Community hub
0 subscribers8 pages, 0 posts
Recent from talks
All channels
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Contribute something
Welcome to the community hub built to collect knowledge and have discussions related to Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg.
Nothing was collected or created yet.
Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg
View on Wikipediafrom Wikipedia
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (February 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg (Russian: Законода́тельное собра́ние Санкт-Петербу́рга, ЗакС, romanized: Zakonodátel'noe sobránie Sankt-Peterbúrga, ZakS) is the regional parliament of Saint Petersburg, a federal subject (federal city) of Russia. It was established in 1994, succeeding the Leningrad Council of People's Deputies (Lensovet).
Key Information
.svg)
It is a permanent body, and the supreme and only governing body in St Petersburg. It is located in the Mariinsky Palace. Its powers and duties are defined in the Charter of Saint Petersburg.
History
[edit]Russian Empire
[edit]Saint Petersburg's city duma was established in 1786 as part of Catherine II's reforms on local government.[1]
In 1798, Paul I abolished the city duma and replaced it with the Ratusha (Rathaus) until the city duma was restored in 1802. The city duma was again abolished in 1918 with its functions devolved to the Petrograd Soviet.[1]
Russian Federation
[edit]Initially it was the speaker of the Assembly who served as member of the Federation Council of Russia representing the legislative power body of this federal subject. However, in 2000 the federal legislation changed and the duties were delegated to a separate person to be elected by the regional legislature (not necessarily among its members). From June 13, 2001 until May 18, 2011, Sergey Mironov occupied this position.[citation needed]
According to federal legislation from 2005, the governor of Saint Petersburg (as well as heads of other federal subjects of Russia) was proposed by the President of Russia and approved by the regional legislature. On December 20, 2006, incumbent Valentina Matviyenko was approved as governor.[2][3][4] In 2012, following the passage of a new federal law,[5] which restored direct elections of the heads of federal subjects, the city charter was again amended.[6]
Convocations
[edit]The first three convocations were formed by a single-member district plurality voting system with at least 20% participation required (except for the 1994 elections with their changing participation threshold), two-round for the first and second convocations and single-round for the third one. On March 11, 2007, the fourth elections were held using a party-list proportional representation system with a 7-percent election threshold and no required threshold of participation for the first time according to the new city law accepted by the third convocation of the assembly in 2006[7] and new federal legislation.
Composition
[edit]The Assembly is a permanent body, and the supreme and only governing body in Saint Petersburg. It consists of fifty seats and is elected for a five-year term. Half of this number run in single-mandate constituencies, while the other half are in a single electoral district, with winners elected in proportion to the number of votes cast. The candidates are nominated by electoral associations.[9]
Structure and governor
[edit]The highest executive body of state power in Saint Petersburg is the government of Saint Petersburg, headed by the Governor of Saint Petersburg, who is the region's highest-ranking official. The Governor is elected for five years by Russian citizens who live in Saint Petersburg permanently.[9]
As of 2025[update], the incumbent governor is Alexander Beglov, who was re-elected for a second term of office in 2024.[9]
Past compositions
[edit]2011
[edit]| Party[10][11] | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Russia | 36.96 | 20 | |
| A Just Russia | 23.08 | 12 | |
| Communist Party | 13.69 | 7 | |
| Yabloko | 12.50 | 6 | |
| Liberal Democratic Party | 10.17 | 5 | |
| Patriots of Russia | 1.19 | 0 | |
| Union of Right Forces | 0.82 | 0 | |
2016
[edit]| Party[12] | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Russia | 41.25 | 36 | |
| Liberal Democratic Party | 12.40 | 3 | |
| Communist Party | 11.26 | 3 | |
| Party of Growth | 10.72 | 3 | |
| Yabloko | 9.77 | 2 | |
| A Just Russia | 9.10 | 3 | |
| People's Freedom Party | 2.11 | 0 | |
| Labor Front | 0.78 | 0 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 32.41 | ||
2021
[edit]| Party[13][14] | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Russia | 33.29 | 30[b] | |
| Communist Party | 17.47 | 7 | |
| A Just Russia — For Truth | 12.71 | 5 | |
| New People | 10.03 | 3 | |
| Yabloko | 9.15 | 2 | |
| Liberal Democratic Party | 7.90 | 3 | |
| Party of Growth | 4.13 | 0 | |
| Party for Freedom and Justice | 2.43 | 0 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 35.52 | ||
- Controversy
While non-systemic opposition was largely eliminated from the elections, those candidates (mostly of systemic opposition) who were allowed to participate were targeted by various semi-legal intimidation or confusion techniques. The one includes "doppelganger candidates",[15] where a person of similar look and surname was put on the same ballot in order to confuse voters.[15][16] A remarkable case of Boris Vishnevskiy, a candidate of the Yabloko party, who run in the №2 Saint Petersburg circuit with two nearly indistinguishable doppelgängers alongside was widely reported.[c] Both have changed their legal names to "Boris Vishnevsky" shortly before the elections, and returned to their original names shortly after it was finished.[25]
Speakers
[edit]| Name | Period | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st convocation | Yury Kravtsov | January 5, 1995 – April 2, 1998, | Dismissed ahead of schedule |
| Sergei Mironov | April 2, 1998 – 1999 | Acting | |
| 2nd convocation | Viktor Novosyolov | 1999 | Acting, assassinated on October 20, 1999 |
| Sergei Tarasov | June 7, 2000 – January 15, 2003 | ||
| 3rd convocation | Vadim Tyulpanov | January 15, 2003 – December 13, 2011 | |
| 4th convocation | |||
| 5th convocation | Vyacheslav Makarov | December 14, 2011 – September 28, 2016 | |
| 6th convocation | September 28, 2016 – September 29, 2021 | ||
| 7th convocation | Aleksandr Belsky | September 29, 2021 – present |
Footnotes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Кружнов, Ю. Н. "Городская дума". Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга.
