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Key Information

TEMSA Skoda Sabancı Ulaşım Araçları A.Ş. (more known as "Temsa") is a Turkish manufacturer of buses, midibuses, and light-trucks. As of 2020, it is operating under the partnership of Sabancı Holding and PPF Group (Škoda Transportation).[1]

At the TEMSA Adana plant, which is established on an area of 500,000 m², a total of 11,500 vehicles are produced annually, including 4,000 buses, midibuses, and 7,500 light trucks, with 1,850 employees.[2]

TEMSA's Avenue, Diamond, Opalin, Safari HD and Tourmalin IC buses were included in a special edition of Bus Driver (video game), made by SCS Software in 2007.[3]

History

[edit]
1994-2009 logo

TEMSA (Termo-Mekanik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş./ Thermo-mechanics Industry and Trade Incorporated) was founded in 1968 by Sabancı Holding to supply steel to the construction industry. Manufacturing of coaches began in 1984 with licensing and distribution agreements from Mitsubishi Motors. Service bus products were introduced in 1987.[4]

The products have their own bodywork and include Mitsubishi Fuso, MAN, DAF, Cummins and Caterpillar engines and parts that meet the European emission standards (Euro4, Euro5).

TEMSA Diamond in Mannheim, Germany

Since 2000, a full range of coaches has been developed for Western European markets, utilizing MAN engines and axles and ZF transmissions. TEMSA became independent and flexible in using different engines with its own developments and started carrying out tailor-made production. A subsidiary, TEMSA Europe, has been established in Belgium and several rep offices have been established in 46 countries (including Germany, France, Italy and Spain), under the management of Temsa Europe. Temsa has obtained over 7% of market share in its segment in Europe. Of the 1000 buses produced every year, 75% are exported.

Temsa is represented by three models in the US.[5] The TS 30, TS 35 and TS 45 are motor coaches of 30, 35 and 45 ft respectively.

TEMSA AR-GE ve Teknoloji Merkezi (Temsa Research & Development Center) is a branch of TEMSA that is responsible for new vehicle production and technology development. In June 2019, TEMSA was purchased by True Value Capital Partners of Switzerland.[6] In February 2020, Sabanci Holdings and Škoda Transportation have agreed and signed a letter of intent to become the new joint owners of Temsa.[7]

Product line as of May 2016

[edit]

Temsa main markets are divided as Turkish (domestic), Europe, USA and Non-Europe.[8] Most domestic vehicles from Temsa are sold in export markets with or without domestic model names as well.

Domestic market (Turkey)

[edit]
TEMSA Avenue in Antalya, Turkey
Coach
  • Temsa Maraton
  • Temsa Safir Plus
Midi Coach
  • Temsa Opalin (either HD or Oradea)
  • Temsa Prestij SX
s Inter City
  • Temsa LD SB Plus
  • Temsa MD9 LE
City
  • Temsa Avenue LF
  • Temsa Avenue LF CNG
  • Temsa Avenue Electron
  • Temsa Avenue EV
  • Temsa MD9 ElectriCITY
  • Temsa Prestij City SX
Van

Export markets

[edit]
Temsa Avenue in Rome, Italy
Coach
  • Temsa TS45
  • Temsa Maraton
  • Temsa HD
  • Temsa HD RHD
  • Temsa HD C12
  • Temsa LD
  • Temsa TS35
Midi Coach
  • Temsa TS30
  • Temsa MD9
  • Temsa MD9 RHD
  • Temsa MD7 Plus
  • Temsa Prestij SX
Inter City
  • Temsa LD SB Plus
  • Temsa MD9 LE
City
  • Temsa LF12
  • Temsa LF12 CNG
  • Temsa Avenue Electron
  • Temsa LF EV
  • Temsa MD9 ElectriCITY


Light truck

[edit]


