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Satellite Sentinel Project
Satellite Sentinel Project
Satellite Sentinel Project
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Evidence of Northern-aligned forces deployed to Abyei Region, Sudan
(21 March 2011)

Key Information

Satellite image of the burning of Tajalei, Sudan
(6 March 2011)

The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) was conceived by George Clooney and Enough Project co-founder John Prendergast during their October 2010 visit to South Sudan.[1][2] Through the use of satellite imagery, SSP provides an early warning system to deter mass atrocities in a given situation by focusing world attention and generating rapid responses to human rights and human security concerns taking place in that situation.

Activities

[edit]

SSP currently[when?] produces reports on the state of the conflict in the border regions between Sudan and South Sudan. DigitalGlobe provides satellite imagery and analysis. Their reporting is then released to the press and policymakers by the Enough Project.[3] In 2011, the Satellite Sentinel Project detected images of freshly-dug mass grave sites in the South Kordofan, a state of South Sudan, where Sudanese military forces had killed members of a black ethnic minority suspected to support South Sudanese forces.[4][5] SSP was the first to provide evidence consistent with the razing of the villages of Maker Abior, Todach, and Tajalei in the Abyei region of Sudan, and the project has discovered eight alleged mass graves in South Kordofan, Sudan.[citation needed] SSP also planned to investigate how illegal trade in diamonds, gold and ivory was used to fund human-rights abusers.[6]

Organization and funding

[edit]

Not On Our Watch Project provided seed money to launch the Satellite Sentinel Project. The Enough Project contributes field reports, policy analysis and communications strategy, and, together with Not On Our Watch and its SUDANNOW partners, pressures policymakers by urging the public to act. Google and Internet strategy firm Trellon, LLC collaborate to design the web platform.

Limits to effectiveness

[edit]

Patrick Meier, a crisis mapping expert, has observed that the deterrent value of any surveillance is diminished in the absence of consequences for the perpetrators of violence. Specific to Sudan, other technologies such as drones are necessary to differentiate threats from nomads in order to generate actionable information.[7]

References

[edit]
[edit]
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Satellite Sentinel Project

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) was a satellite monitoring initiative launched on 29 December 2010 by the in partnership with Not On Our Watch to deter a return to full-scale between and by documenting threats to civilians along their border in near real-time. It employed commercial high-resolution provided by , analyzed by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, to identify and report on potential hotspots, military activities, and violations, marking the first sustained public effort of its kind to systematically address threats through evidence-based alerts. During its pilot phase from December 2010 to June 2012, SSP released 28 reports detailing events such as the predicted invasion of by Sudanese forces two months prior to its occurrence in May 2011, the burning of villages like Tajalei, and alleged mass graves in , providing visual evidence that supported into war crimes and . These findings were cited in over 8,000 media articles, presented to the UN Security Council, referenced by more than 60 members of the US Congress, and briefed to the US President, thereby focusing international attention and informing policy responses to avert atrocities. The project's methodology combined data with pattern analysis and ground sources, transitioning after the pilot to broader efforts under The Sentry while demonstrating the potential of open-source monitoring for .

Origins and Launch

Conception and Founding

The Satellite Sentinel Project was conceived in October 2010 by actor and John Prendergast, co-founder of the , during a trip to the border region between and . The idea emerged amid concerns over escalating violence following the January 2011 referendum on 's independence, with the founders seeking a mechanism to leverage commercial for real-time monitoring of potential mass atrocities. Prendergast, a former U.S. State Department official focused on African conflicts, and Clooney, an advocate against through organizations like Not On Our Watch, aimed to create a "sentinel" system that could document evidence of attacks and deter perpetrators by publicizing verifiable imagery. The project's foundational motivation was to prevent a resumption of full-scale between northern and the newly independent , building on prior efforts by the to end and in . By combining high-resolution satellite data with on-the-ground reports, the initiative sought to focus global attention on threats to civilians, providing rapid alerts to policymakers and the public without relying on traditional media or government intelligence, which often faced access restrictions in conflict zones. This approach was rooted in the belief that public exposure of atrocities, supported by irrefutable visual evidence, could impose on actors like the Sudanese government forces accused of aerial bombings and ground assaults. The project was formally launched on December 29, 2010, as a partnership involving the for advocacy and analysis, for and initial technical expertise, and the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative for methodological support in imagery interpretation. Seed funding came from Not On Our Watch, co-founded by Clooney, enabling the pilot phase to begin monitoring key flashpoints along the North-South border. Early operations prioritized areas like , where tensions over oil-rich territories heightened risks of ethnic violence, setting the stage for the project's role in generating public alerts based on detected troop movements and village burnings.

