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Salento
Salento (Italian: [saˈlɛnto]; Salentino: Salentu; Salento Griko: Σαλέντο) is a cultural, historical, and geographic region at the southern end of the administrative region of Apulia, in southern Italy. It is a sub-peninsula of the Italian Peninsula, sometimes described as the "heel" of the Italian "boot". It encompasses the entire administrative area of the Province of Lecce, most of the Province of Brindisi (all of it except Fasano, Ostuni and Cisternino), and the south-eastern part of the Province of Taranto (like Grottaglie and Avetrana, but not Taranto itself).
In ancient times the peninsula was named Sallentina, or Messapia. To this peninsula the term Calabria was originally applied during the ancient Roman and early Byzantine era, but since 580 the administrative scope of Calabrian province was gradually expanded towards western regions, encompassing ancient Bruttium, and thus by the 10th century the term Calabria was shifted to that region, known since then as modern Calabria.
In the eleventh century BC, Iapygians migrated to Apulia from the Illyrian coast, to what was Messapia (Greek: Μεσσαπία) which was the ancient name of a region of Italy largely corresponding to modern Salento. Following the migration, the Greeks arrived in Messapia from Sparta, and giving Salento the name Magna Grecia.
In the fourth century BC, the Roman Empire built the Appian Way or Via Appia, connecting the capital Rome to Apulia. The Romans expelled the Greeks and took control of the region in 272 BC. Under Roman rule, the region of Salento was known as Calabria, and it developed a flourishing agricultural economy growing wheat, and producing olive oil. Around 7 BC, emperor Augustus divided Roman Italy into regions, one of them being Regio II Apulia et Calabria. Emperor Diocletian (284-305) reorganized Italian regions into provinces, and the newly created province of Apulia and Calabria was placed under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy. The Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD, but the province continued to function under the Ostrogothic rule.
Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (527-565) launched the re-conquest of Italy, thus initiating the Gothic War (535–554), that ended with Byzantine victory. Under imperial rule, the Praetorian prefecture of Italy included the province of Apulia and Calabria (modern Apulia with Salento). During the Byzantine era, Greek influence was strengthened in Salento, as attested by the use of Greek language, and the Byzantine rite, followed by other cultural and artistic influences. Greek is still spoken in parts of Salento as Salentino Griko.
Since 569, the invading Lombards tried to conquer the region, but were pushed back by the Byzantines. Responding to those threats, remaining Byzantine territories in Italy were regrouped into several regions, or eparchies in 580, one of them being Calabria, that was encompassing not only ancient Roman Calabria (Salento), but also Lucania and Bruttium, thus laying foundation for the expansion of the term. Already by 584, the entire Italian Prefecture was reorganized into the Exarchate of Ravenna, that was encompassing the enlarged Calabria, but in time much of southern Italy fell under the rule of Lombard Duchy of Benevento.
The Saracens occupied Bari, Ugento, and Taranto in 847 AD, but the Byzantines still remained in the un-occupied regions of Salento. Following this occupation, the Saracens in 870 AD destroyed Ugento, and deported all the inhabitants of Ugento to Africa, which after the destruction of Ugento, Taranto was also destroyed by the Saracens. Byzantines succeeded in recapturing Bari, and also much of Apulia from the Lombards, and thus by the 10th century created a new theme (province) of Langobardia, that was encompassing Apulia with Salento, while the theme of Calabria was encompassing ancient Bruttium, and thus from that time the term Calabria gained its modern meaning, detached from Salento.
In 1016, the Normans arrived in Southern Italy, landing in Salerno. Apulia became governed in 1059 by the Norman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and this was the beginning of a period of prosperity for the region of Salento. Apulia became a part of the Holy Roman Empire under Henri VI von Hohenstaufen, followed by his son, the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II. Between 1266-1442, the French Angevins came to power and Apulia became part of the Kingdom of Naples, taken from the Kingdom of Sicily. Following the merger with Naples, the Kingdom of Naples became a part of the Crown of Aragon until 1458.
