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Snapper Rocks surf break, 2006
Surfing at Snapper Rocks

Snapper Rocks is a small rocky outcrop on the northern side of Point Danger at the southern end of Rainbow Bay on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.[1] It is a famous surf break and today the start of the large sand bank known to surfers as the Superbank.[2]

History

[edit]
Snapper Rocks viewed from Greenmount Hill across Rainbow Bay, 1891
Snapper Rocks, Coolangatta, viewed from the south, circa 1934

It is believed that Snapper Rocks were named by W.L. Edwardson, captain of HM Colonial Cutter Snapper which passed by Point Danger in July 1822.[1]

Surfing

[edit]

Snapper Rocks is a point break, which as of 2007, forms the first part of the man-made "Superbank" surf break.[3]

Since 1995 the Tweed River sand bypass system has pumped sand from the Tweed River mouth to beaches to the north to ensure the river mouth is safe for shipping, and to stabilise coastal erosion north of the river. This has resulted in a large build-up of sand between Snapper Rocks to Kirra, which as of 2007, has extended the beaches in this area seawards around 100–200m, and created a new, world-class sandbar surf break called "the Superbank".[3]

The Superbank extends from Snapper Rocks Point, through Rainbow Bay, Greenmount Point, Coolangatta Beach, and Kirra, for a distance of around 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). Multiple barrel sections can now occur at any point along this length. The quality of the surf in the first 4 of these sections has markedly improved since the 1990s, creating one of the longest, hollowest and best waves in the world. However, the quality of the last section, Kirra, which has long been regarded as one of the world's best waves prior to the formation of the Superbank, has suffered. There have been calls to modify aspects of the sand bypass system to attempt to restore Kirra to its former quality, although exactly how this is to be done is not clear. It is possible that an optimum, medium build-up of sand (such as was reportedly the state in the early 2000s) may create the longest and best waves over the entire length, including Kirra.[3]

The sheer quality of the man-made wave has greatly increased the level of surf tourism in the region, which has also resulted in extreme crowding of the wave. On a good day, over 500 surfers can be counted over the 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) distance, with multiple drop-ins.[4]

Pool

[edit]
Snapper Rocks Sea Baths

In 1956 Jack Evans built the Snapper Rocks Sea Baths, with an adjacent shark pool for public viewing. Later that year the Boyd brothers, local fishermen, caught two bottlenose dolphins in the Terranora Creek which Evans took and put in the pool for the Jack Evans Porpoise Pool show.[5][6] The pools moved to the mouth of the Tweed River near to Duranbah beach in 1961.[7][8][6] Only remnants of the pools remain today.[9][10]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Snapper Rocks

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Snapper Rocks is a world-renowned right-hand surfing destination situated at the southern end of the Gold Coast in , , adjacent to Rainbow Bay and . It forms the northern tip of the Superbank, a 1.2-mile (2 km) stretch of high-performance sandbars that connect Snapper Rocks to Greenmount Point and Kirra Beach, creating one of the planet's premier wave systems. The formation of Snapper Rocks traces back to an ancient volcanic spine at Point Danger, which underlies the point and influences swell refraction, while the modern Superbank owes much to human intervention through the Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project initiated in 1995. This project pumps sand northward from the Tweed River to combat erosion, restoring and enhancing the sandbars; by 2007, it had fully developed the Superbank into a consistent, long ride capable of waves up to a mile in length. However, Tropical Cyclone Alfred in early 2025 caused significant erosion and sand displacement, temporarily disrupting the Superbank's formation and leading to its partial recovery by mid-2025; full restoration of affected beaches may take up to three years. As of November 2025, surfing conditions have returned but remain variable during ongoing recovery efforts. The waves at Snapper Rocks are characterized by a dramatic, backwashy takeoff followed by fast, hollow sections that peel along the point, performing best on shoulder-high to double-overhead swells from the ENE or ESE directions, accompanied by light southwest offshore winds and low to medium tides. The optimal season spans February to May, though it can handle a variety of swell angles, including southerlies that wrap around the point for challenging, powerful conditions. As one of the most crowded surf spots globally—often hosting over 1,000 surfers on peak days—Snapper Rocks holds immense cultural and competitive significance in the world. It has been a staple venue for professional events, including the Quiksilver Pro and Roxy Pro (now the Bonsoy Gold Coast Pro) on the , showcasing its versatility from glassy 6-foot perfection to heavy, survival-level barrels; however, the 2025 event was relocated to Burleigh Heads due to post-cyclone sandbank damage, with a planned return in 2026. The area between Burleigh Point and Snapper Rocks was designated a Surfing Reserve in 2015, underscoring its status as a surfing heritage site. Beyond surfing, the surrounding landscape includes scenic parks like Apex Park and Point Danger, offering picnic facilities and views of the iconic beaches, though the site's primary draw remains its unparalleled wave quality and the ongoing balance between natural forces and .