Initial Launch and Pilot Phase

The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) was publicly launched on December 29, 2010, as an initiative to monitor and deter potential war crimes and abuses along the North-South border, particularly in the lead-up to South Sudan's scheduled for , 2011. The project originated from a collaboration among Not On Our Watch, the , , , and the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI), utilizing commercial high-resolution tasked daily to capture events in near real-time. Initial operations centered on the disputed region and adjacent border areas, where (SAF) activities posed risks to civilians and the peace process established by the 2005 . The pilot phase commenced immediately upon launch and was initially planned as a six-month effort but extended through June 2012, producing over 20 reports on verified incidents. During this period, SSP analysts at HHI processed imagery to detect troop buildups, encampments, and destruction, such as the March 6, 2011, burning of Tajalei village in , which imagery showed as systematic razing by SAF-aligned forces. Early alerts included documentation of SAF incursions into in early January 2011, prompting international scrutiny and contributing to diplomatic pressures that helped avert immediate escalation post-referendum. The project's emphasized rapid public dissemination of evidence via online platforms, aiming to leverage global awareness as a deterrent, with initial imagery acquisitions focusing on key hotspots like Goli and areas. By mid-2011, the pilot had demonstrated feasibility in providing verifiable visual evidence of abuses, including sites and village razings, though challenges persisted in attributing responsibility and influencing policy responses due to limited access for ground verification. UNOSAT provided supplementary technical analysis support until June 2011, enhancing damage assessments in regions. The phase's reports, such as those on apparent near in August 2011, underscored SSP's role in systematic monitoring amid ongoing tensions, setting the stage for program expansion.

Objectives and Approach

Stated Goals

The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) was established with the primary objectives of deterring a return to full-scale civil war between northern and southern following the 2005 , and deterring and documenting threats to civilians along the North-South border. Launched on December 29, 2010, the initiative aimed to leverage commercial to provide near-real-time monitoring of potential conflict hotspots, thereby creating evidentiary records of abuses to hold perpetrators accountable. SSP's mission emphasized functioning as an to avert mass atrocities by directing international scrutiny toward emerging threats and facilitating swift diplomatic or humanitarian interventions based on analyzed imagery. Proponents, including project co-founders from the and Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, posited that public dissemination of verifiable satellite evidence would impose reputational and legal costs on aggressors, particularly Sudanese government forces and militias accused of targeting civilians. Over time, the project's stated scope expanded to encompass broader atrocity prevention efforts, incorporating forensic investigations and ground-level advocacy to counter violence in regions like and .

Methodology and Technology

The Satellite Sentinel Project utilized commercial high-resolution optical to enable near real-time monitoring of potential threats to civilians in conflict zones, particularly in and . Imagery was primarily acquired from 's constellation, which included satellites such as WorldView-1 and , providing panchromatic resolutions as fine as 0.41 meters and multispectral bands for enhanced feature detection. Satellites were tasked to prioritize areas of interest, such as border regions and refugee routes, with DigitalGlobe contributing over 300,000 square kilometers of imagery during the pilot phase from December 2010 to June 2012. The core , designed by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, centered on systematic acquisition triggered by ground alerts or risk assessments, followed by manual expert analysis to identify military activities, infrastructure destruction, and population displacements. Analysts examined temporal changes in , such as vehicle convoys, encampments, or burn scars, using visual interpretation techniques without reliance on automated algorithms during the project's active years. Findings were cross-verified against eyewitness reports and via the framework, which mapped ground testimony onto geolocated data to confirm events like village burnings or troop movements. This integration aimed to mitigate interpretation errors inherent in alone, such as distinguishing active conflict from natural degradation. Processed reports, including annotated images and evidentiary assessments, were disseminated publicly within days of image acquisition to international stakeholders, leveraging the deterrent effect of verifiable documentation. The approach emphasized rapid turnaround, with imagery analysis cycles typically spanning 24-72 hours from tasking to release, though coverage was limited by satellite revisit times and in optical systems.

