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Budesonide/formoterol
Combination of
BudesonideGlucocorticoids
FormoterolLong-acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist
Clinical data
Trade namesSymbicort, others
AHFS/Drugs.comProfessional Drug Facts
MedlinePlusa623022
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		Inhalation[2]
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)[3]
  • US: ℞-only[2]
  • EU: Rx-only[4][5]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
CAS Number
KEGG
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  (verify)

Budesonide/formoterol, sold under the brand name Symbicort among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used in the management of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[2] It contains budesonide, a steroid; and formoterol, a long-acting β2-agonist (LABA).[2] The product monograph does not support its use for sudden worsening or treatment of active bronchospasm.[2] However, a 2020 review of the literature does support such use.[6] It is used by breathing in the medication.[2]

Common (≥1/100 to <1/10) side effects include candidiasis, headache, tremor, palpitations, throat irritation, coughing, and dysphonia.[7] Pneumonia is a common side effect in people with COPD, and other, less common side effects have been documented.[2][3] There were concerns that the LABA component increases the risk of death in children with asthma, however these concerns were removed in 2017.[8] Therefore, this combination is only recommended in those who are not controlled on an inhaled steroid alone.[2] There is tentative evidence that typical doses of inhaled steroids and LABAs are safe in pregnancy.[9] Both formoterol and budesonide are excreted in breast-milk.[1]

Budesonide/formoterol was approved for medical use in the United States in 2006.[2][10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11][12] It is available as a generic medication.[13] In 2023, it was the 74th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 million prescriptions.[14][15]

Medical uses

[edit]

Budesonide/formoterol is indicated for the treatment of asthma and for the maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction and reducing exacerbations in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[2][4][5]

Maintenance

[edit]

Budesonide/formoterol has shown efficacy to prevent asthma attacks.[6] It is unclear if the efficacy of budesonide/formoterol differs from that of fluticasone and salmeterol in chronic asthma.[16]

Exacerbation

[edit]

The combination is approved in the United States only as a maintenance medication in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[2] However, a 2020 review of the literature does support use as needed during acute worsening in those with mild disease, and as maintenance followed by extra doses during worsening.[6]

Use for both maintenance and as-needed treatment is also known as single maintenance and reliever therapy (SMART) and is a well-established treatment.[17][18] It has been shown to, 1) reduce asthma exacerbations that require oral corticosteroids, 2) reduce hospital visits better than maintenance on inhaled corticosteroids alone at a higher dose, or 3) inhaled corticosteroid at the same or higher dose together with a long-acting bronchodilator (LABA), with a short-acting bronchodilator (SABA) as a reliever.[17][18]

Side effects

[edit]

Common (up to 1 in 10 people)

[edit]

Often mild, and usually disappear as the medication continues to be used:

Uncommon (up to 1 in 100 people)

[edit]

Rare (up to 1 in 1,000 people)

[edit]
  • Rash
  • Itchiness
  • Bronchospasm (tightening of the muscles in the airways causing wheezing immediately after use of the medication, which is possibly sign of an allergic reaction and should be met with immediate medical attention)
  • Hypokalemia (low levels of potassium in the blood)
  • Heart arrhythmia

Very rare (up to 1 in 10,000 people)

[edit]

Other

[edit]

With high doses for a long period of time.

[19]

Allergic reaction

[edit]
  • Angioedema (swelling of the face, mouth, tongue, and/or throat. Difficulty swallowing. Hives. Difficulty breathing. Feeling of faintness)
  • Bronchospasm (sudden acute wheezing or shortness of breath immediately after use of medication. The patient should use their reliever medication immediately.)[20]

Society and culture

[edit]
[edit]

Budesonide/formoterol was approved for use in the United States in July 2006.[2][10][21]

Budesonide/formoterol was approved for use in the European Union in April 2014.[4][5]

There are several patents related to the drug; some of which have expired.[22] It was initially marketed by AstraZeneca.

Brand names

[edit]

It is sold under various brand names including Symbicort,[2] BiResp Spiromax,[4] and DuoResp Spiromax.[5]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Budesonide/formoterol

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Budesonide/formoterol is a fixed-dose combination medication consisting of budesonide, an inhaled corticosteroid that reduces inflammation in the airways, and formoterol fumarate dihydrate, a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle to improve airflow. It is indicated for the long-term maintenance treatment of asthma in patients aged 6 years and older whose symptoms are not adequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids alone, as well as for the maintenance management of airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The combination is delivered via inhaler, including metered-dose and dry powder formulations depending on the region, and is not intended for the relief of acute bronchospasm or exacerbations of asthma or COPD. Available in various strengths depending on the formulation and region, such as 80/4.5 mcg and 160/4.5 mcg (budesonide/formoterol per actuation) in some markets, the medication is typically administered as two inhalations twice daily, with dosing tailored to disease severity and patient response. Under the brand name Symbicort, it received initial U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2006 for asthma treatment, with subsequent expansions for COPD in 2009; generic versions became available in the United States in 2022. This combination therapy provides dual anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects, helping to prevent symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and cough while improving lung function in eligible patients.