- ^ "ЗакС.Ру : статьи : Валентине Матвиенко дали второй срок". Zaks.ru. December 21, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ "Работа для молодой, красивой и умной ~ Валентина Матвиенко пошла на второй срок". Kadis.ru. December 25, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ Сергей Павлов. "Яблоко. Публикации. Выбирай себе губернатора?". Yabloko.ru. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ "Федеральный закон от 02.05.2012 N 40-ФЗ "О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об общих принципах организации законодательных (представительных) и исполнительных органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации" и Федеральный закон "Об основных гарантиях избирательных прав и права на участие в референдуме граждан Российской Федерации"". garant.ru.
- ^ "Saint Petersburg law of 20.06.2012 № 339–59". Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
- ^ "Выборы - 2007 г. - Закон о выборах депутатов ЗС СПб". Assembly.spb.ru. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ "Первые выборы в Законодательное Собрание Санкт-Петербурга". Assembly.spb.ru. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ a b c d "City of St Petersburg". Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
- ^ "Данные о предварительных итогах голосования по единому округу", st-petersburg.vybory.izbirkom.ru, archived from the original on January 8, 2012, retrieved August 31, 2022
- ^ "2011. Выборы в Законодательное собрание Санкт-Петербурга, V созыв". spb-elections.ru.
- ^ "Сведения о проводящихся выборах и референдумах", st-petersburg.vybory.izbirkom.ru[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Избирком Петербурга подвел итоги выборов в ЗакС по спискам партий", zaks.ru, September 22, 2021
- ^ "Горизбирком Петербурга подвел итоги выборов в ЗакС". kommersant.ru. September 22, 2021.
- ^ a b "Spoiled elections The BBC dissects the dirty tactics used to demoralize voters on both wings of Russia's 'systemic' opposition". Meduza. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ a b Kramer, Andrew E. (September 17, 2021). "Fake Parties and Cloned Candidates: How the Kremlin 'Manages' Democracy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ Russell, Martin (September 15, 2021). "Russia's 2021 elections: Another step on the road to authoritarian rule" (PDF). European Parliamentary Research Service. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
- ^ "Three near-identical Boris Vishnevskys on St Petersburg election ballot". the Guardian. September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ "Doppelganger Dirty Trick In Russian Election Spawns Online Mockery". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ Hannon, Elliot (September 9, 2021). "Russian Opposition Candidate Boris Vishnevsky Faces Two Other Boris Vishnevskys on Ballot". Slate Magazine. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ "St. Petersburg Election Ballot Features 3 Near-Identical Boris Vishnevskys". The Moscow Times. September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ "Kremlin critic decries doppelgangers at St Petersburg election". Reuters. September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
- ^ ""Яблоко": в районах, где избираются Борис Вишневский и его двойники, частично отсутствует видеонаблюдение". Новая газета (in Russian). September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
- ^ "Двойники Вишневского на выборах в ЗакС Петербурга сменили не только имена, но и внешность". www.znak.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
- ^ ""Чтобы в какой-то мере пошутить": "двойник" Бориса Вишневского вернул себе настоящее имя после выборов в Петербурге". Новая газета (in Russian). October 22, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg at Wikimedia Commons
Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
History
Pre-Soviet and Soviet Predecessors
The Saint Petersburg City Duma was established on April 21, 1785, pursuant to Empress Catherine II's Charter on the Rights and Benefits of the Cities, which created municipal councils across the Russian Empire elected primarily by property-owning residents to handle local administration such as infrastructure, education, and public services.[6][7] Functioning as an advisory body subordinate to the city governor and imperial autocracy, the Duma possessed limited autonomy, with decisions subject to veto by higher authorities and elections restricted to a narrow electorate of merchants, homeowners, and guild members, reflecting the empire's centralized control over urban governance.[8] By the early 20th century, it managed practical matters like road paving and school funding but lacked broader legislative powers amid growing revolutionary pressures.[9] The Duma's role ended amid the 1917 revolutions, as workers' and soldiers' councils known as soviets emerged as alternative power centers; the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, formed in March 1917 following the February Revolution's overthrow of the tsar, initially coexisted uneasily with the Provisional Government but gained influence through its Military Revolutionary Committee.[10] On October 25, 1917 (Julian calendar; November 7 Gregorian), Bolshevik forces, coordinated by the Petrograd Soviet under Leon Trotsky's leadership, seized key sites including the Winter Palace, dissolving the Provisional Government and establishing soviet authority as the de facto local ruling body.[11] This marked a rupture from imperial elective councils to proletarian soviets, prioritizing class-based representation over property qualifications, though real power rested with Bolshevik-aligned executives. Renamed Leningrad in January 1924 to honor Vladimir Lenin, the city's soviet evolved into the supreme local organ under the USSR's hierarchical structure, nominally elected but effectively controlled by the Communist Party, combining legislative, executive, and administrative functions such as urban planning, resource allocation, and enforcement of central directives.[12] Until perestroika reforms in the late 1980s, it operated without separation of powers, subsuming oversight of industry, housing, and defense under party supremacy, with deputies selected via non-competitive processes to ensure alignment with Moscow's policies.[13] The Leningrad Soviet maintained continuity as the primary local authority post-World War II, managing reconstruction amid the city's 1941–1944 siege, but its decisions reflected national priorities rather than independent representation.[14] Following the USSR's dissolution, the 1991 renaming to Saint Petersburg preserved the soviet framework temporarily before federal restructuring introduced multiparty elections.[12]Establishment and Early Years in the Russian Federation