Operations and Activities

Geographic Focus Areas

The Satellite Sentinel Project primarily directed its satellite-based monitoring toward the conflict-affected border regions between and , with intensive coverage of disputed territories such as the arbitration area and state. These locations were selected due to their history of ethnic violence, resource disputes, and military incursions, particularly in the lead-up to and following 's on January 9, 2011. The project's operational emphasis included near-daily imaging of approximately 1,950 kilometers of the north-south border, targeting indicators of potential atrocities like troop concentrations, aerial bombings, and civilian displacements in areas including Unity State on the South Sudanese side and oil-rich zones in South Kordofan. This geographic prioritization stemmed from assessments of high-risk flashpoints where Sudanese Armed Forces activities had previously displaced hundreds of thousands, as evidenced by pre-project reports of over 400,000 deaths in Darfur-related conflicts extending into border zones. In May 2014, the initiative announced an expansion beyond the Sudan-South Sudan corridor to encompass the and the , incorporating these nations' instability—marked by armed group activities and civilian targeting—into its atrocity-detection framework, though core operations remained anchored in Sudanese border monitoring.

Key Monitoring Reports and Alerts

The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) produced dozens of near-real-time reports and alerts from its launch in December 2010 through its pilot phase ending in June 2012, drawing on high-resolution from analyzed by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative and the . These outputs focused on documenting (SAF) deployments, civilian attacks, and potential war crimes in contested areas like , , and , with 28 major reports issued between January 2011 and April 2012. SSP's methodology emphasized verifiable visual evidence corroborated by ground reports, aiming to provide policymakers and the public with actionable intelligence on atrocity risks, though the project's alerts often highlighted SAF actions while noting limited access to opposition-held areas constrained independent verification. Early alerts targeted escalating tensions in , including the apparent intentional burning of Tajalei village, where imagery captured on March 6, 2011, revealed over 300 structures destroyed by fire between March 4 and 6, consistent with reports of SAF-aligned activity violating the . In March 2011, SSP also documented fortified Misseriya encampments near Goli and other sites in , showing increased northern-aligned forces buildup that preceded broader clashes. By May 25, 2011, SSP confirmed an SAF incursion into , with imagery evidencing troop advances, vacated camps like Goli, and widespread village burnings, forecasting the invasion nearly two months earlier based on prior deployments. These reports contributed to international scrutiny, including UN briefings, though critics noted reliance on commercial imagery limited resolution in obscured or nighttime events. In , SSP's June 2011 initial report detailed SAF deployments around , followed by July alerts identifying clusters of disturbed earth consistent with mass graves, including white bundles suggestive of human remains near Hagar Al Nar, corroborated by eyewitness accounts of executions. An August 17, 2011, "" alert further evidenced ongoing burials in remote sites, supporting examinations of alleged war crimes. Later reports, such as November 2011 imagery verifying SAF aerial bombings of South Sudanese refugee camps like Ajuong Thok and Dajo, underscored cross-border threats, with bomb craters and structural damage visible post-strikes on November 8 and 10. Overall, SSP alerts amassed over 8,000 media citations and informed UN and U.S. policy responses, though empirical assessments indicate they deterred some escalations via public exposure while facing challenges from Sudan's restricted access and imagery costs.

