian railway, across the Sea of Okhotsk to Kolyma via Nagayevo port, which was the port of Magadan city. Travel time to Magadan was about 6 to 14 days; trips to the Arctic were seasonal as during the winter the sea froze over. A steamer would make about ten trips a year. Conditions were horrendous, and many people did not survive the trip.
When the steamer Dzhurma or Kulu entered Nagayev Bay and signaled the arrival, everybody in the city knew that a new stage of prisoners had arrived, with up to 7,000 people in the holds. A column of ragged, hungry, wearied people, who had undergone night interrogations, were led from the shore to the "transitka" (the local name of transit camp), under the escort of submachine gunners with dogs. From here stages of prisoners went to camps in Kolyma.