[edit]
  • Bus of Jean-Claude Juncker in 2014
    Bus of Jean-Claude Juncker in 2014
  • Temsa used as a Police bus
    Temsa used as a Police bus
  • Temsa Maraton on Istanbul Bogazici Bridge
    Temsa Maraton on Istanbul Bogazici Bridge
  • TEMSA Safir in Jordan
    TEMSA Safir in Jordan
  • TEMSA Opalin in Dresden, Germany
    TEMSA Opalin in Dresden, Germany
  • TEMSA Tourmalin in Kielce, Poland
    TEMSA Tourmalin in Kielce, Poland
  • TEMSA Prestige in Zhytomyr, Ukraine
    TEMSA Prestige in Zhytomyr, Ukraine
  • TEMSA Safir in Turkey 2011.
    TEMSA Safir in Turkey 2011.
  • Temsa bus in Atlanta, USA
    Temsa bus in Atlanta, USA
  • Temsa LD 13 SB Plus in Thénioux, France
    Temsa LD 13 SB Plus in Thénioux, France
  • Avenue Electron
    Avenue Electron
  • Temsa LD 12 in Serbia
    Temsa LD 12 in Serbia
  • TEMSA Safari HD in Mannheim, Germany
    TEMSA Safari HD in Mannheim, Germany
  • TEMSA Safari RD in Hanover
    TEMSA Safari RD in Hanover

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

TEMSA

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
TEMSA is a Turkish multinational manufacturer of buses, coaches, midibuses, and light commercial vehicles, headquartered in , with a production facility spanning 510,000 square meters. Founded in 1968 by initially as a construction and heating equipment producer, the company entered the automotive sector in 1984 through a and has since become a global leader in transportation solutions, exporting to nearly 70 countries. Since October 2020, TEMSA has operated as a 50/50 joint venture between and the PPF Group (via its subsidiary ), following a period of financial restructuring that enabled significant growth. Under this partnership, the company has achieved record sales volumes, with 2024 revenue growing 20% to reach €429 million, its highest level in a decade, supported by an annual production capacity of 10,000 vehicles and a workforce exceeding 1,410 employees (as of 2024). In 2023, TEMSA reported revenues of €357 million, reflecting its expanding presence in markets across , , and beyond. TEMSA's product portfolio emphasizes innovative, and sustainable mobility, including intercity coaches such as the Maraton and Safir Plus, urban and midi-buses like the Avenue series and Prestij, and specialized models for the U.S. market including the TS 35 and TS 45. The company is a pioneer in , having introduced two serial-production-ready electric buses—the Avenue Electron for urban routes and the MD9 electriCITY midi-coach—along with propulsion systems for broader commercial applications. TEMSA maintains subsidiaries in key regions, including , , and the , and operates Türkiye's first dedicated bus center to drive advancements in smart transportation technologies.

Company Overview

Founding and Headquarters

TEMSA was established in 1968 by in , , initially as Temsa Thermo Mechanical Equipments Inc., focusing on the production of products for the industry. The company's early operations centered on industrial manufacturing, supplying components essential for building projects rather than automotive ventures. Over time, TEMSA expanded its scope to include the manufacture of (HVAC) equipment, leveraging its expertise in thermo-mechanical engineering. The and primary production were set up in , marking the company's physical base in the region's industrial hub, with initial facilities dedicated to these non-vehicle sectors. This pivot from industrial roots to automotive production occurred in 1984, when TEMSA began assembling its first coaches, initiating its entry into the vehicle manufacturing domain.