Organization and Funding

Core Partners and Structure

The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) was established as a collaborative initiative primarily between the Enough Project and the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI). Conceived in October 2010 by actor and Enough Project co-founder John Prendergast during a visit to the -South Sudan border, the project leveraged the Enough Project's expertise in , media outreach, and on-the-ground intelligence alongside HHI's capabilities in humanitarian data analysis and crisis mapping. Key technical partners included , which provided high-resolution commercial , and , responsible for geospatial mapping and public dissemination of alerts via platforms like . The United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT), under UNITAR, contributed to imagery analysis and verification starting from the project's inception, enhancing the evidentiary rigor of reports. Additional support came from Trellon LLC for web development and logistics, though these entities operated in specialized roles rather than as co-leads. Organizationally, SSP functioned as a non-hierarchical without a formal independent body or , hosted administratively within HHI at Harvard University's School of . Decision-making centered on a core team integrating field researchers from the with analysts from HHI, who coordinated imagery tasking, report generation, and public releases. Seed funding, including from producer , enabled initial operations, but ongoing sustainability relied on donations and grants funneled through partner NGOs rather than a dedicated fiscal entity. This loose model prioritized rapid response over bureaucratic oversight, allowing flexibility in monitoring but limiting long-term institutionalization.

Financial Support and Sustainability

The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) was initially funded for its six-month pilot phase through a combination of private donations exceeding $2 million, with key contributions from and philanthropist , who co-founded the initiative. This funding covered the procurement of tasked and operational analysis, highlighting early reliance on high-profile individual and corporate support rather than diversified or governmental streams. , a commercial satellite imagery provider, supplemented cash contributions with in-kind donations valued at over 300,000 square kilometers of priority imagery during the pilot, reducing direct acquisition costs but underscoring dependency on voluntary corporate partnerships. Subsequent expansions, announced in May 2014, drew on continued private funding to shift focus toward forensic investigations of atrocity financing, but specific donor amounts remained opaque and tied to Clooney's advocacy network. The project's financial model, centered on and Harvard Humanitarian Initiative coordination without a dedicated endowment, proved unsustainable for indefinite operations, as evidenced by its classification as a "past campaign" by 2020s documentation from originating organizations. High recurring costs for on-demand satellite tasking—potentially tens of thousands per image set, excluding analysis—exacerbated vulnerabilities, with no transition to recurring grants or self-funding mechanisms reported. Sustainability challenges stemmed from the pilot's ad-hoc structure, which prioritized rapid deployment over scalable , leading to eventual wind-down despite demonstrable outputs; assessments noted that while imagery access was secured via partnerships, broader institutional funding gaps limited replication beyond Sudan-focused monitoring. Absent diversified sources like multilateral or commercial licensing, SSP's viability hinged on transient celebrity and tech-sector interest, a causal factor in its non-permanent status amid fluctuating geopolitical priorities.

Impact and Effectiveness

Documented Achievements and Evidence

The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) documented numerous instances of alleged atrocities and military movements in and through analysis of commercial , contributing to international awareness and investigations. Between January 2011 and April 2012, SSP released 28 reports detailing potential violations of by Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and South Sudan-aligned groups, including troop buildups, village burnings, and civilian displacements. These reports were cited in over 8,000 global media articles and briefed to entities such as the U.S. President, UN , and more than 60 U.S. Congress members, amplifying scrutiny on conflict zones. A key achievement was SSP's prediction of the Government of Sudan's May 2011 invasion of the Abyei region, identified nearly two months in advance through satellite imagery showing SAF troop concentrations and logistical preparations in seven sequential reports. Following the invasion on May 20, 2011, SSP provided visual evidence of extensive destruction in Abyei town, where approximately one-third of civilian structures were razed, alongside the presence of at least 10 main battle tanks, mobile artillery, and other heavy assets, leading to the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians. This imagery, analyzed by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, supported claims of disproportionate force and intentional targeting, constituting potential war crimes under the Geneva Conventions, and was shared with the International Criminal Court. SSP also identified multiple alleged mass grave sites in , , via corroborated with ground reports, aiding efforts to document . The project pioneered sustained near real-time public monitoring of threats, integrating with field verification to generate alerts that informed policymakers and media, though direct causal of atrocity prevention remains limited to deterrence through exposure rather than verified halts in violence. Assessments, such as those from the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, highlight SSP's effectiveness in evidentiary documentation and operational lessons for humanitarian technology applications.

