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Telerig
Telerig
Telerig
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Telerig (Bulgarian: Телериг) was the ruler of Bulgaria from 768 to 777.

Key Information

Life

[edit]

Although Telerig is first mentioned by Byzantine sources in 774, he is considered as the immediate successor of Pagan, who was murdered in 768. In May 774, Byzantine Emperor Constantine V embarked on a major expedition against Bulgaria, led his field army on land and dispatched a fleet of 2,000 ships carrying horsemen towards the Danube Delta. The fleet disembarked in the vicinity of Varna, but Constantine did not press his potential advantage and inexplicably retreated.

Shortly afterwards, both sides signed a truce promising the cessation of hostilities. However, in October 774, Telerig sent an army of 12,000 men to raid Berzitia, Macedonia, and transfer its population to Bulgaria. Collecting a large army of 80,000 troops, Constantine surprised the Bulgarians and won a resounding victory. The subsequent attack on Bulgaria failed since the imperial fleet had encountered contrary winds in the Black Sea.

Telerig then sent a secret emissary to Constantine that indicated his intention to flee Bulgaria and to seek refuge with the emperor and sought assurances of hospitality and a list of Byzantines who might help him. Telerig succeeded in having Constantine betray his own agents in Bulgaria, who were duly rounded up and executed. The expected Byzantine retaliation failed to materialise, as Constantine died in 775. In spite of his apparent success, Telerig found it necessary to flee to the new Byzantine emperor, Leo IV the Khazar, in 777. The Byzantine government gave Telerig asylum and the title of patrikios. Telerig converted to Christianity under the name of Theophylaktos and married a cousin of Empress Irene of Athens.

The 17th-century Volga Bulgar compilation Ja'far Tarikh (a work of disputed authenticity) represents Dilyarek (Telerig) as the son of the former ruler Teles (Telets).

Legacy

[edit]

Telerig Nunatak, on Greenwich Island, in the South Shetland Islands, in Antarctica, is named after Telerig.

In fiction

[edit]

Telerikh is a major character in Harry Turtledove's "Islands in the Sea" (1989). The short story of alternate history originally appeared in Alternatives, edited by Robert Adams, and was reprinted in Departures and The Best Alternate History Stories of the Twentieth Century.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Mosko Moskov, Imennik na bălgarskite hanove (novo tălkuvane), Sofia 1988.
  • Jordan Andreev, Ivan Lazarov, Plamen Pavlov, Koj koj e v srednovekovna Bălgarija, Sofia 1999.
  • (primary source), Bahshi Iman, Djagfar Tarihi, vol. III, Orenburg 1997.
Preceded by Khan of Bulgaria
768–777 		Succeeded by
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Telerig

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Telerig (Bulgarian: Телериг; fl. 768–777) was khan of the First Bulgarian Empire, reigning from approximately 768 until 777. He ascended to power amid internal instability following the overthrow of his predecessor Telets, during a period of frequent khanly successions and Bulgar resistance to Byzantine expansion. Telerig's rule was defined by military confrontations with Byzantine Emperor Constantine V, including a defeat at the Battle of Lithosoria and the destruction of a Byzantine fleet near Mesembria in 774, alongside diplomatic maneuvers such as a temporary peace agreement. A defining episode involved Telerig deceiving Constantine into revealing the identities of Byzantine spies in Bulgaria, whom he subsequently executed, exacerbating tensions and contributing to his eventual downfall. Facing internal opposition and Byzantine pressure, Telerig fled to Constantinople in 777, sought asylum under Emperor Leo IV, converted to Christianity (taking the name Theophylaktos), married a relative of Empress Irene, and received the title of patrikios along with estates. His flight marked the end of his reign and the succession of Kardam, highlighting the precarious balance of power in 8th-century Bulgar-Byzantine relations.