Ownership and Corporate Structure

TEMSA is jointly owned by and PPF Group through its subsidiary , with each partner holding a 50% stake in the company following the completion of the acquisition in October 2020. This partnership structure emphasizes 's role in managing local Turkish operations and leveraging its industrial expertise, while PPF Group contributes international technology transfer, particularly in development and European market expansion via 's rail and bus synergies. The current ownership arrangement stems from a 2019 transaction where sold TEMSA to True Value Capital Partners for approximately TL 825 million, amid the company's financial challenges. Financial distress persisted under the new ownership, prompting a February 2020 agreement for and PPF Group to reacquire TEMSA through their subsidiaries ExSa and PPF IndustryCo, respectively, which finalized the equal-share joint control later that year. As of 2025, TEMSA's leadership is headed by CEO Evren Güzel, who oversees global operations and strategic initiatives focused on sustainable mobility. The maintains a robust structure with representation from both parent companies, including female members to promote diversity, though specific compositions are not publicly detailed beyond joint oversight by Sabancı and PPF executives. Key subsidiaries include TEMSA , Inc., which handles sales, distribution, and after-sales services in the U.S. market from its Orlando headquarters. TEMSA positions itself as a human-centered dedicated to delivering smart and sustainable mobility solutions for enhanced user experiences worldwide. The organization employed 1,691 people as of 2023, supporting its operations across , R&D, and international . It invests 2.4% of its annual revenue in (as of 2023) to drive innovations in electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles.

Historical Development

Establishment and Early Expansion (1968–1990s)

TEMSA was founded in by the as a focused on steel supplies and thermomechanical products, including systems. Initially operating under the name derived from "Thermomekanik," the company supplied materials to the industry in during its early years. By the mid-1980s, TEMSA shifted toward the automotive sector, entering vehicle manufacturing and distribution in 1984 through licensing agreements with . This transition marked the company's entry into bus and coach production, leveraging partnerships to build technical expertise. Coach manufacturing commenced in earnest in 1987 with the introduction of the Maraton, TEMSA's first coach model, which was a licensed version of the Fuso design. The Maraton quickly gained traction in the Turkish market, serving as a foundational product for intercity and tourist transport and establishing TEMSA's reputation for reliable vehicles among local operators. Early adoption by domestic transportation companies highlighted its role in addressing Turkey's growing demand for modern coaches during the of the 1980s. In 1992, TEMSA launched the Prestij midibus, expanding its portfolio to include compact vehicles suited for urban and regional routes. This model became a cornerstone of the company's early success, with production continuing for decades and reaching the 15,000th unit in the , underscoring the enduring impact of its innovations. During this period, TEMSA penetrated the further through participation in tenders for urban , securing contracts with municipal operators to supply buses for city services. The company's manufacturing operations were centered in , where the facility expanded in the late to support increasing production volumes, including the establishment of assembly lines for licensed models. This growth in facilitated workforce expansion and positioned TEMSA as a key player in Turkey's burgeoning automotive sector under Sabancı Holding's ownership, which lasted until 2019.

Growth and Challenges (2000s–2018)

During the 2000s, TEMSA experienced significant growth through international expansion, building on the success of its Prestij model from the 1990s. The company accelerated its distribution network across Western Europe in the late 2000s, exporting coaches and buses to markets including France, Germany, and the UK, with over 5,000 TEMSA vehicles in operation in France by 2019. Exports to the Middle East also began during this period, with deliveries to operators in Saudi Arabia establishing TEMSA as a competitive player in regional transportation. In 2008, TEMSA entered the North American market through distributors, marking a key milestone in its global outreach. To support this expansion, the company partnered with global suppliers such as for engines and Allison for transmissions, enhancing vehicle reliability and performance in demanding intercity applications. By the early , TEMSA had diversified its product line, launching the TS series of coaches designed specifically for export markets, including the TS45 model in 2014, which featured advanced safety and comfort features tailored for long-distance travel. Despite these advances, TEMSA faced substantial challenges during the 2008 global , which severely impacted Turkey's automotive sector through collapsed foreign demand and slumping sales, prompting major manufacturers to suspend production. The crisis exacerbated competition from low-cost Asian producers, particularly Chinese OEMs, who gained ground in by offering price-competitive alternatives while European and Turkish brands emphasized quality and safety. In response, TEMSA pursued internal restructuring in the , optimizing operations and focusing on high-value export segments to maintain stability.