Criticisms and Empirical Limitations

The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) faced criticism for its limited deterrent effect on mass atrocities, despite generating public alerts and documentation. In May 2011, SSP accurately forecasted the ' offensive in —described by analyst Rebecca Hamilton as "perhaps the most clearly forecast crisis in history"—yet the attacks proceeded, displacing over civilians and destroying infrastructure without significant international intervention to halt them. Similarly, SSP's real-time imaging of assaults in during the 2011 conflict prompted U.S. investigations but yielded minimal humanitarian or diplomatic responses, underscoring that evidentiary outputs alone could not compel action absent political will. Empirical assessments highlighted methodological constraints inherent to satellite-based monitoring. High operational costs, such as over $400,000 for tasking commercial imagery in SSP campaigns, restricted the frequency and coverage of acquisitions, particularly for non-governmental entities reliant on donors. Frequent in Sudan's equatorial regions, exacerbated during rainy seasons, obscured up to significant portions of target areas, undermining the project's near-real-time capabilities and reliability for time-sensitive alerts. Moreover, alone could not reliably establish perpetrator intent, causality, or violations without corroborative ground-level verification, as visual observables like village burnings or troop movements lacked contextual attribution. Further limitations arose from data interpretation and evidentiary standards. SSP's integration of advocacy with analysis raised concerns over potential bias, where pre-existing narratives might influence observable classifications, eroding judicial admissibility—courts required expert testimony and multi-source validation, rendering satellite evidence non-dispositive. Quantitative evaluations of similar satellite monitoring efforts, such as Amnesty International's in Sudan, suggested counterproductive outcomes, with monitored areas experiencing 15-20% higher violence levels, possibly due to perpetrators adapting tactics like nighttime operations or exploiting awareness gaps. Overall, while SSP advanced documentation, no robust causal evidence linked its interventions to reduced atrocity rates, prompting a pivot toward decision-support tools over direct prevention.

Legacy and Transition

Post-Pilot Developments

Following the conclusion of its pilot phase on June 1, 2012, the Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) extended its monitoring efforts, issuing reports on ongoing threats in and . In July 2012, SSP released imagery confirming the razing of a village in , corroborated by eyewitness accounts, as part of efforts to document mass atrocities and relaunch high-tech surveillance with support from . Additional analyses in October 2012 identified explosions and fires in , highlighting continued real-time assessment of military activities and potential risks. These post-pilot operations maintained the partnership model involving for imagery, the for advocacy, and the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI) for analysis, focusing on border regions and conflict hotspots through 2013. By 2015, SSP discontinued public posting of its satellite imagery results, marking the effective end of sustained operational monitoring under the original framework. Resources and expertise from SSP were redirected to The Sentry, an investigative initiative launched in 2015 by former SSP principals including and John Prendergast, which shifted emphasis from satellite-based early warning to tracing financial networks funding African conflicts, such as those involving warlords and kleptocrats in and the Democratic Republic of Congo. This transition reflected a strategic evolution toward and accountability mechanisms rather than visual deterrence, building on SSP's documented but addressing limitations in halting atrocities through imagery alone. HHI, meanwhile, launched the Signal Program in September 2012 to advance broader humanitarian data methodologies derived from SSP experience, though this operated separately from frontline SSP alerts.

Influence on Subsequent Initiatives

The Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) demonstrated the viability of leveraging commercial for near-real-time monitoring of potential atrocities, establishing a model that subsequent initiatives adapted for advocacy and conflict deterrence. Launched in December 2010, SSP's systematic analysis of high-resolution images from providers like enabled rapid public reporting on threats in and , influencing the operational frameworks of later programs by emphasizing accessible technology over ground-based verification challenges. Resources and expertise from SSP transitioned directly into The Sentry, an initiative by the launched in 2015 to investigate and disrupt the economic networks financing African war crimes through targeted sanctions and advocacy. The Sentry builds on SSP's geospatial methodologies, incorporating satellite data alongside financial tracking to document atrocities, such as smuggling in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and has secured over 100 U.S. sanctions designations by 2023. This evolution reflects SSP's legacy in scaling from monitoring to actionable policy interventions, though The Sentry prioritizes over continuous satellite surveillance. SSP's assessments, including the 2013 Harvard Humanitarian Initiative evaluation, disseminated lessons on integrating with advocacy, informing humanitarian practitioners on limitations like resolution constraints and verification needs, which shaped broader adoption in non-governmental and multilateral efforts. For instance, its collaboration with UNOSAT during the pilot phase over highlighted synergies between NGO-driven alerts and UN geospatial analysis, contributing to expanded UN applications of satellite data for crisis mapping, such as monitoring displacement in subsequent conflicts. However, empirical critiques note that while SSP raised awareness, direct causal deterrence remained unproven, tempering its influence on deterrence-focused successors.