Medical uses

Asthma management

Budesonide/formoterol is indicated as a maintenance therapy for the long-term control and prevention of symptoms in patients with persistent asthma who are not adequately controlled on an inhaled corticosteroid alone or who require combination therapy with an inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist. The combination works by reducing airway inflammation through the corticosteroid component (budesonide) while providing sustained bronchodilation via the long-acting beta2-agonist (formoterol), thereby preventing bronchospasm and improving overall asthma control. Recommended dosing for asthma management in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older is two inhalations twice daily of either the 80/4.5 mcg (budesonide/formoterol) strength for low- to medium-dose prior inhaled corticosteroid therapy or the 160/4.5 mcg strength for medium- to high-dose prior therapy, administered approximately 12 hours apart via oral inhalation. For children aged 6 to 11 years, the recommended dose is two inhalations twice daily of the 80/4.5 mcg strength. The maximum recommended daily dose is 640/18 mcg (two inhalations of 160/4.5 mcg twice daily) for adults and adolescents, with lower limits emphasized for pediatric patients to minimize exposure. Clinical trials have demonstrated significant improvements in lung function with budesonide/formoterol maintenance therapy. In a 12-week study of patients aged 12 years and older with moderate to severe asthma, treatment with 160/4.5 mcg twice daily resulted in a mean increase in pre-dose forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 0.19 L (9.4%) compared to a decrease of 0.17 L with placebo. Additionally, in longer-term studies, budesonide/formoterol reduced the rate of asthma exacerbations compared to budesonide alone, with a hazard ratio of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75-0.94), primarily due to decreased need for systemic corticosteroids. In pediatric patients aged 6 to 11 years, a 12-week trial showed a mean improvement in 1-hour post-dose FEV1 of 0.28 L with budesonide/formoterol versus 0.17 L with budesonide monotherapy. Budesonide/formoterol is not indicated for the relief of acute asthma symptoms and should not be used as a rescue medication; patients must use a short-acting beta2-agonist, such as albuterol, for immediate symptom relief. It is approved for use in children starting from age 6 years, with dosing tailored to this population to support maintenance control while monitoring growth and other developmental factors. As of 2025, guidelines such as GINA recommend ICS/LABA combinations like budesonide/formoterol as preferred therapy for moderate-to-severe asthma, including as maintenance and reliever therapy (SMART) for adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older, though SMART remains off-label in the US per FDA labeling.

COPD treatment

Budesonide/formoterol is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the long-term maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, to improve symptoms such as shortness of breath and reduce the frequency of flare-ups (exacerbations). This combination is particularly indicated for moderate to severe COPD in adults, where it serves as a fixed-dose inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist (ICS/LABA) therapy to control persistent symptoms and prevent worsening. The recommended dosing for COPD is two inhalations of the 160 mcg/4.5 mcg strength twice daily (morning and evening, approximately 12 hours apart), delivering a total daily dose of 640 mcg budesonide and 18 mcg formoterol. This regimen helps maintain lung function and daily activities by combining the anti-inflammatory effects of budesonide with the bronchodilatory action of formoterol. Clinical evidence from pivotal trials supports its efficacy in reducing exacerbations and enhancing quality of life in COPD patients. In a 12-month, randomized, double-blind study involving 812 patients with moderate to severe COPD, budesonide/formoterol (160/4.5 mcg, two inhalations twice daily) reduced the mean number of severe exacerbations per patient per year by 24% compared to placebo and by 23% compared to formoterol alone, while also significantly improving forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) by 15% versus placebo. The same trial demonstrated improvements in health-related quality of life, as measured by the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), with a mean total score reduction of 3.4 points versus placebo (p=0.0073), indicating better symptom control and daily functioning. These findings were consistent across subsequent studies, such as the RISE trial, where higher-dose budesonide/formoterol (320/9 mcg twice daily) decreased the annual rate of exacerbations by 24% relative to formoterol alone (rate ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.62-0.92) in patients with a history of exacerbations. Budesonide/formoterol provides particular benefits for COPD patients at high risk of exacerbations, including those with frequent flare-ups (two or more per year) or a history of oral corticosteroid use, as recommended in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines for group E patients. In such individuals, the ICS component reduces airway inflammation and eosinophil counts associated with exacerbations, leading to fewer events requiring hospitalization or systemic steroids compared to LABA monotherapy. For patients with a history of oral corticosteroid dependence, switching to this inhaled combination has been shown to lower overall steroid exposure while stabilizing lung function and reducing exacerbation frequency by approximately 25-30%. This targeted use aligns with evidence that ICS/LABA therapy is most effective in exacerbator phenotypes, improving outcomes without broad application to all COPD severities.