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg emerged in the turbulent post-Soviet transition period, following President Boris Yeltsin's dissolution of regional soviets in the wake of the 1993 constitutional crisis. This federal intervention, which targeted holdover bodies like the Leningrad Council of People's Deputies (Lensovet), paved the way for new regional legislatures aligned with the 1993 Russian Constitution's emphasis on separation of powers.[15] The assembly was formally established in 1994 as a unicameral body of 50 deputies, tasked with enacting city laws separate from the executive authority of the mayor (initially Anatoly Sobchak).[16] Its creation reflected an attempt to institute representative democracy at the subnational level amid Russia's shift from centralized Soviet governance.[17] The inaugural elections occurred on March 20–21, 1994, utilizing a single-member district plurality system, with subsequent rounds in October and November to fill remaining seats.[18] These polls unfolded against a backdrop of severe economic dislocation, including hyperinflation exceeding 2,000% annually and contentious voucher privatization schemes that fueled debates over asset distribution and market reforms.[19] Reform-oriented and centrist groups initially held sway, mirroring broader national trends toward liberalization under Yeltsin's administration, though turnout and participation thresholds shaped the assembly's early composition.[20] The body convened its first session later that year at the Mariinsky Palace, focusing on stabilizing local governance amid federal-regional tensions over fiscal control and autonomy.[21] Early operations were marked by power struggles between the nascent assembly and federal authorities, as Yeltsin's decrees sought to curb regional challenges to central reforms. Saint Petersburg's legislature navigated these frictions while asserting oversight on budget execution and development programs, though direct clashes remained muted compared to Moscow due to Sobchak's pro-Yeltsin stance.[22] By 1996, amid evolving federal legislation on subnational structures, initial charter provisions were amended to bolster regional legislative independence, setting the stage for the comprehensive Charter of Saint Petersburg adopted on January 14, 1998, which codified the assembly's permanent status and competencies.[23] These developments underscored causal tensions between democratic experimentation and the exigencies of economic stabilization in Russia's federalist framework.Evolution Through Convocations
The second through sixth convocations of the Legislative Assembly, spanning from 1998 to 2021, coincided with federal reforms initiated after 2003 that centralized political authority and promoted party-based representation in regional bodies. These changes, including the shift toward proportional electoral systems and the curtailment of single-mandate districts at the national level, extended to regions like Saint Petersburg, enabling the consolidation of pro-Kremlin forces and reducing fragmented multi-party dynamics.[24][25] By the fourth convocation in 2007, the assembly's proceedings increasingly mirrored national priorities, with legislation adapting to federal mandates on fiscal oversight and administrative alignment.[26] A pivotal adjustment occurred with the 2004–2005 federal laws empowering presidential appointment of regional executives, which suspended direct gubernatorial elections nationwide until 2012 and influenced Saint Petersburg's governance structure by prioritizing executive stability over local electoral contests.[27] This reform, part of Putin's broader vertical of power initiative, compelled the assembly to harmonize its charter with national standards, limiting autonomous deviations in executive selection and enhancing coordination between local and federal levels. The assembly enacted supporting measures, such as budgetary and procedural alignments, to facilitate this integration without explicit local overrides.[28] The seventh convocation, seated following the September 2021 elections and set to conclude in September 2026, has navigated heightened national cohesion amid the Ukraine conflict that escalated in 2022, prioritizing legislative support for federal security and economic resilience initiatives.[2] This period has underscored the assembly's role in endorsing unified responses to external challenges, further embedding local decisions within the Kremlin's strategic framework.[29]Legal Basis and Powers
Constitutional and Statutory Framework
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg operates within the framework established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted on December 12, 1993, which recognizes Saint Petersburg as a city of federal significance under Article 5, granting it the status of a constituent entity of the Federation equivalent to regions and republics.[30] Article 77 of the Constitution requires subjects of the Federation, including federal cities, to organize their systems of state authority through charters or laws, while adhering to federal constitutional principles and the general organization of representative and executive bodies defined by federal legislation.[30] This provision ensures that regional legislatures like the Assembly exercise powers within the delineated jurisdictions of joint federal-regional authority or exclusive regional matters, without encroaching on federal domains as stipulated in Articles 71-73.[30] The Charter of Saint Petersburg, the city's foundational law adopted by the Legislative Assembly on January 14, 1998, and subsequently amended (with key updates integrated through 2021), explicitly defines the Assembly as the standing legislative and representative body of state power in Saint Petersburg.