Ownership Transitions and Revival (2019–Present)

In May 2019, amid mounting debt pressures, sold its entire stake in TEMSA to Swiss-based Capital Partners for approximately 182.7 million , marking a significant shift in ownership as the company sought to stabilize its finances. This transaction, however, did not immediately resolve the underlying issues; by December 2019, escalating loan recalls and bank foreclosures forced TEMSA to temporarily halt production at its facility, disrupting operations and contributing to workforce reductions as part of cost-cutting measures. The crisis prompted a swift reversal in early 2020, when , in partnership with Czech investment group PPF (the controlling shareholder of Škoda Transportation), signed a in February to reacquire TEMSA, with each partner taking a 50% stake for a nominal value adjusted to around 375 million after accounting for debts. The deal was finalized in October 2020, enabling comprehensive with creditors and an initial capital infusion that supported operational recovery. This partnership injected over €100 million in combined investments, including a 300 million capital increase in 2021 (shared equally by Sabancı and PPF), which bolstered liquidity and facilitated the resumption of full-scale production by early 2021. A key early milestone was TEMSA's first export of electric buses in November 2020, with six MD9 electriCITY models delivered to an operator on Sweden's Öckerö Island, signaling renewed international confidence despite the ongoing transition. Under the Sabancı-PPF ownership, TEMSA experienced robust revival, achieving 70% overall business growth from 2022 to 2024 through expanded production, export diversification, and a focus on sustainable technologies. This period saw revenues surge by 252% in U.S. dollar terms from 2020 to 2023, reaching $387.5 million, driven by strengthened market positions in and . By 2025, the company's innovation momentum accelerated with the unveiling of the redesigned Prestij generation in June, featuring enhanced via a new 3-liter Fuso engine, and the debut of the Avenue Neo 9-meter electric city bus at Busworld in October, underscoring TEMSA's strategic pivot toward electrification and global leadership in urban mobility solutions.

Products and Technologies

Buses and Coaches

TEMSA's conventional bus and coach lineup includes intercity models such as the Maraton and Safir Plus, alongside urban and midi-buses like the Avenue series and Prestij. The Maraton is a 13-meter intercity coach with seating for up to 59 passengers, powered by engines up to 450 HP, emphasizing comfort and efficiency for long-haul routes. The Safir Plus, measuring 12.5 meters, offers 53 seats with ergonomic design and options for low-floor configurations, suitable for regional travel. The Avenue series comprises 12-meter urban buses with capacities up to 100 passengers, featuring low-emission Euro VI engines and advanced safety systems for city operations. For the North American market, the lineup centers on intercity models like the TS35 and TS45, introduced in the 2010s, which measure 35 to 45 feet in length and offer seating capacities of 30 to 50 passengers for efficient long-distance travel. The TS35, at 35 feet, provides a compact 40+1 seating arrangement with a turning radius under 35 feet, ideal for mixed urban and highway routes, while the larger TS45 accommodates up to 56 passengers in a 45-foot body with 460 cubic feet of luggage space. Complementing these are midibuses such as the Prestij, in production since 1992 and measuring 8 to 9 meters, designed for urban-focused operations with a 29+1 seating capacity and 3 cubic meters of luggage volume. Key features across these models emphasize ergonomic driver cockpits, including hydraulic or with tilt and telescopic adjustments, adjustable seats, and for reduced fatigue on extended routes. Safety systems in 2025 models incorporate ABS, ESP, and ATC for stability, along with tire pressure monitoring and three-point seat belts, enhancing passenger protection. Engine options include L9 (350 HP, 8.9L) or X12 (455 HP, 11.8L) diesels for the TS series, paired with Allison transmissions, and a 3L Euro VI diesel (150 PS) in the updated Prestij, all prioritizing low emissions and with capacities up to 200 gallons. Production of the Prestij has exceeded 20,000 units, underscoring its historical significance and widespread adoption in Turkey's domestic networks for reliable urban and intercity service. Operators benefit from customization options, such as 2+1 or 2+2 seating layouts, or fabric , accessibility ramps, and , allowing tailored configurations for diverse passenger needs.