Geography and Formation

Location and Setting

Snapper Rocks is located at coordinates 28°09′45″S 153°33′00″E, on the northern side of Point Danger at the southern end of Rainbow Bay in , on the Gold Coast in , . This site marks the border between and , adjacent to the mouth of the Tweed River, and forms part of a continuous 2 km stretch of coastline that includes Duranbah Beach to the south in and Rainbow Bay to the north in . As a prominent rocky outcrop jutting into the , Snapper Rocks serves as the starting point for the Superbank sandbar system, which extends northward along the coast. The area experiences a , with the 's prevailing southeast swells shaping its coastal dynamics, and average seawater temperatures ranging from 20–25°C throughout the year.

Geological Origins

Snapper Rocks formed as a result of volcanic activity associated with the Tweed Volcano, a large shield volcano that erupted approximately 23 million years ago during the Miocene epoch of the Tertiary period. Lava flows from this extinct volcano poured over the ancient landscape, spilling into coastal areas at Point Danger and solidifying into the rocky outcrop that defines Snapper Rocks. These basaltic lavas, rich in magnesium and iron, created a durable foundation resistant to subsequent geological forces. The outcrop's primary composition is , an formed from the rapid cooling of these low-silica lava flows, which endows it with high resistance to erosion by ocean waves and weathering. This rock type's hardness and jointed structure have allowed Snapper Rocks to persist as a prominent amid surrounding softer sediments. Over the past 20 million years, intensive from wind, water, and rainfall has sculpted the broader , reducing much of the original volcanic mass while preserving resistant remnants like Snapper Rocks at Point Danger. Coastal dynamics have further refined its shape, with ongoing wave action eroding the edges and sediment deposition from the River building adjacent sand banks that enhance its role as a natural . Snapper Rocks represents the eroded legacy of Tertiary-era volcanism from the in southeastern and northeastern , where the volcano's activities contributed to the region's dramatic escarpments and caldera features.

History

Early Naming and

It is believed that Snapper Rocks was named in July 1822 after the HM Colonial Cutter Snapper during a coastal exploratory voyage that passed Point Danger, commanded by Captain William Lawrence Edwardson. Edwardson documented the nearby coastal features in correspondence to Governor Sir , noting a small off the point, which aligns with the rocky outcrop now identified as Snapper Rocks. This naming reflects the common practice of early colonial explorers honoring their vessels in geographical designations. The earliest documented reference to Snapper Rocks appears in Queensland's historical place names records, establishing it as part of the official colonial nomenclature for the region. No specific pre-colonial Indigenous names for the site are preserved in these European records, though the surrounding area, including Point Danger and the Tweed Heads vicinity, was traditionally inhabited and custodied by the , whose language region encompasses much of southeast and northeast . During the 19th century, Snapper Rocks formed part of broader colonial mapping initiatives in the Tweed Heads region, initiated after James Cook's 1770 sighting of Point Danger and advanced by surveys such as John Oxley's 1823 exploration of the Tweed River mouth. These efforts, including Robert Dixon's 1840 coastal mapping from to , were hampered by the area's remoteness, with dense rainforests, hazardous sandbars at the river entrance, and rudimentary overland tracks limiting European visits to sporadic expeditions by sea or foot. Access challenges delayed sustained settlement until later decades, confining interactions primarily to maritime surveys and timber scouting.

