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Southern Basque Country
The Southern Basque Country (Basque: Hegoalde, Hego Euskal Herria; Spanish: País Vasco sur, País Vasco peninsular), also known as the Spanish Basque Country (Basque: Espainiako Euskal Herria; Spanish: País Vasco español), is the Basque territories southside of the Pyrenees, within the Iberian Peninsula.
In Basque language, known as Euskara, natives have referred to the Basque districts as Euskal Herria(k). During history, it has been named in a variety of ways (mainly through regional political etymologies according to contemporary administrative sources)
Peninsular Basque Country can refer to this same territory as the Basque-derived term "Southern Basque Country" invariably includes Navarre and the enclaves.
It includes the three provinces (Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa) of the Basque Autonomous Community in the west, as well as the Chartered Community of Navarre to the east.
The four [Basque] "Spanish" provinces are Viscay, Guipuzcoa (bordering on the Gulf of Gascony), and Álava and Navarre in the interior, and these provinces are still practically independent units and administer their own laws. Up to the first Carlist war in 1836 they were treated as a foreign country by Spain, forbidden to trade with the Spanish colonies, and a Spanish Aduane was on the farther side. But since 1878 they have been actually under Spanish government.
The Basque districts had managed to retain a virtually independent status (the fueros, or charters) within the Crown of Castile up until the period of the War of the Pyrenees and the Peninsular War (1793–1813). Traditionally the Basques in Spain ("Kingdom of the Spains") renewed their separate status in a ceremony by which the king of Castile or his viceroy/royal deputy (regidor) pledged obedience to the native institutions and laws, with the representatives of each district vowing in turn loyalty to him (or her).
The Basques of each district kept their own defence provision, with men being drafted for the militias exclusively in defence of each specific district. However, voluntary military contribution to the king could go beyond district boundaries in exchange for a sum of money. The four districts kept a strong municipality based governmental structure, as well as minor customs on their boundaries and major ones on the Ebro river. Mineral extraction was concerted for communal exploitation, usually undertaken when required by neighbouring inhabitants and/or manufacturers (ironworks).
The foundations of Basque home rule were badly shaken at the turn of the 19th century, followed by the short-lived but watershed Spanish nationalist Constitution of 1812 (Cádiz). The above districts restored their sovereign native institutions and laws still up to the end of the First Carlist War (1839–1841), when a decree by Regent Maria Christina established the annexation to Spain (referred to as "Constitutional Spain", after the Spanish Constitution of 1837), still keeping a reduced, ambiguous self-government status[full citation needed] (Spanish: fueros). However, new senior officials in Navarre (a kingdom up to that point) signed a treaty apart from the rest of Basque historic districts, converting it into a regular Spanish province (1841), except for a small but relevant set of fiscal prerogatives.
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Southern Basque Country
The Southern Basque Country (Basque: Hegoalde, Hego Euskal Herria; Spanish: País Vasco sur, País Vasco peninsular), also known as the Spanish Basque Country (Basque: Espainiako Euskal Herria; Spanish: País Vasco español), is the Basque territories southside of the Pyrenees, within the Iberian Peninsula.
In Basque language, known as Euskara, natives have referred to the Basque districts as Euskal Herria(k). During history, it has been named in a variety of ways (mainly through regional political etymologies according to contemporary administrative sources)
Peninsular Basque Country can refer to this same territory as the Basque-derived term "Southern Basque Country" invariably includes Navarre and the enclaves.
It includes the three provinces (Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa) of the Basque Autonomous Community in the west, as well as the Chartered Community of Navarre to the east.
The four [Basque] "Spanish" provinces are Viscay, Guipuzcoa (bordering on the Gulf of Gascony), and Álava and Navarre in the interior, and these provinces are still practically independent units and administer their own laws. Up to the first Carlist war in 1836 they were treated as a foreign country by Spain, forbidden to trade with the Spanish colonies, and a Spanish Aduane was on the farther side. But since 1878 they have been actually under Spanish government.
The Basque districts had managed to retain a virtually independent status (the fueros, or charters) within the Crown of Castile up until the period of the War of the Pyrenees and the Peninsular War (1793–1813). Traditionally the Basques in Spain ("Kingdom of the Spains") renewed their separate status in a ceremony by which the king of Castile or his viceroy/royal deputy (regidor) pledged obedience to the native institutions and laws, with the representatives of each district vowing in turn loyalty to him (or her).
The Basques of each district kept their own defence provision, with men being drafted for the militias exclusively in defence of each specific district. However, voluntary military contribution to the king could go beyond district boundaries in exchange for a sum of money. The four districts kept a strong municipality based governmental structure, as well as minor customs on their boundaries and major ones on the Ebro river. Mineral extraction was concerted for communal exploitation, usually undertaken when required by neighbouring inhabitants and/or manufacturers (ironworks).
The foundations of Basque home rule were badly shaken at the turn of the 19th century, followed by the short-lived but watershed Spanish nationalist Constitution of 1812 (Cádiz). The above districts restored their sovereign native institutions and laws still up to the end of the First Carlist War (1839–1841), when a decree by Regent Maria Christina established the annexation to Spain (referred to as "Constitutional Spain", after the Spanish Constitution of 1837), still keeping a reduced, ambiguous self-government status[full citation needed] (Spanish: fueros). However, new senior officials in Navarre (a kingdom up to that point) signed a treaty apart from the rest of Basque historic districts, converting it into a regular Spanish province (1841), except for a small but relevant set of fiscal prerogatives.