Electric Vehicles

TEMSA entered the market with a focus on zero-emission urban buses, beginning with the launch of the MD9 in 2020. This 9-meter bus features a 250 kW and a 200 kWh , enabling a range of up to 230 kilometers on a single charge, with to enhance energy efficiency. The model complies with zero-emission standards, producing no tailpipe emissions and operating silently for improved urban air quality and . Earlier, in 2019, TEMSA introduced the Avenue Electron, a 12-meter serial-production-ready electric urban bus with battery options up to 350 kWh, offering a range of over 300 km and capacity for up to 80 passengers, designed for city routes with zero emissions. In October 2025, TEMSA unveiled the Avenue Neo at Busworld Europe in Brussels, representing an advancement in its electric city bus lineup. This 9-meter model is equipped with a Dana TM4 Sumo MD electric motor delivering 265 kW of power and up to 2,760 Nm of torque, paired with configurable battery options of four, six, or eight 48 kWh liquid-cooled packs for capacities reaching 384 kWh. It supports compatibility with standard charging infrastructure, including fast charging up to 300 kW via DC connection with an inverted pantograph option available, and maintains zero-emission certification for sustainable urban deployment. TEMSA integrates smart mobility technologies into its electric buses, such as advanced driver assistance systems derived from early autonomous prototypes on the MD9 platform, which incorporate for to support safer operations. The designs emphasize human-centered principles, prioritizing passenger comfort through ergonomic layouts and intuitive interfaces while aligning with broader sustainable mobility goals. Production of TEMSA's electric vehicles has expanded since the first exports of MD9 electriCITY units to in 2020, marking the company's initial foray into international zero-emission markets. By 2025, TEMSA's electric vehicles have been delivered to several international markets, supported by the company's exports to nearly 70 countries overall and the strategic partnership between and PPF Group established in 2020, which facilitates and production scaling for electric powertrains.

Light Trucks

TEMSA's light truck lineup centers on the Fuso Canter series, developed through a long-standing partnership with Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation that began in 1984 and has spanned over 40 years by 2024. These vehicles include compact models starting at 3.5 tons GVW, suitable for urban delivery and customizable via options for bodywork adaptations. Key features encompass efficient common-rail diesel engines compliant with Euro 6 emissions standards, offering capacities of 1 to 2 tons depending on configuration, and robust suspension systems tailored to Turkish road conditions. Standard equipment includes ergonomic cabins with adjustable seating, optional touchscreen infotainment with rearview cameras, and LED daytime running lights for enhanced visibility in logistics operations. In the Turkish market, these light trucks serve primarily in domestic , , and applications, holding approximately 16% in the segment as of 2022 with projections for growth to 20-25%. Exports remain limited, focusing on regional partnerships rather than broad international distribution. TEMSA's entry into light trucks dates to the late via Mitsubishi licensing, representing an early diversification from bus production, with significant updates in the including renewed designs for better and comfort. By , the company introduced the electric eCanter prototype-turned-production model, featuring a 110 kW motor, up to 81 kWh battery for 100-150 km range, and similar 1-1.7 ton payloads, aligning with Turkey's push toward electrified commercial fleets. This evolution supports TEMSA's broader shift toward sustainable vehicle manufacturing.

Operations and Markets

Manufacturing and Facilities

TEMSA's primary manufacturing facility is located in , , spanning approximately 510,000 square meters and serving as the company's central production hub. Established in 1968, the plant has undergone significant expansions in the , driven by new ownership, enabling an annual production capacity exceeding 10,000 vehicles in a single shift, including around 4,000 buses and coaches. This infrastructure supports the assembly of complete vehicle structures, with dedicated lines for bodywork, interior fitting, and final integration. The manufacturing processes at the facility emphasize efficient assembly and rigorous . Vehicles are produced along streamlined assembly lines that handle preparation, body paneling, and component installation, incorporating automated systems for precision tasks. is maintained through adherence to international standards, including ISO 9001:2015 for quality management, ISO 14001 for environmental management, for occupational health and safety, and for energy management, ensuring consistent output and regulatory compliance. Adjacent to the main plant, TEMSA operates a dedicated R&D center in , covering 9,500 square meters and employing 149 specialists as of 2021. The center focuses on prototyping electric vehicles, including development and zero-emission technologies like hydrogen-powered coaches, contributing to innovations in sustainable mobility. Sustainability initiatives at the facility have intensified since , with investments in energy-efficient production and waste minimization. The plant achieved Basic Level certification in and implements source segregation for all waste categories, directing them to licensed recyclers to reduce environmental impact. Energy efficiency projects, such as LED upgrades and insulation improvements, have lowered consumption while aligning with the through a comprehensive Climate Action Plan.