20th-Century Development

The urbanization of the Gold Coast accelerated in the , transforming the region from scattered agricultural settlements into a burgeoning tourist destination, with the area—including Rainbow Bay and Snapper Rocks—experiencing steady population growth driven by holidaymakers seeking coastal escapes. By the , Rainbow Bay had solidified its status as a area, featuring an influx of holiday accommodations such as guesthouses and motels that catered to the growing influx of visitors along the southern beaches. The establishment of Coolangatta Airport in 1936 as an emergency airstrip for flights between and significantly enhanced accessibility, drawing more interstate travelers to the vicinity and spurring further residential and commercial expansion. In the 1930s and 1940s, the rocky outcrop at Snapper Rocks and adjacent Rainbow Bay served primarily as sites for and , attracting local families and early tourists to the sheltered waters and abundant . These activities laid the groundwork for broader leisure pursuits, prior to the site's recognition as a premier break. Infrastructure developments in the further supported the area's transition toward a hub, including the extension of the Pacific into a continuous coastal ribbon and the initial construction of beachfront paths that improved pedestrian access along Rainbow Bay. These enhancements, coupled with the 1956 opening of the Snapper Rocks Sea Baths, set the stage for the subsequent boom by providing essential connectivity and amenities for beachgoers.

Surfing

The Point Break

Snapper Rocks functions as a right-hand anchored by a rocky outcrop on the northern side of Point Danger, where swells refract around the ancient volcanic spine to form peeling waves over a sand-bottomed setup. The break delivers hollow barrels, particularly on larger southeast swells that steepen over shallow sandbanks, alongside long, rippable walls suitable for high-performance maneuvers, with rides extending up to 200–300 meters in optimal conditions before connecting into adjacent sections. This configuration, enhanced by natural sand flow from the Tweed River, creates a fast-breaking wave that demands precise positioning to access the takeoff zone near the rocks. The surfing history at Snapper Rocks traces back to the early mid-20th century, with the break first reliably surfed in the by local toothpick board riders from nearby , who navigated the inconsistent natural using rudimentary equipment. By the 1960s, the formation of the Snapper Rocks Surfriders Club in 1964 marked growing local organization, fostering talent that would later dominate international competitions, though the break's global profile remained modest until sand nourishment projects amplified its potential. Snapper Rocks performs best at wave heights of 4 to 8 feet, where southeast to east-southeast groundswells combine with the point's to produce clean, powerful sections without excessive closeout risk. Its consistency stems from the prevailing southeast , which often blow offshore for these dominant swell directions while sheltering the break from disruptive northerly swells during summer patterns. This wind protection, coupled with the rocky headland's effect, ensures rideable conditions for much of the year, particularly from autumn through spring. The Superbank's later development has further amplified the original point break's length and quality.

Superbank Evolution

The Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project, a joint initiative between the New South Wales and Queensland governments, was established in 1995 to address severe coastal erosion at Tweed Heads by restoring the natural northward flow of sand disrupted by river training walls built in the 1960s and 1970s. The system uses a network of pumps and pipelines to collect sand from the river entrance and discharge it along the southern Gold Coast beaches, with an average annual volume of 500,000 cubic meters directed northward to nourish areas including Snapper Rocks. Initial dredging efforts from 1995 to 1998 relocated over three million cubic meters of sand from the Tweed River bar to kickstart beach nourishment. By the early 2000s, the continuous sand deposition began transforming the coastal morphology, with the natural at Snapper Rocks anchoring the buildup of a shallow sandbar that extended progressively northward. This process culminated in , when the artificial Superbank—a continuous 2-kilometer sandbar stretching from Snapper Rocks to Kirra—fully formed, having pushed beaches seaward by 100 to 200 meters and created a more uniform offshore contour. The enhanced sand volume improved wave consistency and power across the stretch, elevating Snapper Rocks from an intermittent break to the gateway of a world-class sequence featuring sections like Little Marvin's, Snapper, the Keyhole, and further points toward Kirra. However, the sand accumulation also reshaped downstream sections, negatively altering Kirra's classic peeling wave by filling in deeper channels and creating a faster, more sectioned ride that diminished its original length and quality. This evolution turned the Superbank into one of the longest rideable reef breaks globally, capable of supporting rides exceeding 1.5 kilometers under optimal swells, though ongoing management adjusts pumping rates to balance erosion control with coastal dynamics. However, natural events such as Tropical Cyclone Alfred in March 2025 caused significant erosion and sand displacement, temporarily altering the Superbank's configuration and prompting the relocation of the 2025 World Surf League Gold Coast Pro to Burleigh Heads.