Other indications

Budesonide/formoterol has been investigated for use in bronchiectasis, a condition characterized by chronic airway inflammation and recurrent infections, to reduce exacerbations and improve symptoms. In a 12-month randomized, double-blind trial involving 40 patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, the combination therapy (formoterol 18 μg/budesonide 640 μg daily) significantly improved dyspnea, cough, and health-related quality of life compared to high-dose budesonide alone (1,600 μg daily), with fewer steroid-related side effects and no changes in lung function or microbial isolates. However, this remains an off-label application, as larger confirmatory studies are needed to establish broader efficacy. Limited evidence supports the use of budesonide/formoterol as an adjunct therapy for post-viral wheezing and related inflammatory responses. In children with viral pneumonia, treatment with budesonide/formoterol inhalation powder significantly improved clinical outcomes, including symptom resolution and lung function, by modulating inflammation induced by respiratory viruses like rhinovirus. Similarly, the combination has shown potential in attenuating virus-induced epithelial inflammation in preclinical models, though clinical data are preliminary and not indicative of routine use. For exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), budesonide/formoterol used on demand has demonstrated benefits as an adjunct in patients with mild asthma. A 6-week double-blind trial in 66 participants found that as-needed budesonide/formoterol (200 μg/6 μg) reduced the maximum post-exercise FEV1 fall by 5.4% and improved overall asthma control, comparable to regular budesonide at a higher cumulative dose, outperforming short-acting beta-agonists alone. Evidence for allergic rhinitis is sparse and primarily involves topical formulations; inhaled budesonide alone may alleviate nasal symptoms by systemic absorption, but the combination lacks dedicated trials for this indication. As of November 2025, research on budesonide/formoterol in COVID-19-related respiratory complications and interstitial lung diseases (ILD) remains investigational with no FDA approvals. In a prospective study of SARS-CoV-2 patients, the fixed-dose combination metered-dose inhaler, alongside standard care, significantly reduced symptom severity, oxygen requirements, and hospital stay duration compared to usual care alone. For ILD, case reports indicate variable responses, with some patients showing no improvement in lung function or imaging after initiation, highlighting the need for further trials. A phase 2 trial of a similar combination (arformoterol/budesonide) in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 evaluated symptom relief and safety, but results underscore investigational status. None of these uses are FDA-approved, and robust, large-scale data are lacking, potentially due to the drug's primary optimization for asthma and COPD. Patients considering these applications should consult respiratory specialists to weigh limited evidence against risks.

Contraindications and precautions

Contraindications

Budesonide/formoterol is contraindicated for the primary treatment of acute bronchospasm, status asthmaticus, or other acute episodes of asthma or COPD where intensive measures are required, as it is a long-acting maintenance combination and not suitable for rapid symptom relief. The combination is also contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to budesonide, formoterol fumarate dihydrate, or any excipients.

Special populations

Budesonide/formoterol is approved for the treatment of asthma in pediatric patients aged 6 years and older, with the recommended starting dose for children 6 to 11 years being two inhalations of the 80/4.5 mcg strength twice daily to minimize potential systemic effects. Lower doses are preferred in this population to reduce the risk of growth suppression, as long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids like budesonide may cause a small reduction in growth velocity, though the clinical significance remains debated and routine monitoring of height is advised. In elderly patients, no dosage adjustment is generally required for budesonide/formoterol, but increased monitoring for cardiovascular effects is recommended due to age-related heightened sensitivity to beta-2 agonists like formoterol, particularly in those with preexisting heart conditions. Clinical trials have not identified significant differences in efficacy or safety profiles between elderly patients (aged 65 years and older) and younger adults when used at standard doses. During pregnancy, animal reproduction studies have shown adverse effects but there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans; it should be used only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Data from pregnancy registries, including the Swedish Medical Birth Registry involving over 2,000 budesonide-exposed pregnancies, have not shown an increased risk of major congenital malformations compared to the general population. Similarly, prospective cohort studies on formoterol use in pregnancy report no evidence of teratogenicity, supporting its continuation for asthma control when benefits outweigh risks. For patients with renal impairment, no specific dosage adjustments are necessary for budesonide/formoterol, as there are limited data indicating that renal function does not significantly alter its pharmacokinetics. In hepatic impairment, no routine dose modification is required for mild to moderate cases, but severe hepatic dysfunction may necessitate dose reduction or close monitoring due to budesonide's primary metabolism via hepatic CYP3A4 enzymes, potentially leading to increased systemic exposure. Use with caution in patients with active or quiescent tuberculosis infection or untreated fungal, bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections, as the corticosteroid component may exacerbate these conditions. Caution is also advised in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, due to potential increases in intraocular pressure, and in those with urinary retention or bladder-neck obstruction, as beta-2 agonists may aggravate these. Regarding drug interactions relevant to special populations, strong CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole should be avoided or used with extreme caution, as they can significantly increase plasma levels of budesonide by inhibiting its metabolism, thereby elevating the risk of systemic corticosteroid-related adverse effects; dose adjustment of budesonide/formoterol may be needed in such cases.