Background and Rise to Power

Historical Context of the Bulgarian Khaganate

The Bulgarian Khaganate emerged from the migrations of the Proto-Bulgars, a Turkic-speaking nomadic confederation originating in the Pontic-Caspian steppes. In the early 7th century, these groups formed part of Old Great Bulgaria under Khan Kubrat (r. circa 632–665), a vassal state of the Western Turkic Khaganate that achieved brief independence following the latter's collapse around 630. However, Khazar incursions fragmented Old Great Bulgaria by the 660s, prompting Kubrat's sons to lead splinter groups in various directions; Asparuh, the fifth son, migrated westward with approximately 50,000 warriors and their families, crossing the Dnieper River and advancing toward the Danube Delta. Asparuh established the khaganate's core in 680–681 by defeating a Byzantine army under Emperor Constantine IV at the Battle of Ongal near the Danube mouth, exploiting Byzantine distractions from Arab sieges and internal religious strife. This victory compelled Constantine IV to recognize Bulgarian control over the lands between the Danube and Balkan Mountains via a treaty in 681, marking the formal founding of the state with Pliska as its fortified capital. The khaganate's dual leadership structure—featuring a khagan for spiritual and eastern affairs alongside a khan for military matters—reflected Central Asian Turkic traditions, though Asparuh primarily used the khan title. The polity integrated Bulgar elites as a ruling minority over a Slavic majority, incorporating seven Slavic tribes through alliances and subjugation, while maintaining a mobile cavalry-based military of some 10,000–20,000 warriors. Successive rulers consolidated the khaganate amid perennial Byzantine conflicts, with Khan Tervel (r. 700–721) aiding Emperor Justinian II's restoration in 705, earning the title caesar and territorial concessions, only for tensions to reignite under later emperors. By the mid-8th century, under Kormisiy (r. 721–738) and Sevar (r. 738–753), internal clan rivalries and (r. 741–775) strained the state, culminating in the brief rule of Pagan (r. 753–768), marked by failed defenses against annual . This era of khaganate stability relied on tribute extraction from , raids into , and diplomatic maneuvering, setting the stage for Telerig's ascension in 768 amid and power struggles.

Ascension to the Throne


Telerig ascended to the throne as Khan of circa 768, emerging from a period of internal anarchy that followed the assassination of his predecessor Telets in 763. This turbulent phase involved rapid successions and Bulgarian defeats against Byzantine forces led by Emperor , including a major loss at Anchialus in 763.
The instability stemmed from factional strife among Bulgar and Slavic elements, resulting in short-lived rulers such as Sabin (deposed in 766) and Umor (ruled briefly in 766), whose policies often sought accommodation with but failed to consolidate power. Telerig's rise halted this decline, reorganizing Bulgarian military capabilities amid ongoing threats.
Contemporary Byzantine sources, including , do not detail the precise manner of Telerig's accession—whether through noble election, , or force—but his rule is first noted in chronicles around 774 during diplomatic exchanges with . This lack of specificity reflects the limited Bulgar records, with Byzantine accounts focusing primarily on external conflicts rather than internal Bulgarian politics.

Reign

Military Conflicts with Byzantium

Telerig's reign (768–777) was marked by ongoing defensive struggles against aggressive Byzantine incursions led by Emperor Constantine V, who sought to reassert control over the Balkans and push Bulgarian forces back beyond the Danube. Constantine, having conducted prior campaigns against Bulgarian predecessors, intensified efforts following Telerig's ascension amid internal instability, launching invasions that exploited Bulgarian disarray after the assassination of Khan Telets in 765. These conflicts involved large-scale Byzantine mobilizations combining land armies with naval support to threaten Bulgarian heartlands and supply lines. In 773, Constantine V invaded Bulgarian territory, inflicting a significant defeat that exposed vulnerabilities in Telerig's forces and prompted a reorganization of the Bulgarian military structure to bolster defenses against further incursions. Telerig responded by consolidating noble loyalties and enhancing fortifications, though Byzantine pressure persisted. The following year, in May 774, Constantine mounted a major expedition, deploying his field army alongside a substantial fleet to the Danube region, aiming to sever Bulgarian access to riverine resources; however, logistical challenges and Bulgarian scorched-earth tactics limited Byzantine gains, rendering the campaign inconclusive. Seeking retaliation, Telerig dispatched a raiding force of approximately 12,000 warriors into southwestern Byzantine Thrace-Macedonia in October 774, targeting the district of Berzitia to capture population and resources for Bulgarian resettlement. Informed of the incursion, Constantine rapidly assembled a superior army under regional commanders, intercepting the raiders at Litosoria (near Berzitia) and securing a decisive Byzantine victory that halted the Bulgarian advance and inflicted heavy casualties. This clash underscored Telerig's shift toward opportunistic offensives but highlighted Byzantine tactical superiority in rapid response. By 775, Constantine prepared an eighth major campaign against , mobilizing forces near the frontier, but his sudden death from illness in aborted the operation, providing Telerig temporary respite and allowing focus on internal consolidation. These engagements, while not resulting in territorial conquests for either side, weakened Bulgarian cohesion through sustained attrition and foreshadowed Telerig's later espionage countermeasures against Byzantine infiltration.