[23] [31] Chapter 4 of the Charter delineates its role as the unicameral parliament responsible for enacting laws on regional matters, approving the budget, and overseeing executive implementation, all while subordinating its acts to the supremacy of the Russian Constitution and federal laws per Article 76.[30] [31] Overarching federal statutes further constrain and standardize the Assembly's operations, notably Federal Law No. 184-FZ of October 6, 1999, "On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of Subjects of the Russian Federation," which mandates uniform structures, election procedures, and accountability mechanisms across regions while permitting charter-based adaptations.[32] Complementing this, Federal Law No. 131-FZ of October 6, 2003, on the principles of local self-government, demarcates the boundary between regional state organs and municipal entities, prohibiting the Assembly from usurping self-governing functions reserved to local councils and thereby reinforcing federal limits on regional authority.[33] These laws collectively embed the Assembly in a hierarchical legal order where federal norms prevail, as affirmed in multiple constitutional amendments and judicial interpretations upholding centralized oversight.[30]Legislative Authority
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg exercises legislative authority primarily over matters of joint federal-regional jurisdiction and exclusive regional competence, as delineated in the Charter of Saint Petersburg. This includes enacting laws on the regional budget, taxation policies such as setting rates for property taxes, urban planning through approval of the city's master plan and zoning regulations, and allocation of funds for social services like regional education and healthcare programs. For instance, the assembly approved amendments to urban development frameworks in Law No. 785-169 of December 21, 2023, which updated the general plan to 2040, facilitating housing construction and infrastructure projects within federal constraints.[1][34] Recent legislative actions demonstrate this scope, such as the October 15, 2025, second-reading passage of amendments imposing fines of 2,000 to 4,000 rubles for walking dogs over 40 cm in height at the shoulder without a leash or muzzle in public areas, alongside prohibitions on bringing such animals into stores and other public spaces. These measures address local public safety and order but remain subject to gubernatorial veto, requiring a two-thirds majority override by the assembly if rejected by the governor.[35][36] The assembly's authority is empirically limited by federal supremacy, prohibiting legislation on exclusive federal domains such as foreign affairs, national defense, or monetary policy, with any conflicting regional laws nullifiable through constitutional court review or federal intervention. Regional enactments must align with overarching federal statutes, ensuring no contradiction in areas like civil rights or economic regulation, while the governor's veto power enforces executive checks on assembly outputs.[1]Oversight and Representative Functions
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg performs oversight functions by appointing key judicial officials, including justices of the peace and judges of the city's Charter Court, with recent appointments documented for multiple judicial districts in 2025.[37][38] It also establishes and oversees the Control and Accounts Chamber, a permanent body formed in 1995 to conduct external audits of budgetary expenditures, financial management, and economic activities across city institutions, ensuring compliance with fiscal laws.[39][40] These mechanisms enable the Assembly to review budget execution reports and verify the efficient use of public funds, distinct from its legislative approval of the budget itself.[41] In addition to financial scrutiny, the Assembly holds hearings on executive performance, including the governor's annual report on socio-economic development, as required by the city charter and presented on May 14, 2025, covering 2024 activities.[42][43] Such sessions allow deputies to question officials on policy implementation, including urban infrastructure like public transport subsidies, as addressed in plenary discussions on October 22, 2025, regarding funding for suburban rail services.[44] As a representative body, the Assembly facilitates public engagement through deputies' handling of constituent petitions and appeals, with dedicated receptions for individual and collective submissions from residents.[45] Deputies submit periodic reports detailing their work, including responses to citizen queries, as compiled in official summaries for periods like November 2023.[46] This process underscores the Assembly's role in channeling public input into oversight, though resolution outcomes depend on coordination with executive branches.[47]Structure and Composition
Number of Deputies and Term Length
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg consists of 50 deputies, elected for five-year terms.[48][43] This structure has remained consistent since the assembly's establishment in 1994 as the unicameral legislative body of the federal city.[3] The deputies' terms commence on the day of election and conclude at the start of the subsequent convocation.[49] Under the applicable electoral framework, 25 deputies are selected from single-mandate constituencies, while the remaining 25 are chosen through proportional representation via party lists.[48] The assembly imposes no limits on the number of consecutive terms a deputy may serve, permitting indefinite re-election subject to voter approval in each cycle.[50] This absence of term restrictions has facilitated sustained incumbency, as evidenced by deputies holding seats across multiple convocations, such as the sixth (2016–2021) and seventh (2021–2026).[51]Internal Committees and Procedures