Adverse effects

Common side effects

Budesonide/formoterol, a combination inhaler used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is associated with several common side effects that are generally mild to moderate and occur in up to 10% of patients. These effects primarily stem from the local deposition of budesonide, a corticosteroid, in the oropharynx and the systemic absorption of formoterol, a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist. Oral candidiasis, commonly known as thrush, results from budesonide's immunosuppressive action on oral mucosa and affects 1-5% of users, presenting as white patches in the mouth or throat. To mitigate this risk, patients are advised to rinse their mouth with water after each inhalation, which significantly reduces the incidence of thrush. Neurological and cardiovascular effects attributable to formoterol include headache, tremor, and palpitations, reported in 5-10% of patients. Headache is the most frequent among these, occurring in up to 11.3% of asthma patients in clinical trials, while tremor and palpitations arise from beta2-adrenergic stimulation and are typically transient. Upper respiratory tract infections and nasopharyngitis are also prevalent, affecting up to 10% of users, often due to the underlying respiratory condition rather than the medication itself, though they may be exacerbated by altered local immunity. Voice changes, such as dysphonia or hoarseness, and cough frequently occur immediately after inhalation, impacting 1-10% of patients through mechanical irritation or corticosteroid-induced myopathy of the vocal cords. These symptoms are more noticeable with higher doses and can be managed by using a spacer device to minimize oropharyngeal deposition. Overall, these common adverse effects are self-limiting and do not typically require discontinuation of therapy, though monitoring is recommended for persistent symptoms.

Serious side effects

Budesonide/formoterol, a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist, can lead to paradoxical bronchospasm, characterized by worsening wheezing or shortness of breath shortly after inhalation. This rare but potentially life-threatening reaction occurs in approximately 1% of patients and requires immediate discontinuation of the medication and use of a short-acting bronchodilator, followed by evaluation for alternative therapy. Cardiovascular events represent another serious risk, particularly in patients with preexisting heart conditions, due to the beta-agonist component causing overstimulation. These may include tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, or ECG changes, necessitating caution and monitoring in at-risk individuals; immediate medical attention is advised if symptoms such as chest pain or palpitations occur. Hypersensitivity reactions, though uncommon (affecting less than 1% of users), can manifest as anaphylaxis, angioedema, urticaria, or severe bronchospasm and are contraindicated in those with known sensitivity to the components. Such reactions demand prompt discontinuation and emergency treatment, including epinephrine if severe. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while inhaled corticosteroids in general may increase the risk of pneumonia, pooled analyses of budesonide-containing treatments indicate no significant increase compared to non-budesonide therapies (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.81-1.41). Symptoms such as fever, chills, increased sputum production, or worsening dyspnea require urgent medical assessment to prevent complications. Prolonged or high-dose use of budesonide/formoterol may result in adrenal suppression, potentially leading to adrenal crisis with symptoms like fatigue, hypotension, or electrolyte imbalances, especially during stress or when tapering from systemic corticosteroids. Gradual dose reduction and monitoring of adrenal function are recommended in susceptible patients.