Surf Conditions and Access

Wave Characteristics

Snapper Rocks features a right-hand that thrives on east-northeast (ENE) to east-southeast (ESE) swells, which provide the most consistent and powerful waves for . The wave holds up effectively to around 10 feet (3 meters) in height, while summer cyclone-generated swells from the southeast can add significant power and barreling sections. The wave performs best on low to mid-tide, where the sections remain steep and rideable without becoming too mushy or sectiony. Offshore winds from the southwest to south (SW/S) are ideal, as they groom the face and prevent onshore chop, though truly glassy conditions are uncommon due to the high volume of surfers disrupting the surface. The wave begins with a takeoff zone directly off the rocks, where surfers catch the initial drop before it accelerates into reeling sections such as "The Keyhole," a critical fast line that tests positioning and speed. Surfers should be aware of takeoffs, strong currents, and occasional sightings, requiring caution particularly for . Rides typically last 20 to 30 seconds on average, offering high-performance walls that can connect through multiple bends, with the Superbank formation enhancing overall length for extended runs.

Crowding and Etiquette

Snapper Rocks is notorious for its intense crowding, especially during peak periods like weekends or optimal swells, when over 1,000 surfers can crowd the lineup across the Superbank stretch that includes the break. This high density arises from the site's reputation as a world-class point break, drawing both locals and international visitors, though the broad lineup allows some dispersion compared to more confined spots. Wave variability, such as shifting sandbars during swells, can concentrate crowds further at the most rideable sections, intensifying competition for waves. To manage the packed conditions, surfers adhere to a priority system based on the "first in, longest wait" principle, granting to those who have paddled out earliest and waited the longest for a set. This informal rule helps maintain order in the chaotic lineup, where the surfer closest to the peak also typically holds priority to prevent collisions. Access to Snapper Rocks requires parking at nearby areas like Rainbow Bay or Duranbah Beach, followed by a short walk of approximately 10-15 minutes to the rocks, as direct vehicular access is limited to protect the sensitive coastal environment. The absence of a leading straight to the reduces vehicle traffic and erosion in the dune systems, preserving the habitat around the break. Key etiquette norms emphasize safety and respect, including a strict prohibition on dropping in—paddling into a wave already claimed by another surfer—which can lead to confrontations in this high-stakes environment. Local surfers often yield priority to more advanced riders demonstrating skill and commitment, fostering a hierarchy based on experience rather than aggression. Additionally, is paramount, with surfers expected to avoid littering in the fragile dune areas and to secure boards with leashes to minimize ecological disruption.