Domestic Presence in Turkey

TEMSA holds a prominent position as Turkey's leading bus manufacturer, supplying a significant portion of the domestic market for public transportation needs. Its vehicles are widely adopted in urban transit systems, fleets, and operations, with models such as the Avenue series optimized for city routes and the Prestij line serving and short-distance passenger services. In the first eight months of 2016, TEMSA achieved a 32% in the Turkish bus sector, delivering 1,091 units out of a total market of 3,365 buses, solidifying its leadership amid competitive pressures in and urban segments. The company benefits from Turkish government incentives promoting local production, including support for adoption to align with EU-inspired emissions regulations like Euro 6 standards. Post-2020, TEMSA demonstrated robust recovery from pandemic-related demand disruptions, recording total vehicle sales of 3,391 units in 2023—encompassing buses, coaches, and light trucks—while revenue surged 252% in USD terms from 2020 to 2023, reaching €440 million. Domestic sales contributed to this growth, supported by incentives for sustainable manufacturing, though exact annual domestic figures for 2024 are not detailed in available sources. Challenges included adapting to stricter emissions compliance and fluctuating local demand, yet TEMSA's focus on low-emission technologies facilitated sustained market penetration.

International Exports and Partnerships

TEMSA maintains a robust international export footprint, with vehicles operating in nearly 70 markets worldwide and over 15,000 units exported to 66 countries as of 2024. The company holds significant market shares in key economies including the , , , , and , with particular strength in where exports grew by 78% between 2020 and 2023. In , TEMSA's subsidiary, TEMSA North America, supports sales of U.S.-tailored models like the TS series, highlighted at the 2025 UMA Motorcoach Expo where new motorcoach features were debuted. Sales in the U.S. increased by 49% in 2024 alone, contributing to broader regional expansion in the . The company's export performance has accelerated markedly, achieving 70% overall business growth from 2022 to 2024, alongside a 252% rise in turnover to €440 million between 2020 and 2023. This momentum continued into 2024 with global revenue reaching €429 million, driven by increased demand in , the and (EMEA), and . A pivotal milestone in exports occurred in 2020 with the delivery of the first MD9 electriCITY buses to , marking TEMSA's entry into zero-emission international sales; subsequent shipments expanded to countries like and , where TEMSA ranks among the top three coach suppliers. In the U.S., TEMSA has pursued zero-emission opportunities through its North American operations, integrating electric models into bids for sustainable fleet upgrades. Strategic partnerships have bolstered TEMSA's global reach, particularly through its affiliation with under the PPF Group since 2020, enabling technology sharing in components and joint projects such as the 2021 delivery of 14 e-buses to . This collaboration extends to dealer networks across and the U.S., including alliances with operators like Transport Technologies in and Stotts Coaches for National Express services in the UK. Additional ventures include bus development with CaetanoBus and digital battery passport piloting with Minespider, supporting local assembly initiatives in via Škoda's regional expertise. TEMSA advances its international strategy through high-profile events, such as the 2025 Busworld exhibition in , where it launched the Avenue Neo electric city bus to showcase innovations in sustainable mobility. These initiatives, leveraging Turkey's manufacturing base, underscore TEMSA's commitment to expanding export volumes and fostering long-term global alliances.