Long-term risks

Long-term use of budesonide/formoterol, particularly due to its corticosteroid component, has been associated with a potential increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures, with effects appearing dose-dependent. Older studies, such as a 2021 Swedish cohort, linked high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) equivalent to ≥640 μg/day budesonide to a 52% higher relative risk of osteoporosis-related events, including fractures, compared to non-users, while lower doses showed a 27% increased risk; however, more recent meta-analyses as of 2025 indicate no significant elevation in risk overall. Systematic reviews confirm that ICS use in COPD correlates with potential dose-dependent bone mineral density (BMD) loss and elevated fracture rates, though the absolute risk remains modest and varies by patient factors such as age and baseline bone health. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) product label for budesonide/formoterol notes observed decreases in BMD with prolonged administration, emphasizing the need to weigh benefits against this potential systemic effect and periodic assessment in at-risk patients. In pediatric patients, the corticosteroid component can lead to growth retardation, manifesting as reduced linear growth velocity during treatment. Short-term studies (up to 1 year) of ICS like budesonide demonstrate a small, dose-dependent suppression of growth, averaging about 0.5–1 cm per year at low to medium doses, though this effect often diminishes over time with catch-up growth. Long-term follow-up data indicate that children treated with inhaled budesonide for asthma attain normal adult height on average, despite initial velocity reductions, suggesting the impact is transient rather than permanent. The FDA recommends routine monitoring of growth in children using budesonide/formoterol to ensure the lowest effective dose is maintained. Prolonged exposure to budesonide/formoterol elevates the risk of cataracts and glaucoma progression, primarily through corticosteroid-induced increases in intraocular pressure. Long-term ICS use has been correlated with posterior subcapsular cataracts and glaucoma, particularly in susceptible individuals, with meta-analyses showing heightened intraocular hypertension in those with a family history of glaucoma at high doses. The FDA and MedlinePlus advise regular ophthalmic examinations for patients on extended therapy to detect early changes, as untreated elevations can lead to vision loss. The formoterol component, a long-acting beta-2 agonist, may induce tolerance to its bronchodilatory effects with regular use, potentially reducing responsiveness to both the drug itself and short-acting rescue bronchodilators. Clinical studies demonstrate that continuous formoterol administration leads to partial tolerance in bronchodilation, with diminished protective effects against bronchoconstriction after 1 week of treatment, though the magnitude is clinically modest and does not increase asthma mortality risk. This tolerance is attributed to beta-2 receptor downregulation but can partially reverse upon discontinuation. Monitoring recommendations for long-term users include periodic bone density scans, particularly for those over 50 years or with additional risk factors like postmenopausal status, as per Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines for high-dose or prolonged ICS therapy. Growth assessments via stadiometry are advised for children, alongside eye exams every 6–12 months to screen for glaucoma or cataracts. These measures help mitigate cumulative risks while optimizing therapeutic benefits.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Budesonide is a potent glucocorticoid that exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by binding to and activating glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the cytoplasm of target cells, such as those in the airways. The resulting budesonide-GR complex translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to coactivators like histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and CREB-binding protein (CBP), thereby inhibiting the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. This mechanism primarily involves the suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, which reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while also promoting the apoptosis of eosinophils and suppressing the activity of other inflammatory cells including mast cells, neutrophils, T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Formoterol functions as a long-acting β2-adrenergic agonist that selectively binds to β2-adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle cells, activating the stimulatory G-protein (Gs) coupled to these receptors. This activation stimulates adenylate cyclase, leading to an increase in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which in turn activates protein kinase A (PKA) and promotes the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, thereby reducing bronchoconstriction and improving airflow. Additionally, elevated cAMP inhibits the release of mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes from mast cells, contributing to its bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects at the physiological level. In combination, budesonide and formoterol produce synergistic therapeutic effects in the airways, where the corticosteroid enhances the efficacy of the β2-agonist by reducing underlying inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, allowing for improved bronchodilation and better overall control of obstructive lung diseases. This synergy arises because the components target complementary pathways: budesonide addresses chronic inflammation, while formoterol provides rapid smooth muscle relaxation, with the combination demonstrating additive regulation of anti-inflammatory and bronchoprotective genes. The onset of action differs between the two; formoterol induces bronchodilation rapidly, within 1-3 minutes of inhalation, whereas budesonide's anti-inflammatory effects develop more slowly, typically over hours with consistent use.