Internal Policies and Diplomacy

Telerig ascended to the Bulgarian throne around 768 amid ongoing instability following the failed pro-Byzantine rule of Khan Sabin and subsequent civil strife, including clan rivalries between houses such as Vokil and Ugain that weakened central authority. To consolidate power, he implemented purges targeting suspected disloyal elements within the , particularly boyars collaborating with Byzantine networks, thereby enhancing internal security and among the warrior elite. These measures addressed the khaganate's vulnerability to external interference, as evidenced by his strategic deception of Emperor in circa 774: feigning defection to obtain a list of Byzantine spies embedded as Bulgarian nobles, whom Telerig then executed, decisively curbing pro-Byzantine intrigue at court. Such actions, while stabilizing his rule temporarily, reflected the precarious balance of authoritarian control over a fractious tribal prone to aristocratic dissent. In , Telerig initially pursued a confrontational stance against to assert Bulgarian interests, planning incursions such as the relocation of the Slavic Berzitai tribe in Macedonia around 774, which prompted retaliatory Byzantine campaigns. Following a major Byzantine offensive in 773 led by , Telerig sued for peace, culminating in negotiations that established a temporary truce after his forces' defeat at the Battle of Lithosoria in circa 774, often termed the "noble " due to its focus on aristocratic contingents. This agreement prohibited mutual invasions, allowing Telerig to redirect resources inward, though it proved fragile amid ongoing border raids and Byzantine ; Constantine's subsequent 774 expedition faltered due to adverse weather, underscoring the limits of Byzantine overreach. Diplomatic correspondence with during this period highlights Telerig's pragmatic balancing of aggression and accommodation, exploiting Byzantine distractions like threats to preserve Bulgarian without committing to prolonged . Primary accounts, such as those in Theophanes' Chronographia, exhibit anti-Bulgarian bias typical of Byzantine chroniclers, potentially inflating imperial successes while downplaying Bulgarian resilience.

Espionage and Byzantine Intrigue

In 775, Khan Telerig, aware of Byzantine infiltration in his but unable to identify the agents, initiated a against Emperor . He dispatched a confidential emissary to , professing his desire to abdicate, flee , and seek asylum under imperial protection, while requesting the names of trustworthy Byzantine spies within to guide him safely across the border. Constantine V, deceived by the overture and eager to exploit Telerig's apparent defection, complied by revealing the identities of his informants, numbering in the dozens according to contemporary accounts. Upon receiving the list, Telerig ordered the immediate execution of all named individuals, thereby eradicating the apparatus embedded in the Bulgarian khaganate's administration at . This episode, primarily documented by the in his Chronographia, underscores the khan's cunning in counterintelligence amid ongoing border skirmishes. Theophanes, writing from an iconophile perspective hostile to the iconoclast Constantine, portrays the emperor's gullibility starkly, though the event's occurrence is corroborated by its alignment with the sudden collapse of Byzantine intelligence operations in . The ruse intensified tensions, provoking Constantine's fatal 775 campaign against the khaganate, during which he perished from illness en route.