References

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  54. https://api.temsa.com/_d/dev/35334f6f-cec8-457f-b284-c5cb1b3204cc---md9electricity_en_.pdf
  55. https://www.temsa.com/eu/en/city/avenue-electron
  56. https://api.temsa.com/_d/dev/f3fe8632-f001-4050-8e9b-9ae401ef1312---avenue-electron-eng-digital.pdf
  57. https://truckandbusbuilder.com/article/2025/10/24/busworld-2025-temsa-launches-new-9-metre-electric-bus
  58. https://www.temsa.com/us/en/news/temsa-focuses-on-autonomous-vehicles-features-its-first-concept-vehicle--Y7X_PI9iuI
  59. https://www.temsa.com/us/en/about-us/connected-with-life--oxM7N-5i2r9P
  60. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/temsa-exports-its-first-electric-buses-six-md9-electricity-for-sweden/
  61. https://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/en/news-main/press-release/2024/05/02/fuso-ecanters-debut-in-turkey-capping-40-years-in-the-market/
  62. https://www.temsa.com/tr/tr/yenilenen-fuso-canter-turkiye-nin-yukunu-tasiyacak--6Vs740CSXk_
  63. https://www.temsa.com/tr/tr/temsa-ve-fuso-turkiye-deki-40-yillik-is-birligini-yeni-ecanter-ile-taclandiriyor--AbMFnpRuJEld
  64. https://www.marklines.com/en/news/307409
  65. https://www.temsa.com/tr/tr/temsa-elektrikli-araclardaki-tecrubesini-fuso-ecanter-ile-hafif-kamyon-segmentine-tasiyor--yunaSXqz_Bg
  66. https://osd.org.tr/osd-members/temsa
  67. https://api.temsa.com/_o/dev/18b9fdee-e6e7-4d5e-a401-457d85532f1d---temsa-sustainability-report-2021.pdf
  68. https://api.temsa.com/_o/dev/3f6d405f-8166-4d87-a9f4-c131aa14f0c2---iso-9001-eng.pdf
  69. https://www.temsa.com/us/en/sustainability
  70. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/temsa-is-electrifying-the-world-301217125.html
  71. https://www.temsa.com/eu/es/temsa-and-caetanobus-will-launch-turkey-s-first-hydrogen-powered-coach-by-2024--h-C9zQYJnUt
  72. https://api.temsa.com/_o/dev/a056a64d-20f3-495c-8aba-821c718b2c25---temsa-sustainability-report_2021.pdf
  73. https://assetalliancegroup.co.uk/asset-alliance-group/temsa/
  74. https://www.temsa.com/us/en/news/temsa-market-leader-in-turkey-is-at-the-hannover-commercial-vehicle-fair--f-oBp4Z9j2xF
  75. https://www.kenresearch.com/turkey-electric-bus-and-ev-transit-market
  76. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/news/temsa-sales-2023-growth/
  77. https://www.temsa.com/eu/en/about-us
  78. https://www.temsa.com/us/en/about-us/shaping-the-future--SXvfCVzXvzh
  79. https://www.busandmotorcoachnews.com/temsa-reveals-the-road-ahead-with-new-motorcoach-features-at-2025-expo/
  80. https://www.route-one.net/news/temsa-plots-billion-dollar-revenue-course-as-growth-accelerates/
  81. https://www.minespider.com/blog/electric-buses-the-overlooked-driver-of-circular-mobility
  82. https://www.sustainable-bus.com/electric-bus/skoda-temsa-electric-buses-prague/
  83. https://www.temsa.com/uk/en/news/temsa-announces-strategic-partnership-with-alliance-transport-technologies--x5R91qS2KP
  84. https://bus-news.com/national-express-unveils-new-temsa-vehicles-with-stotts-coaches/
  85. https://www.temsa.com/eu/en/temsa-pioneers-zero-emission-journey-with-10-different-electric-and-hydrogen-powered-vehicles--IROyc4O3zJO
  86. https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/temsa-is-electrifying-the-world-839172900.html
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