Pharmacokinetics

Budesonide/formoterol is administered via inhalation, allowing for targeted delivery to the lungs where both components are rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation. The combination exhibits linear pharmacokinetics with no clinically significant interactions between budesonide and formoterol when co-formulated. Absorption occurs primarily through the pulmonary route, with lung deposition estimated at 30-50% of the inhaled dose for both drugs, depending on inhalation technique and device. Budesonide reaches peak plasma concentrations within 20-30 minutes post-inhalation, while formoterol achieves peaks in 5-10 minutes, reflecting rapid onset. The systemic bioavailability of inhaled budesonide is approximately 39% of the metered dose, limited by extensive first-pass metabolism, whereas formoterol has a bioavailability of about 60% of the delivered dose. Distribution of budesonide involves a volume of distribution of about 3 L/kg and high plasma protein binding of 85-90%, primarily to albumin. Formoterol distributes more widely with a volume of approximately 4 L/kg and moderate protein binding of 46-58% to albumin for its enantiomers. Both components show minimal penetration across the blood-brain barrier due to their physicochemical properties and route of administration. Metabolism of budesonide is extensive and rapid, primarily via hepatic CYP3A4 enzyme to inactive metabolites such as 6β-hydroxybudesonide and 16α-hydroxyprednisolone, which retain less than 1% of the parent compound's glucocorticoid activity. Formoterol undergoes phase II glucuronidation and phase I O-demethylation via CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9, producing inactive conjugates and minor active metabolites. Elimination occurs mainly through renal excretion of metabolites for both drugs. Budesonide is cleared with a systemic clearance of about 1.4 L/min, with approximately 60% recovered in urine as metabolites and the remainder in feces; no unchanged drug is detected in urine. Formoterol has 62% of the dose excreted in urine (including 10% unchanged) and 24% in feces, primarily as metabolites. Following administration of budesonide/formoterol, the half-life is 4.7 hours for budesonide and 7.9 hours for formoterol. Steady-state plasma concentrations are achieved after 1 week of twice-daily dosing, with modest accumulation (index of 1.3-1.8).

Chemistry and formulation

Composition

Budesonide/formoterol is a fixed-dose combination medication consisting of two active ingredients: budesonide, a corticosteroid with the molecular formula C25H34O6 and a molecular weight of 430.5, and formoterol fumarate dihydrate, a long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) with the molecular formula C42H52N4O12·2H2O and a molecular weight of 840.91. These components are micronized to particle sizes suitable for inhalation, typically in the range of 1–5 μm, to ensure effective delivery to the lungs while minimizing deposition in the upper airways. The active ingredients are combined in fixed ratios per actuation, commonly 80 mcg budesonide/4.5 mcg formoterol fumarate dihydrate, 160 mcg budesonide/4.5 mcg formoterol fumarate dihydrate, or 320 mcg budesonide/9 mcg formoterol fumarate dihydrate, depending on the formulation strength and delivery device. These ratios are designed to provide synergistic anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects, with the corticosteroid budesonide reducing airway inflammation and the LABA formoterol providing sustained bronchodilation. Inactive ingredients vary by formulation type. In metered-dose inhaler (MDI) versions, such as pressurized metered-dose inhalers, the primary inactive components include the propellant hydrofluoroalkane-227 (HFA-227) and surfactants like povidone K25 to stabilize the suspension and prevent aggregation of the micronized particles. Dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations, such as Turbuhaler, use lactose monohydrate as a carrier, with less than 1 mg per inhalation to minimize potential issues in lactose-intolerant individuals. These excipients are selected for their compatibility with the active ingredients and to facilitate consistent aerosolization. For stability, the formulations employ micronized particles to enhance dispersibility and lung deposition. All components meet pharmaceutical-grade purity standards under good manufacturing practices (GMP).

Available forms

Budesonide/formoterol is primarily available as inhalation products in metered-dose inhaler (MDI) and dry powder inhaler (DPI) formats, with formulations tailored to deliver the medication directly to the lungs for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management. These delivery systems vary by region due to regulatory approvals, but common strengths focus on budesonide doses of 80 mcg, 160 mcg, or higher, combined with formoterol at 4.5 mcg or 9 mcg per actuation. The MDI form is a pressurized aerosol inhaler propelled by hydrofluoroalkane (HFA), providing consistent metering of the medication. It is available in strengths of 80 mcg budesonide/4.5 mcg formoterol and 160 mcg budesonide/4.5 mcg formoterol per actuation, typically in canisters containing 60 or 120 doses. To enhance lung deposition and reduce oropharyngeal impaction, particularly in patients with poor inhaler coordination, spacers (valved holding chambers) are recommended for use with MDIs; these devices hold the aerosol cloud briefly for slower, deeper inhalation. The MDI actuator requires regular cleaning: rinse the mouthpiece under warm running water at least once weekly, shake off excess water, and allow it to air dry overnight without using soap or drying agents that could clog the mechanism. A variant MDI formulation, Symbicort Aerosphere (approved by the FDA in 2023), uses HFA-134a propellant and porous particles composed of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and calcium chloride as inactive ingredients, available in 160 mcg budesonide/4.8 mcg formoterol per actuation (120 doses). Dry powder inhalers (DPIs), such as the Turbuhaler or Easyhaler, rely on the patient's inspiratory effort to disperse the micronized powder without propellants, making them suitable for those who can generate adequate airflow. These devices offer strengths of 80 mcg budesonide/4.5 mcg formoterol and 160 mcg budesonide/4.5 mcg formoterol per actuation, with an additional 320 mcg budesonide/9 mcg formoterol strength available specifically for COPD maintenance therapy in certain regions. DPIs do not require spacers but demand proper technique to avoid powder retention in the device. All budesonide/formoterol inhalation products should be stored at controlled room temperature (15–30°C or 59–86°F), protected from light, excessive heat, freezing, and moisture to maintain stability and efficacy; discard MDIs after the labeled number of actuations or three months post-foil pouch opening, whichever comes first.