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg operates through a system of standing committees and profile commissions that conduct preliminary reviews of draft laws, amendments, and policy proposals before they advance to plenary sessions. The primary standing committees include the Committee on Legislation, which examines legal compliance and drafting quality, and the Committee on Budget and Finances, which evaluates fiscal impacts and resource allocation. Additional commissions address specialized domains such as education, culture, science, urban economy, property management, and social issues. These bodies are formed at the start of each convocation via elections among the 50 deputies, ensuring proportional representation of factions while prioritizing expertise in relevant fields.[52][53] Committee meetings focus on detailed bill scrutiny, including consultations with experts, public input where applicable, and formulation of recommendations to enhance legislative efficiency and coherence. A committee session is quorate and empowered to decide if at least half of its members are present at the outset, promoting consistent participation and preventing procedural delays. Decisions within committees are typically reached by majority vote among attending members, with outcomes reported to the plenary for final consideration. This structure facilitates specialized handling of complex legislation while maintaining oversight through mandatory reporting.[54] Plenary sessions follow the Assembly's reglement, convening to debate and vote on committee-recommended items, with openness as the default principle unless a closed session is approved for security or confidentiality reasons. Quorum for plenaries requires a majority of the total deputies (at least 26 of 50), ensuring broad representation in decision-making. Voting occurs openly, with roll-call (poimennoe) procedures initiated upon request by one or more deputies to verify individual positions; laws and resolutions pass by simple majority of the full Assembly membership unless a qualified majority is specified. These procedures underscore procedural rigor, with reglement amendments adopted by majority vote to adapt to evolving needs.[55][56]Interaction with Executive Branch
The governor of Saint Petersburg holds veto power over legislation adopted by the Legislative Assembly, returning objected bills with motivated justifications or amendment proposals for reconsideration.[57] The assembly may override such a veto and enact the law without gubernatorial approval by a two-thirds majority vote of its total deputies, as stipulated in the city's Charter.[58] This process exemplifies formal checks and balances, yet overrides remain rare, with historical instances like Governor Valentina Matviyenko's 2003 veto on a law regulating municipal entity formation not resulting in successful overrides due to insufficient support or alignment with executive priorities.[59] The assembly's approval of the annual city budget, submitted by the governor via the Government of Saint Petersburg, constitutes a primary interaction point, involving committee reviews and amendments on revenue allocation and expenditures.[31] Negotiations frequently center on infrastructure and social spending, as evidenced by assembly debates on fiscal priorities that align with federal directives under Russia's vertical power framework. For example, budget deliberations emphasize compliance with national programs, limiting substantive divergences from executive proposals. Collaborative mechanisms, including joint coordination councils on economic development and urban policy, further structure interactions, promoting consensus over confrontation in a system where both branches typically reflect United Russia dominance and federal oversight. These bodies facilitate information exchange and policy harmonization, reducing veto escalations.[60]Electoral System
District System and Proportional Representation
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg employs a parallel mixed electoral system, with half of its 50 seats filled by plurality vote in single-member districts and the remaining half allocated proportionally from closed party lists in a single city-wide constituency. This structure, established under regional law, divides representation between local constituency-based mandates and broader party strength.[61][62] The 25 single-member districts are configured to approximate equal voter populations, drawing boundaries along administrative and municipal lines. These districts are periodically redrawn by the Saint Petersburg Electoral Commission—subject to Legislative Assembly approval—to account for demographic shifts, as occurred with adjustments implemented ahead of the 2021 elections following changes in voter distribution.[62] Proportional seats require parties to exceed a 5% vote threshold among lists from federally registered parties to qualify, excluding smaller competitors and concentrating mandates among dominant groups. Allocation follows the Hare quota: the quota equals total qualifying votes divided by 25 seats, with each party initially receiving the integer quotient of its votes over the quota; leftover seats go to parties with the largest remainders. This mechanism, by design, amplifies major-party gains through threshold barriers and remainder prioritization, empirically curtailing multipartisan diversity in favor of established entities.[61]Election Administration and Requirements