Competitions and Events

World Surf League Pro

The Quiksilver Pro Gold Coast and Roxy Pro Gold Coast serve as premier events on the (WSL) , showcasing elite men's and women's surfing at Snapper Rocks on Australia's Gold Coast. These combined competitions, which feature the renowned right-hand of the Superbank, were integrated into the starting in 2002, marking a significant elevation in their status after earlier iterations as regional professional events dating back intermittently to the mid-1980s. Held annually during the March–April window to capitalize on consistent southeast swells producing 5–10 foot waves ideal for high-performance maneuvers, the events draw the world's top 36 male and 18 female surfers to compete over an 11-day waiting period. Australian surfer , a three-time world champion and local product, has achieved notable success at Snapper Rocks, securing multiple victories in the Quiksilver Pro that underscored his dominance on home turf. Fanning claimed his first win in 2005, defeating American Chris Ward in the final before a home crowd of over 8,000, and followed with a second triumph in 2007, where he outperformed Durbidge in pumping conditions to kickstart his path to that year's world title. These triumphs highlighted Fanning's deep understanding of the wave's fast, hollow sections and reinforced Snapper Rocks' reputation as a proving ground for Australian talent. The 2024 iteration, rebranded as the Bonsoy Gold Coast Pro under the WSL Challenger Series amid a tour restructure, faced chaotic conditions including high winds and unfavorable swells that extended the waiting period and tested competitors' adaptability at Snapper Rocks. Despite the challenges, the event concluded with standout performances in pumping surf, emphasizing the break's variability even for professional fields. In 2025, the event returned to but was relocated to nearby Burleigh Heads due to significant erosion of the Snapper Rocks sandbank caused by Tropical Cyclone Alfred in March, which prevented suitable conditions at the primary venue. Economically, these WSL events at Snapper Rocks attract over 50,000 spectators across the duration, generating millions in annual revenue for the Gold Coast through visitor spending on accommodations, dining, and local attractions, with past editions contributing up to $20 million directly to the regional economy (as of ).

Other Surfing Competitions

In addition to the flagship events, Snapper Rocks has long served as a venue for regional and community-driven competitions that emphasize grassroots participation and local talent. The Gold Coast Boardriders contests, organized through clubs like the Snapper Rocks Surf Riders Club, date back to the and feature -based events such as the annual Teams Shield , which pitted local clubs against one another in team shield formats. These contests have continued to thrive, with Snapper Rocks teams achieving notable success, including multiple wins in the SURFTAG Australian Boardriding Championships, a national inter-club series that began in 2001 but builds on earlier regional traditions. A key annual event fostering junior development is the Occy's Grom Comp, held at Snapper Rocks for under-12 to under-18 divisions in both male and female categories. Now in its 20th year as of 2025, the competition provides a structured pathway for young surfers, mirroring professional Qualifying Series formats and contributing to national rankings for selection to teams like the Australian Irukandjis for the ISA World Junior Championships. In the 2025 edition, standout performances included under-18 boys' winner Kash Brown scoring a 9.23 wave, highlighting the event's role in elevating junior skills amid challenging conditions. Historically, Snapper Rocks contributed to major national meets in the early , as part of the Gold Coast hosting the Australian Surfing Championships, where surfer Peter Drouyn claimed the men's title in 1970. These events helped solidify the area's reputation for competitive , drawing top Australian talent to its breaks. The Snapper Rocks Surf Riders Club also hosts the World Club Championship, an international that brings clubs from around the globe for a three-day event focused on collective performance rather than individual rankings. Such grassroots and junior-focused competitions have a profound impact, nurturing local talent from the Gold Coast and providing accessible platforms for surfers outside elite professional circuits. In 2025, events like the Occy's Grom Comp proceeded at Snapper Rocks despite ongoing erosion concerns from Alfred earlier in the year, underscoring the resilience of these gatherings.

The Sea Baths and Pool

Construction and Original Features

The Snapper Rocks Sea Baths were constructed in 1956 by local entrepreneur and former lifesaver Jack Evans as a public swimming facility on the northern side of Point Danger at , . Designed to offer safe access to the ocean amid the area's strong currents and rips, the baths provided a protected enclosure for swimmers, addressing the dangers posed by the nearby surf breaks and rocky . The original features included a main ocean-fed for public use, along with an adjacent shark observation pool built at the southern end to display captured for educational and entertainment purposes. The shark pool housed local catches, allowing visitors to view up close in a controlled setting, which added a thrilling element to the site and contributed to its early popularity as a tourist draw. In the same year, Evans launched shows by incorporating two bottle-nose , caught locally by the Boyd brothers, into a dedicated exhibit adjacent to ; this marked one of Australia's earliest performances, where audiences could watch feeding and tricks. These features collectively attracted families and tourists seeking a mix of recreation, safety, and novelty during the burgeoning Gold Coast boom of the mid-1950s.