History

Development

Budesonide, an inhaled corticosteroid, was developed by Astra in the 1980s following its initial patent in 1973, with commercial introduction for asthma treatment occurring in 1981. Formoterol, a long-acting beta2-agonist, was invented in the early 1970s by Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical and subsequently licensed to Astra for development in inhalation formulations during the 1980s. The budesonide/formoterol combination, branded as Symbicort, was invented in the 1990s by AstraZeneca to integrate the anti-inflammatory properties of an inhaled corticosteroid with the sustained bronchodilation of a long-acting beta-agonist in a single device, aiming to enhance therapeutic efficacy, simplify dosing, and improve patient adherence over separate monotherapies for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease management. Preclinical studies in animal models, such as allergen-challenged mice, demonstrated that the budesonide/formoterol combination effectively reduced airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and structural remodeling compared to either agent alone, supporting its potential to address underlying pathological processes in obstructive airway diseases. These findings validated the synergistic rationale for the fixed-dose formulation, showing additive benefits in preventing sustained airway changes without reversing established remodeling. Key development milestones included the filing of the original composition-of-matter patent for Symbicort in 1997 by AstraZeneca AB, which covered the dry powder inhaler formulation and expired variably between 2012 and 2025 across jurisdictions due to extensions and regional variations. Phase I clinical trials in the early 2000s evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of the combination in asthmatic patients, confirming tolerability and paving the way for larger efficacy studies leading to initial approvals.

Regulatory approvals

Budesonide/formoterol, marketed as Symbicort, received its initial marketing authorization from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in 2001 for the treatment of asthma in adults, with the indication expanded to include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 2003. The approval was based on clinical trials demonstrating efficacy in improving lung function and reducing exacerbations in both conditions. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first approved budesonide/formoterol inhalation aerosol (Symbicort) on July 21, 2006, for the long-term maintenance treatment of asthma in patients aged 12 years and older. This approval followed pivotal clinical studies showing superior control of asthma symptoms compared to monotherapy with either component. The indication was expanded on February 27, 2009, to include maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Further expansion occurred on January 30, 2017, approving the 80/4.5 mcg strength for asthma maintenance in children aged 6 to 11 years. In June 2020, Prasco Laboratories launched an authorized generic version of Symbicort under an agreement with AstraZeneca. The FDA approved the first abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) generic version, Breyna (by Viatris), on March 16, 2022, for asthma in patients aged 6 years and older and for COPD maintenance. In December 2017, the FDA revised the labeling for budesonide/formoterol and other inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist (ICS/LABA) combinations, removing the boxed warning regarding asthma-related death based on a class-wide safety review of four large trials, including the SMART study data on LABA risks. This change confirmed no increased risk of serious asthma outcomes when ICS/LABAs are used as recommended, with updated warnings emphasizing adherence to therapy. By 2025, budesonide/formoterol had received regulatory approval in over 100 countries worldwide, including major markets in Europe, Asia, and Latin America, primarily under the Symbicort brand for asthma and/or COPD management.