The elections to the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg are administered by the Saint Petersburg Electoral Commission (SPEC), a regional body subordinate to the federal Central Election Commission (CEC) of the Russian Federation, which provides methodological guidance, approves procedures, and conducts audits of regional electoral processes.[63] The SPEC handles key operational tasks, including the establishment of precinct election commissions (PECs), voter list management, and the supervision of voting and tabulation at approximately 2,000 polling stations across the city's 18 administrative districts.[64] Candidate nomination requires compliance with federal electoral laws, including signature collection for self-nominated independents equivalent to 0.5% of the electorate in single-mandate districts or proportional representation lists, typically amounting to several thousand valid signatures verified by the SPEC for authenticity and excluding duplicates or invalid entries.[65] Party lists must secure either parliamentary representation or equivalent signatures, with rejection thresholds for forgery rates exceeding 10%, a rule enforced more stringently against non-aligned candidates in practice.[66] Since 2021, federal legislation prohibits candidacy for individuals associated with organizations designated as extremist by Russian courts, a measure invoked to disqualify opposition figures linked to Alexei Navalny's networks following their extremist classification in June 2021, resulting in the barring of candidates based on prior rally participation or funding ties despite no direct violent extremism evidence.[67][68] This enforcement has disproportionately affected anti-government aspirants, with SPEC and CEC rejections upheld in administrative courts, limiting field diversity in subsequent assembly contests.[69] The CEC audits SPEC results, including turnout figures, but independent monitors have documented discrepancies, such as inflated early voting tallies in St. Petersburg exceeding official benchmarks by 5-10% in select precincts during 2021-2024 cycles, attributed to unverified absentee ballots and algorithmic anomalies in data aggregation.[70][71] These gaps persist despite CEC-mandated protocols for random verifications, highlighting uneven application of oversight standards across regions.[72]Voter Turnout and Participation Trends
Voter turnout in elections to the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg has declined over time, mirroring national trends of diminishing electoral engagement amid perceptions of predetermined outcomes and reduced competition. Official data for the 2021 election, held concurrently with federal polls from September 17 to 19, recorded a turnout of 35.52%, lower than in previous cycles and indicative of widespread apathy among urban voters disillusioned by the dominance of pro-Kremlin forces.[73] This figure contrasts with earlier post-Soviet elections, where participation rates in the mid-1990s often exceeded 50% during periods of greater political flux and ideological contestation following the Soviet collapse. The downward trajectory correlates causally with the centralization of executive control and suppression of opposition voices, eroding incentives for participation as outcomes appear increasingly managed through administrative channels rather than voter preference.[74] Efforts to reverse apathy include innovations in voting access, such as pilots for remote electronic voting introduced nationally since the 2020 constitutional referendum and expanded in subsequent elections. In Saint Petersburg, multi-day voting formats during the 2021 cycle incorporated digital options via the Gosuslugi portal, ostensibly boosting convenience for isolated or risk-averse voters amid the lingering COVID-19 context, yet these measures have sparked doubts over integrity due to limited independent auditing and potential for untraceable manipulation in verification processes.[75] Empirical analysis of precinct-level results shows turnout varying significantly by district demographics, with elevated rates—often above 40%—in peripheral or state-dependent areas exhibiting strong support for United Russia, attributable to organized mobilization by local administrations, while central urban precincts with histories of opposition activity recorded rates below 30%, reflecting genuine disengagement rather than systemic exclusion.[76][77] This pattern underscores how participation is not uniformly apathetic but selectively amplified in aligned locales to legitimize results.Political Dynamics
Dominant Parties and Factional Breakdown
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg comprises 50 deputies elected in 2021 for a five-year term extending into 2026. United Russia, the pro-Kremlin ruling party at the federal level, secured 30 seats, constituting a clear majority that allows it to control legislative proceedings and committee assignments.[78] Other parliamentary factions include the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) with 7 seats, A Just Russia – For Truth with 5 seats, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) with 3 seats, New People with 3 seats, and Yabloko with 2 seats.[78] These smaller factions represent a mix of leftist, nationalist, and liberal ideologies, but lack the numbers to challenge the majority independently.| Party/Faction | Seats |
|---|---|
| United Russia | 30 |
| Communist Party (CPRF) | 7 |
| A Just Russia – For Truth | 5 |
| LDPR | 3 |
| New People | 3 |
| Yabloko | 2 |
| Total | 50 |
Opposition Representation and Challenges
Opposition representation in the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg has remained marginal, with parties like Yabloko securing typically 1 to 3 seats out of 50 through single-mandate districts, while proportional representation lists have yielded none in recent cycles due to failing the 5% threshold.[80] Boris Vishnevsky, a Yabloko deputy, held one such seat from 2016 until his resignation on October 28, 2024, in compliance with a federal ban on "foreign agents" serving in elected office.[81] Independents aligned with opposition views have occasionally filled 1-2 additional seats, focusing legislative efforts on anti-corruption initiatives and local governance transparency, though most proposed bills encounter rejection by the United Russia majority.[82] Opposition deputies face structural barriers, including restricted media access under federal laws enacted in 2022 that criminalize dissemination of information contradicting official narratives on military actions, effectively limiting public advocacy and assembly debates.[83] Candidate disqualifications have intensified, with Yabloko's full slate of 83 nominees barred from 2024 municipal contests in Saint Petersburg on administrative grounds such as signature invalidation.[84] In the 2021 legislative elections, spoiler tactics emerged, exemplified by multiple candidates mimicking Vishnevsky's name and likeness to fragment opposition votes in his district.[85] Despite these hurdles, opposition voices have notched occasional procedural successes, such as Vishnevsky's advocacy contributing to concessions on public transport fare policies amid 2019 protests, where assembly discussions led to temporary reversals of proposed hikes following public pressure.[86] Such wins remain rare, often requiring external mobilization rather than internal consensus, underscoring the challenges of legislative influence in a dominated chamber.[87]Alignment with Federal Politics