Flight, Conversion, and Exile

Defection to Constantinople

In 777, Khan Telerig fled and sought political asylum in , marking the abrupt end of his reign amid ongoing tensions with and potential internal instability. This genuine contrasted with his earlier ruse in 775, when he had pretended to seek refuge under Emperor to obtain a list of Byzantine spies in his court, subsequently executing those agents to consolidate power. By 777, however, had died during a campaign against the in 775, and his son Leo IV had assumed the throne; Telerig's flight likely stemmed from weakened authority following military defeats, such as the Byzantine victory at Litosoria in 774, and fears of further incursions or domestic opposition from Bulgar boyars. Leo IV granted Telerig refuge, abdicating his khanate without recorded resistance, which facilitated the succession of Cardam as ruler of the . Primary Byzantine chronicles, such as those drawing from , portray the event as a strategic opportunity for the empire to neutralize a troublesome neighbor, though they emphasize Telerig's prior deceptions as evidence of Bulgar cunning rather than desperation. Modern interprets the defection as reflective of the volatile politics, where khans balanced nomadic tribal loyalties against centralized rule, often leading to when alliances frayed. The flight underscored the precariousness of Bulgar leadership during this era, as Telerig's departure avoided immediate Byzantine invasion but highlighted the khaganate's vulnerability to both external pressures and internal power struggles, setting the stage for Cardam's protracted conflicts with Leo IV and his successors.

Baptism and Byzantine Honors

Following his defection from amid internal unrest, Telerig arrived in in 777, where he was granted asylum by Byzantine Emperor Leo IV (r. 775–780). He promptly converted to via , adopting the name Theophylaktos to mark his new faith; the rite was conducted under the sponsorship of Empress Irene, who served as his godmother. As a gesture of imperial favor and to facilitate his integration into Byzantine elite circles, Telerig received the honorific title of patrikios, a senior rank denoting high administrative and courtly prestige without direct military command. Some contemporary accounts indicate he was also wed to a kinswoman of Empress Irene, enhancing his security and status within the empire. These privileges aligned with Byzantine diplomatic practice toward exiled barbarian rulers, offering refuge and rank in return for renunciation of prior allegiances and potential insights into Bulgarian affairs. The events are principally recorded in the Chronographia of Theophanes Confessor (ca. 758–818), a whose annals, while iconophile in outlook and thus potentially colored by anti-iconoclast sentiments under Leo IV and Irene, provide the earliest and most detailed narrative of 8th-century Bulgar-Byzantine interactions based on court records and oral traditions. Later references, such as in Theodore of Stoudios' correspondence, corroborate Telerig's presence in alongside other Bulgar defectors, underscoring the episode's role in straining yet stabilizing frontier relations.

Death and Succession

Final Years

In 777, Telerig fled Bulgaria amid internal threats and sought asylum in under Emperor Leo IV, marking the end of his reign. Upon arrival, he received Byzantine protection and underwent , adopting the Christian name Theophylaktos. The Byzantine court honored Telerig with the titles of patrikios and spatharios, a marriage to the sister of Empress Irene, and grants of land along with a pension, integrating him into imperial . These privileges reflected Byzantine strategy to leverage defected leaders against their former realms, as evidenced in contemporary chronicles like Theophanes' Chronographia. His exile proved short-lived; Telerig died in shortly thereafter, with no recorded further political involvement.

Impact on Bulgarian Leadership

Telerig's abrupt flight to in 777, prompted by internal threats including potential coups and clan rivalries, precipitated a significant in Bulgarian . This exposed the fragility of central authority amid ongoing Byzantine pressures and pre-existing factionalism among Bulgar elites, such as tensions between the Vokil and Ugain noble houses, which undermined cohesive . The absence of a clear succession mechanism exacerbated these divisions, leading to temporary instability as rival factions vied for control, though the avoided outright collapse. Kardam emerged as Telerig's successor around 777, marking a rapid transition that stabilized leadership but highlighted the opportunistic nature of power transfers in the absence of institutionalized . Under Kardam, regained military initiative against by the late 790s, suggesting that Telerig's exit, while disruptive, did not irreparably fracture the ruling structure but rather accelerated a shift toward more defensive and diplomatic strategies among subsequent khans. This event underscored the vulnerability of khanal authority to internal dissent, influencing later rulers to prioritize consolidation of noble loyalties over aggressive expansion. The defection also diminished Bulgarian prestige in steppe politics, as Telerig's conversion and integration into Byzantine signaled weakness to neighboring powers, potentially emboldening internal challengers and complicating alliances. Scholarly assessments note that such leadership disruptions, rooted in tribal divisions rather than unified state institutions, persisted into the reigns of Kardam and beyond, contributing to cycles of instability until stronger centralization under khans like .