Later Uses and Demolition

Following the relocation of the porpoise pool operations to a purpose-built facility at Tweed Heads in 1961 due to persistent wave surge issues at the original site, the Snapper Rocks sea baths transitioned away from dolphin shows. The dolphin performances at Snapper Rocks, a major draw since the late 1950s, concluded in 1961 with this relocation. In 1976, Jack Evans sold the business (then operating at Tweed Heads) to Keith Williams, owner of Sea World, who relocated the dolphins and shows to a new venue on the Gold Coast Spit. In the intervening years during the 1960s and early 1970s, the baths served local community needs, hosting swimming lessons for Tweed Heads Public School students, carnivals for Tweed River High School, lifesaving examinations, and general public swimming sessions. This period of adaptation ended amid escalating challenges, including severe storm damage from ex-Tropical Cyclone Zoe in March 1974, which battered the structures with massive swells and contributed to their deterioration. By the mid-1970s, council demands for costly infrastructure upgrades, such as sewer system improvements, compounded rising maintenance expenses, while tourist interest shifted toward the open beaches and emerging attractions like Sea World. The facilities fell into disrepair and were deemed a public safety hazard by the early , leading to partial in 1986, when the main buildings and pools were filled in, leaving only the outer intact. Today, remnants consist solely of concrete foundations exposed at , now fully integrated into the dynamic at Snapper Rocks and listed on the Gold Coast Local Heritage Register.

Environmental Impacts

Sand Bypassing System

The Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project (TRESBP) operates as a permanent system designed to mimic natural longshore across the river mouth. Constructed in 2000 and fully operational since May 2001, the system collects sand accumulating on the southern side of the entrance at Letitia Spit through a fixed trap, where up to five jet pumps mix it with to form a . This slurry is then pumped through underground pipelines approximately 2 km northward, with primary discharge at Snapper Rocks East to nourish the adjacent beaches. The long-term average annual bypass volume is approximately 500,000 to 550,000 cubic meters, aligning with the estimated natural net sand drift rate disrupted by the river's training walls. By restoring sediment supply to the downdrift beaches, the TRESBP has effectively prevented severe at Snapper Rocks, which had been exacerbated by the interruption of natural flow since the construction of the Tweed River entrance breakwaters in the and . This intervention has sustained the accretion of the renowned Superbank, a 2 km stretch of high-quality that supports world-class breaks at Snapper Rocks. Since 2001, over 11.5 million cubic meters of have been delivered as of 2023, enhancing stability, public amenity, and resilience against storm events while maintaining a navigable river entrance. However, the system's artificial concentration of sand delivery has altered the natural variability of sediment flow, potentially contributing to unnatural wave shapes and sandbar configurations at Snapper Rocks that differ from pre-intervention patterns. Critiques from 2010s ecological monitoring highlight negative impacts on local biodiversity, particularly at nearby Kirra Reef, where sand nourishment has led to habitat burial, reducing hard substrate availability and causing declines in macroalgae cover (the lowest since 1995 in 2010), sponges, soft corals, crinoids, and reef-associated fish species. These disturbances, compounded by increased wave action and sedimentation, have resulted in lower species richness and slower ecological recovery, raising concerns about long-term coastal instability if natural transport dynamics are not fully replicated.