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg maintains strong alignment with federal politics, reflecting the dominance of United Russia, the national ruling party that holds 30 of the 50 seats following the 2021 elections. This composition ensures consistent backing for Kremlin-led policies, as United Russia deputies prioritize national priorities in regional legislation, including endorsements of federal security measures and economic strategies.[78] A notable example of this synchronization occurred with the partial mobilization decree issued by President Vladimir Putin on September 21, 2022, which the assembly did not challenge legislatively, allowing seamless local implementation under gubernatorial oversight aligned with federal directives.[88] Such uniformity underscores the assembly's role in reinforcing national mobilization efforts without recorded dissent from the majority faction. Policy divergences remain exceptional and narrowly focused, often manifesting as appeals for enhanced federal budgetary support to counteract economic strains from Western sanctions initiated in 2014 and intensified through 2022. These requests, typically framed around sustaining local infrastructure and social expenditures amid revenue shortfalls, highlight pragmatic local interests but do not extend to opposition against core federal objectives.[89]Leadership
Speakers and Their Elections
The Speaker (Chairman) of the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg is elected by secret ballot at the first session of each new convocation, requiring a simple majority of votes from the total number of deputies (50 since 2011).[90] This internal selection often proceeds without competing candidates, reflecting the dominant position of United Russia, which has held a plurality or majority of seats in every convocation since 2002.[91] Early convocations featured more contested or interim leadership amid post-Soviet political transitions. Yury Kravtsov served as the first Speaker from January 5, 1995, to April 2, 1998, for the inaugural convocation, but was dismissed ahead of schedule.[92] Sergei Mironov then acted as Speaker from April 1998 until 1999.[93] In the second convocation, Viktor Novosyolov briefly acted in 1999 before his assassination on October 20, 1999; Sergei Tarasov succeeded him on June 7, 2000, serving until January 15, 2003.[92] Vadim Tyulpanov, representing United Russia, was elected Speaker on January 15, 2003, for the third convocation and re-elected for the fourth, holding the position until December 13, 2011.[94] Vyacheslav Makarov, also of United Russia, succeeded him on December 14, 2011, and was re-elected for the fifth and sixth convocations, serving until September 29, 2021.[95] Alexander Belsky, a United Russia deputy elected to the seventh convocation on September 19, 2021, was chosen as Speaker on September 29, 2021, during the inaugural session; his selection aligned with the party's 30-seat majority.[91] Belsky continues in the role as of 2025, with the convocation's term ending in 2026.[96]| Name | Party | Term Start | Term End | Convocation(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yury Kravtsov | Independent | January 5, 1995 | April 2, 1998 | 1st | Dismissed early.[92] |
| Sergei Mironov | Independent | April 1998 | 1999 | 1st | Acting. |
| Viktor Novosyolov | Independent | 1999 | October 20, 1999 | 2nd | Acting; assassinated. |
| Sergei Tarasov | Independent | June 7, 2000 | January 15, 2003 | 2nd | Elected post-assassination.[92] |
| Vadim Tyulpanov | United Russia | January 15, 2003 | December 13, 2011 | 3rd–4th | Re-elected across convocations.[94] |
| Vyacheslav Makarov | United Russia | December 14, 2011 | September 29, 2021 | 5th–6th | Re-elected; transitioned to State Duma.[95] |
| Alexander Belsky | United Russia | September 29, 2021 | Incumbent | 7th | Elected post-2021 assembly vote.[91] |
Deputy Speakers and Key Roles
The Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg elects deputy chairmen from among its members to assist the chairman in managing plenary sessions, coordinating committee work, and handling specialized portfolios, with elections occurring via majority vote shortly after each convocation's formation.[97] In the seventh convocation (September 2021–September 2026), two deputy chairmen were appointed: Nikolay Bondarenko of United Russia and Pavel Itkin of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR).[98][99] Bondarenko oversees international cooperation, chairing the Coordinating Council on International Labor Migration and leading delegations to strengthen ties with countries including Vietnam, Myanmar, and Belarus; for instance, he conducted business meetings in Vietnam in September 2022 and participated in a Vietnam-Russia people's diplomacy forum in October 2025.[100][101][102] Itkin, as LDPR faction leader, manages intra-assembly coordination and deputies' legislative tracking duties, substituting for the chairman during absences.[103] These roles ensure operational continuity and specialization, distinct from the chairman's overarching leadership, with low turnover since inception reflecting the assembly's composition stability dominated by United Russia.[98] No re-elections or replacements have occurred through October 2025.[97]Controversies
Allegations of Electoral Irregularities