Legacy and Historiography

Long-term Influence on Bulgarian-Byzantine Relations

Telerig's defection to in 777 AD, following his earlier ruse to expose and execute Byzantine spies dispatched by Emperor , temporarily destabilized Bulgarian internal cohesion and provided with intelligence advantages and a high-profile defector who was baptized as Theophylaktos, ennobled as patrikios, and integrated into the imperial family through marriage to Empress Irene's sister. This event exacerbated mutual suspicions, as Telerig's actions revealed the extent of Byzantine infiltration efforts, while his flight amid reported clan rivalries (involving figures like Vokil and Ugain) signaled vulnerabilities in Bulgar leadership succession. The immediate aftermath saw Khan Kardam's ascension around 777 AD, who consolidated power and shifted Bulgarian strategy towards assertive border raids, such as the 788 AD incursion that killed the Byzantine Philetos along the Strymon River, disrupting a fragile 14-year peace established under Emperor Leo IV. Kardam's reign (ca. 777–803 AD) demonstrated Bulgaria's rapid recovery, culminating in the decisive victory at the Battle of Markellai on July 5, 792 AD, where Bulgarian forces routed Emperor Constantine VI's army, inflicting heavy casualties and compelling to negotiate tribute and recognize de facto Bulgarian control over up to the Haemus Mountains. This triumph, enabled by Kardam's tactical acumen and possibly informed by lessons from Telerig's countermeasures, reversed Byzantine momentum from Constantine V's earlier campaigns and fostered a (pacta) in 796 AD that included annual payments to , marking a pivot from confrontation to pragmatic accommodation under the regency of Irene. The defection's legacy thus contributed to a recalibration of Byzantine priorities, diverting resources from Balkan offensives amid internal iconoclastic strife and threats, while reinforcing Bulgarian deterrence through demonstrated resilience. Over the longer term, Telerig's maneuvers and the ensuing Kardam era entrenched a cycle of mistrust and opportunistic in Bulgarian-Byzantine relations, influencing policies into the early by highlighting the perils of internal Bulgarian divisions to external exploitation. This dynamic persisted beyond Kardam's raids into (791 AD) and his reported prophetic confrontations with Byzantine envoys, setting precedents for later khans like , whose 811 AD ambush of Emperor echoed the intelligence-driven asymmetries exposed under Telerig. Byzantine responses evolved towards containment via frontier fortifications and tribute as a stabilizing mechanism, rather than eradication, amid recurring Bulgarian incursions that exploited imperial weaknesses; however, the absence of sustained Bulgarian collapse post-defection underscored the limits of such Byzantine gains, perpetuating a balance of power that delayed full integration or subjugation until Boris I's conversion in 864 AD.