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Salento
Salento (Italian: [saˈlɛnto]; Salentino: Salentu; Salento Griko: Σαλέντο) is a cultural, historical, and geographic region at the southern end of the administrative region of Apulia, in southern Italy. It is a sub-peninsula of the Italian Peninsula, sometimes described as the "heel" of the Italian "boot". It encompasses the entire administrative area of the Province of Lecce, most of the Province of Brindisi (all of it except Fasano, Ostuni and Cisternino), and the south-eastern part of the Province of Taranto (like Grottaglie and Avetrana, but not Taranto itself).
In ancient times the peninsula was named Sallentina, or Messapia. To this peninsula the term Calabria was originally applied during the ancient Roman and early Byzantine era, but since 580 the administrative scope of Calabrian province was gradually expanded towards western regions, encompassing ancient Bruttium, and thus by the 10th century the term Calabria was shifted to that region, known since then as modern Calabria.
In the eleventh century BC, Iapygians migrated to Apulia from the Illyrian coast, to what was Messapia (Greek: Μεσσαπία) which was the ancient name of a region of Italy largely corresponding to modern Salento. Following the migration, the Greeks arrived in Messapia from Sparta, and giving Salento the name Magna Grecia.
In the fourth century BC, the Roman Empire built the Appian Way or Via Appia, connecting the capital Rome to Apulia. The Romans expelled the Greeks and took control of the region in 272 BC. Under Roman rule, the region of Salento was known as Calabria, and it developed a flourishing agricultural economy growing wheat, and producing olive oil. Around 7 BC, emperor Augustus divided Roman Italy into regions, one of them being Regio II Apulia et Calabria. Emperor Diocletian (284-305) reorganized Italian regions into provinces, and the newly created province of Apulia and Calabria was placed under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy. The Roman Empire collapsed in 476 AD, but the province continued to function under the Ostrogothic rule.
Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (527-565) launched the re-conquest of Italy, thus initiating the Gothic War (535–554), that ended with Byzantine victory. Under imperial rule, the Praetorian prefecture of Italy included the province of Apulia and Calabria (modern Apulia with Salento). During the Byzantine era, Greek influence was strengthened in Salento, as attested by the use of Greek language, and the Byzantine rite, followed by other cultural and artistic influences. Greek is still spoken in parts of Salento as Salentino Griko.
Since 569, the invading Lombards tried to conquer the region, but were pushed back by the Byzantines. Responding to those threats, remaining Byzantine territories in Italy were regrouped into several regions, or eparchies in 580, one of them being Calabria, that was encompassing not only ancient Roman Calabria (Salento), but also Lucania and Bruttium, thus laying foundation for the expansion of the term. Already by 584, the entire Italian Prefecture was reorganized into the Exarchate of Ravenna, that was encompassing the enlarged Calabria, but in time much of southern Italy fell under the rule of Lombard Duchy of Benevento.
The Saracens occupied Bari, Ugento, and Taranto in 847 AD, but the Byzantines still remained in the un-occupied regions of Salento. Following this occupation, the Saracens in 870 AD destroyed Ugento, and deported all the inhabitants of Ugento to Africa, which after the destruction of Ugento, Taranto was also destroyed by the Saracens. Byzantines succeeded in recapturing Bari, and also much of Apulia from the Lombards, and thus by the 10th century created a new theme (province) of Langobardia, that was encompassing Apulia with Salento, while the theme of Calabria was encompassing ancient Bruttium, and thus from that time the term Calabria gained its modern meaning, detached from Salento.
In 1016, the Normans arrived in Southern Italy, landing in Salerno. Apulia became governed in 1059 by the Norman Robert Guiscard, Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and this was the beginning of a period of prosperity for the region of Salento. Apulia became a part of the Holy Roman Empire under Henri VI von Hohenstaufen, followed by his son, the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II. Between 1266-1442, the French Angevins came to power and Apulia became part of the Kingdom of Naples, taken from the Kingdom of Sicily. Following the merger with Naples, the Kingdom of Naples became a part of the Crown of Aragon until 1458.
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