Conservation Efforts

Conservation efforts at Snapper Rocks primarily revolve around preserving the coastal and marine ecosystems through coordinated initiatives by local authorities, environmental organizations, and community groups. The Gold Coast World Surfing Reserve, designated in 2015 and encompassing the 16-kilometer stretch from Burleigh Heads to Snapper Rocks, plays a central role in these protections by establishing stewardship plans that safeguard surf zones and adjacent environments from degradation. This reserve, managed under guidelines, emphasizes sustainable management to balance recreation with ecological integrity, including monitoring of coastal health and habitat preservation. Dune restoration programs led by the Gold Coast City Council since the early have focused on stabilizing the Superbank sands, which include Snapper Rocks, through the planting of native vegetation such as spinifex grass to enhance natural barriers against and storm surges. These efforts, often integrated with sand nourishment projects, aim to restore systems damaged by weather events and activity, promoting long-term coastal resilience without relying solely on artificial structures. Issues arising from the sand bypassing , such as localized , have further underscored the need for these vegetation-based stabilizations. Marine conservation around Snapper Rocks addresses threats to , including nesting sites and populations, through and monitoring programs tied to the World Surfing Reserve. Environmental groups highlight the impacts of shark control measures, such as drumlines, which have incidentally captured endangered loggerhead turtles near the site, prompting calls for non-lethal alternatives to protect marine species. Community-led monitoring supports these efforts by tracking nesting activities and shark sightings to inform policy adjustments. Local surf clubs, including the Surf Life Saving Club adjacent to Snapper Rocks, actively participate in clean-up events to combat , partnering with organizations like Take 3 For The Sea. These initiatives intensified in 2024–2025, with campaigns targeting debris accumulation linked to heightened tourism following events, collecting significant amounts of single-use plastics to maintain and beach habitats. The club's programs earned recognition in the 2025 Clean Beaches Awards, exemplifying grassroots contributions to broader environmental goals.

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  49. https://www.worldsurfleague.com/posts/529730/all-the-highlights-bonsoy-gold-coast-pro
  50. https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/sport/surf-sports/deal-on-gold-coast-quiksilver-pro-set-to-be-a-60-million-windfall-amid-world-surf-league-restructure/news-story/783119c6f22e36658eefa7c78c3dad6a
  51. https://snapperrockssurfridersclub.com/wp-content/docs/HistorySRSC64to85.pdf
  52. https://surftag.au/about/past-champions/
  53. https://surfingaustralia.com/occys-grom-comp-champions-crowned-in-pumping-conditions-at-snapper-rocks/
  54. https://www.torquayhistory.com/brief-history-of-torquay/surfing/1970-world-surfing-titles/
  55. https://worldclubchampionship.com.au/
  56. https://www.goldcoaststories.com.au/jack-evans-porpoise-pool/
  57. https://allintooceanpoolsinc.org/ocean-pools/snapper-rocks-sea-baths-ghost-of-the-original-jack-evans-pet-porpoise-pool-qld-australia/
  58. https://digitalcollections.qut.edu.au/7624/
  59. https://digitalcollections.qut.edu.au/6434/
  60. https://www.facebook.com/groups/goldcoastnostalgia/posts/7238843279461120/
  61. https://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC5M69N_sharks-porpoises-and-a-frog
  62. https://www.tweedsandbypass.nsw.gov.au/operations/general-information.html
  63. https://www.tweedsandbypass.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/712646/Sand-Tweed-Sand-Bypassing.pdf
  64. https://nccarf.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/CS03_Tweed_River_Sand_Bypass-4.pdf
  65. https://www.surfline.com/surf-news/real-story-behind-sand-pumping-tweed/99843
  66. https://icce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/icce/article/download/5556/5230/23104
  67. https://www.tweedsandbypass.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/500602/2010-Biological-report-1.pdf
  68. https://www.tweedsandbypass.nsw.gov.au/articles-and-studies/interesting-items/changes-in-sand-movement-at-snapper-rocks-2009-13.html
  69. https://www.goldcoastworldsurfingreserve.com/
  70. https://www.sport.qld.gov.au/sport/sport-initiatives/world-surfing-reserves
  71. https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/Environment-sustainability/Protecting-our-environment/Managing-our-beaches/Sand-dredging-dunes
  72. https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/Services/Projects-works/Dune-restoration-program
  73. https://hsi.org.au/marine-wildlife/sharks/
  74. https://www.take3.org/surf-life-saving-clubs/
  75. https://www.worldsurfleague.com/posts/383300/celebrating-1-year-with-pure-partner-take-3-for-the-sea
  76. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2uaOoKI21-s
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