In the September 2021 elections for the Legislative Assembly, independent election monitors from the Golos movement documented significant irregularities in Saint Petersburg, including the obstruction of observers at polling stations through expulsions, threats, and attempted physical assaults, often without police intervention.[104] Golos also received multiple reports indicating possible ballot stuffing, multiple voting (known as carousel voting, where groups vote repeatedly across stations), and proxy voting on behalf of absent individuals, patterns consistent with fraud-prone regions.[104] These claims were echoed by opposition figures and independent media, who argued that such tactics undermined the competitiveness of the vote in a city with historically stronger anti-establishment sentiment.[105] A prominent example involved Yabloko party deputy Boris Vishnevsky, who encountered three candidates registered under his exact name—two of them apparent doppelgangers who altered their appearances to resemble him—aimed at confusing voters and fragmenting the opposition tally in his single-mandate district.[106][107] Vishnevsky, a vocal Kremlin critic seeking re-election, lost narrowly to a United Russia-backed incumbent, with the tactic widely viewed by analysts as a deliberate spoiler strategy to dilute genuine opposition support without overt disqualification.[108] Authorities, via the Central Election Commission, acknowledged some procedural lapses nationwide by annulling over 6,200 ballots across regions for violations, but maintained that Saint Petersburg's process was transparent and results valid, with no widespread systemic fraud confirmed through post-election audits or challenges.[109] Opposition complaints to courts were largely dismissed, preserving United Russia's dominant outcome in the assembly.[80] Golos, as a non-partisan watchdog reliant on volunteer reports, provided empirical observer data but operated amid restrictions that limited comprehensive verification, contrasting with state-controlled narratives emphasizing procedural compliance.[104]Political Suppression Claims and Responses
Opposition figures in the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg, particularly from the Yabloko party, have alleged systematic harassment through legal mechanisms such as foreign agent designations and extremism investigations. Boris Vishnevskiy, a prominent Yabloko deputy and faction leader, was labeled a "foreign agent" by Russian authorities in early 2024, a status that prohibits participation in elections and public office, prompting his resignation from the assembly on October 28, 2024.[81] [82] Yabloko representatives claimed this action, along with broader applications of extremism laws since 2022, effectively suppresses dissenting voices by restricting their political activities and funding access.[110] [111] These claims extend to electoral tactics perceived as suppression, including the registration of spoiler candidates with identical names to confuse voters during the 2021 assembly elections, which notably targeted Vishnevskiy with two near-identical opponents mimicking his appearance and surname.[106] [80] Additionally, the pre-election ban on Alexei Navalny's Anti-Corruption Foundation—designated extremist in June 2021—and the blocking of his "smart voting" platform were cited by international observers, including the European Parliament, as undermining opposition coordination and outcomes in regional races like Saint Petersburg's, where United Russia secured dominance.[112] [113] [114] Russian authorities have responded by framing such measures as enforcement of national security laws against foreign influence and extremism, arguing they prevent destabilizing activities rather than target political views.[115] Officials maintain that foreign agent registrations apply uniformly to entities receiving undeclared foreign funding, and extremism probes address verifiable threats, with no evidence of selective application against assembly members cited in official statements.[116] In defense of electoral integrity, authorities rejected spoiler allegations as unsubstantiated, emphasizing compliance with signature and candidacy rules to ensure fair competition.[117] Assembly proponents credit ongoing legislative work, including stability-focused measures passed post-2021, with maintaining governance continuity amid external pressures, countering narratives of suppression by highlighting procedural adherence.[118]Performance Evaluations and Achievements
The Legislative Assembly of the seventh convocation, elected in September 2021, has adopted numerous laws addressing urban development, healthcare, and fiscal policy. In 2023, it passed amendments to the General Plan of Saint Petersburg, updating provisions on land use and infrastructure to accommodate population growth and density management while preserving historical sites.[119] It also enacted Law No. 696-142 on November 23, 2023, modifying regional tax and fee structures to bolster local revenue streams and support municipal self-governance initiatives.[120] These measures aimed to enhance administrative autonomy amid federal oversight, with over 100 legislative acts processed annually in the post-2021 period.[121] Budget execution under the Assembly's oversight demonstrated high efficiency, reaching 98% of planned expenditures in 2023, up from prior years, reflecting effective allocation for social services, infrastructure, and national projects despite macroeconomic pressures like inflation and sanctions.[122] Overall city budget spending totaled 1.174 trillion rubles, exceeding the previous year's outlays by 131 billion rubles, with revenues at 104.6% of plan.[123] This performance metric underscores fiscal discipline, as the Assembly approved and monitored frameworks aligning local priorities with federal mandates, including healthcare guarantees via Law No. 802-170 adopted December 21, 2023.[124] Independent evaluations of the Assembly's broader effectiveness remain sparse, with official reports emphasizing legislative productivity—such as streamlined medical staffing rules in 2024 sessions—but lacking comprehensive public approval data beyond deputy-specific media mentions.[121] Pro-government assessments highlight alignment with regional goals, while the absence of neutral polling limits cross-verification; however, sustained high budget absorption rates indicate operational competence in resource deployment.[122]References
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2021_Saint_Petersburg_legislative_election_diagram.svg