Society and culture

Brand names

Budesonide/formoterol is most commonly marketed under the brand name Symbicort, developed and distributed by AstraZeneca in the majority of global markets. Symbicort is available in various formulations, including the dry powder inhaler (DPI) version known as Symbicort Turbohaler, which is widely used in Europe, North America, and other regions. In Australia and New Zealand, the metered-dose inhaler (MDI) variant is branded as Symbicort Rapihaler. Generic versions of budesonide/formoterol have entered the market in several regions, providing alternatives to the branded product. In the United States, Breyna, manufactured by Viatris (in partnership with Kindeva Drug Delivery), was approved by the FDA in 2020 and launched in 2023 as the first generic equivalent to Symbicort. In Europe, generics include DuoResp Spiromax and BiResp Spiromax by Teva Pharmaceuticals, authorized by the European Medicines Agency for asthma and COPD treatment. Other European generics encompass Fobumix Easyhaler and WockAIR, available through the UK's National Health Service. In Asia, particularly India, common generic brands are Foracort and Budamate, produced by companies such as Cipla and Lupin for local distribution. Symbicort formulations have evolved to comply with environmental regulations, with older chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-propelled versions phased out globally following the 2008 Montreal Protocol deadlines for ozone-depleting substances in metered-dose inhalers; current versions use hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants. Prior to the 2023 entry of generics like Breyna in the US market, Symbicort maintained a dominant position as the market leader in the inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist combination segment. Budesonide/formoterol is classified as a prescription-only medication (Rx) worldwide and is not designated as a controlled substance under international drug scheduling conventions. In the United States, the combination is FDA-approved for the maintenance treatment of asthma (initially in 2006) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (in 2009). Although earlier labeling included a boxed warning regarding the risk of asthma-related death when long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) like formoterol are used as monotherapy, this warning was removed in 2017 following clinical trials demonstrating no significant increase in serious asthma outcomes with inhaled corticosteroid/LABA combinations. Current prescribing information still contraindicates LABA monotherapy for asthma and requires combination use with an inhaled corticosteroid. In the European Union, budesonide/formoterol has been authorized through the centralized marketing authorization procedure since 2001 for asthma and since 2006 for COPD, allowing uniform approval across member states. It is available only by prescription, with product information emphasizing risks similar to those in the US, including avoidance of LABA monotherapy in asthma and potential cardiovascular effects. The World Health Organization added budesonide/formoterol to its Model List of Essential Medicines in 2017, recommending it for asthma and COPD management in developing countries to improve access to effective respiratory therapies. Patent litigation in the US delayed generic entry for budesonide/formoterol, with AstraZeneca defending multiple patents on the Symbicort formulation and inhaler device; the FDA approved the first generic version (Breyna) in March 2022, but launch was delayed until after a key resolution in November 2022 when a federal court invalidated one primary patent.

Availability

Budesonide/formoterol is widely available in high-income countries through retail pharmacies and online platforms, with generic versions significantly reducing costs in the United States by 2025. Prior to generic entry, the average retail price for a 30-day supply of the branded Symbicort inhaler was approximately $300, but with the approval and market penetration of generics like budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate inhalation aerosol, prices have dropped to as low as $97 per month using discount coupons, representing a 68% reduction from the prior average retail of $306. In other high-income markets such as Canada and parts of Europe, the medication is similarly accessible via prescription, often at lower list prices around $38 per inhaler through international mail-order pharmacies compared to $158 in the US. In low-resource settings, particularly in Africa and Asia, access to budesonide/formoterol remains limited due to frequent shortages and high relative costs, with availability varying widely across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Studies indicate that the combination inhaler is stocked in only about 54% of pharmacies and 38% of health facilities in surveyed LMIC regions, contributing to treatment gaps for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified affordable generic versions of budesonide/formoterol to improve access, enabling procurement at reduced prices for public health programs in these areas, though affordability challenges persist as the medication can require 6 or more days' wages for a month's supply in many settings. In the United States, budesonide/formoterol is typically classified as Tier 2 or 3 on most insurance formularies, meaning it requires prior authorization or step therapy but is covered by the majority of Medicare and commercial plans. Copay assistance programs, such as manufacturer-sponsored savings cards, further lower out-of-pocket costs to as little as $35 per month for eligible commercially insured patients, with similar support available through pharmacy discount networks for uninsured individuals. Environmental considerations are influencing the formulation's availability, as hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants in metered-dose inhalers are being phased out globally in favor of low global warming potential (GWP) alternatives by 2030 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In July 2025, the European Medicines Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) issued a positive opinion for the first reformulated inhaled medicine using a near-zero GWP propellant (hydrofluoroolefin-1234ze(E)), Trixeo Aerosphere (budesonide/glycopyrronium/formoterol, an ICS/LAMA/LABA triple combination), with pharmaceutical companies committing to transition their entire metered-dose inhaler portfolios, including budesonide/formoterol combinations, to these sustainable options within the decade. Export and import of budesonide/formoterol face no major regulatory restrictions in most countries, facilitating global distribution, but it requires temperature-controlled shipping to maintain stability, as exposure to heat can degrade the formoterol component and reduce drug delivery efficacy. Specialized cold chain logistics, including insulated packaging and monitoring, are standard for international transport to ensure product integrity across supply chains. As of 2025, multiple generic versions of budesonide/formoterol are available in the US market, further enhancing accessibility.

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