References

  1. https://enoughproject.org/about/past-campaigns/satellite-sentinel-project
  2. https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/satellite-sentinel-project-making-world-witness-report-pilot-phase-december-2010-june
  3. https://hhi.harvard.edu/publications/while-we-watched-assessing-impact-satellite-sentinel-project
  4. https://spyscape.com/article/george-clooney-the-satellite-spymaster
  5. https://www.space.com/10734-george-clooney-satellites-sudan.html
  6. http://www.fight-entropy.com/2011/07/satellite-sentinel-project.html
  7. https://enoughproject.org/press-releases/george-clooney-world-watching-new-satellite-sentinel-project-aims-deter-war-sudan
  8. https://enoughproject.org/press-releases/satellite-sentinel-project-confirms-razing-village-sudan-george-clooney-helps-relaunch-high
  9. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/hhi-concludes-satellite-sentinel-program-pilot-launches-signal-program
  10. https://unitar.org/about/news-stories/news/unosat-pilot-phase-satellite-sentinel-project-over-south-sudan-has-concluded-positively
  11. https://memcare.sph.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/humanitarianinitiative/files/cover-up.pdf?m=1612812201
  12. https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Satellite_Sentinel_Project
  13. https://enoughproject.org/blog/george-clooney-announces-expansion-satellite-sentinel-project
  14. https://spacenews.com/digitalglobe-collaborates-with-satellite-sentinel-project-to-keep-eye-on-sudan/
  15. https://enoughproject.org/blog/la-times-profiles-george-clooney-and-his-satellite-sentinel-project
  16. https://hhi.harvard.edu/publications/burned-ground-evidence-potential-war-crimes-and-intentional
  17. https://hhi.harvard.edu/resource/grid-integratingwitnesstestimonyandsatelliteimagerypdf
  18. https://unitar.org/about/news-stories/news/abyei-sudan-satellite-monitoring-initiative-satellite-sentinel-documents-attacks
  19. https://www.rferl.org/a/south_sudan_satellite_initiative_george_clooney/2270819.html
  20. https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2010/1229/George-Clooney-backed-satellite-project-to-monitor-volatile-Sudan
  21. https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/george-clooney-announces-expansion-satellite-sentinel-project
  22. https://hhi.harvard.edu/publications/apparent-intentional-destruction-tajalei-village
  23. https://enoughproject.org/press-releases/satellite-sentinel-project-confirms-intentional-burning-third-village-abyei-region
  24. https://memcare.sph.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/humanitarianinitiative/files/abyei-invasion.pdf
  25. https://enoughproject.org/press-releases/satellite-sentinel-project-documents-new-eyewitness-reports-and-visual-evidence-mass-graves
  26. https://memcare.sph.harvard.edu/sites/hwpi.harvard.edu/files/humanitarianinitiative/files/cover-up.pdf
  27. https://enoughproject.org/press-releases/satellites-corroborate-reported-sudan-armed-forces-bombingof-refugee-camps-south-sudan
  28. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/29/satellites-sudan-google-george-clooney
  29. https://unitar.org/about/news-stories/news/george-clooney-and-harvard-give-resonance-unitar-work
  30. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20131210-africa-and-clooney-race-to-orbit
  31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43134425
  32. https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/satellite-sentinel-project-releases-new-visual-evidence-government-sudan-war-crimes
  33. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/21/sudan-clooney-satellite-surveillance-can-trace-atrocities-but-not-stop-them/
  34. https://stabilityjournal.org/articles/10.5334/sta.cn
  35. https://enoughproject.org/blog/new-satellite-sentinel-project-imagery-explosions-khartoum
  36. https://thesimonscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IAJ-10-4-2019-pg26-33.pdf
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