Evaluation of Sources and Modern Interpretations

The primary historical accounts of Telerig's reign derive almost exclusively from Byzantine chroniclers, notably Theophanes the Confessor's Chronographia, composed in the early ninth century, which details events from 768 to 777 including Telerig's ascension amid internal strife, his 774 correspondence with Emperor seeking asylum in exchange for betraying Bulgarian spies, and his eventual defection in 777. These sources, supplemented by the shorter Brevarium of Patriarch Nikephoros (c. 810), offer chronological precision corroborated by imperial archives but embed a pro-Byzantine bias, portraying Telerig as opportunistic and as fractious, while minimizing Bulgar resilience to emphasize Constantinopolitan triumphs. No contemporary Bulgarian inscriptions or annals survive, rendering archaeological evidence from sites like —such as fortification expansions datable to the mid-eighth century—indirect at best for attributing specific policies to Telerig, though they confirm heightened defensive preparations amid Byzantine incursions. Evaluating requires accounting for systemic incentives: Byzantine authors, writing under iconoclastic or orthodox regimes, prioritized narratives justifying imperial expansion and Christian superiority, often exaggerating pagan khans' treachery while understating diplomatic equal-footedness, as seen in Theophanes' depiction of Telerig's as mere expediency rather than potential strategic adaptation. Cross-verification with Frankish or Armenian fragments yields scant overlap for this period, limiting empirical checks, yet the consistency in naming key figures like Telerig and Sabinos (his potential rival) across chronicles suggests reliability for factual kernels, such as the 775-776 campaigns that prompted his flight. Modern reassessments, however, caution against overreliance, noting how ninth-century redactions like Theophanes Continuatus amplified hagiographic elements to retroactively frame early Bulgar khans as precursors to Christian conversion under Boris I. Contemporary scholarship, exemplified by Panos Sophoulis's analysis, interprets Telerig's espionage purge and through causal lenses of internal Bulgarian instability—evidenced by the rapid succession of seven khans in fifteen years—and Byzantine logistical superiority, positing his actions as rational responses to existential threats rather than personal perfidy, supported by quantitative estimates of imperial troop mobilizations exceeding 80,000 in 773-775. Earlier twentieth-century works, such as Steven Runciman's A History of the (1930), leaned toward viewing Telerig's conversion as a fleeting tactical ploy amid nomadic power vacuums, but recent studies incorporating Slavic tribal dynamics revise this to emphasize proto-state consolidation efforts thwarted by elite factions. Bulgarian , often influenced by post-communist , tends to rehabilitate Telerig as a defender against assimilation, yet lacks primary substantiation and risks anachronistic projection of modern ethnic continuity onto Turkic-Slavic amalgam polities. Western academics, conversely, exhibit a pattern of subordinating Bulgar agency to Byzantine , potentially underplaying autonomous causal factors like climate-driven migrations or trade disruptions in the Pontic circa 760-780, as inferred from dendrochronological on regional fortifications. Overall, while Byzantine texts furnish indispensable points, truth-seeking demands triangulating with material evidence and modeling khanal decisions via first-principles of incentives in a zero-sum environment, eschewing ideologically laden framings prevalent in both Eastern European and Anglophone traditions.

Depictions in Culture

In Historical Fiction and Media

Telerig appears infrequently in , primarily within narratives rather than mainstream depictions of Bulgarian rulers like Asparuh or . In Harry Turtledove's short story "Islands in the Sea," part of the Point of Divergence (with a point of divergence in 717 CE), Telerig—rendered as Telerikh—is portrayed as the swarthy, broad-faced Khan of the circa 769 CE, approximately 50 years old. The narrative depicts him hosting delegations from (representing ) and () in to debate conversion from Bulgar , weighing factors such as imperial structures, afterlife descriptions, and personal lifestyle constraints like or dietary prohibitions; he ultimately favors and adopts for its unified and sensual Paradise imagery over 's spiritual emphasis. No major films, television series, or novels centered on Telerig's historical reign or defection to have been produced, unlike more prominent khans featured in Bulgarian cinema such as "Khan Asparuh" (1981), which dramatizes the empire's founding. Occasional references occur in online historical retellings, such as short videos outlining his diplomatic ruse against Byzantine Emperor , but these remain educational rather than fictionalized media. The scarcity reflects Telerig's niche role in Bulgarian , overshadowed by military figures amid the 8th-century Byzantine wars.

References

  1. https://cristianizacioneslavos.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/panos_sophoulis-byzantium_and_bulgaria_775-831.pdf
  2. https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BULGARIA.htm
  3. https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-first-Bulgarian-empire
  4. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Asparukh
  5. https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/EasternBulgariaKingdom.htm
  6. http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/dlb/dlb_b.htm
  7. https://bulstack.com/2018/12/11/rulers-of-the-first-bulgarian-empire/
  8. https://medievalsourcesbibliography.org/sources.php?id=2146117987
  9. http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/dlb/lang_bulgarians.pdf
  10. https://www.ednabulgarka.com/en/history/historycal-date
  11. https://byzantium.gr/battle.php?byzbat=b8_08
  12. http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/25Bulgars/SRuncimanFirstBulgarianEmpireBook1En.htm
  13. https://brill.com/display/book/9789004206960/B9789004206960_006.pdf
  14. https://brill.com/view/title/20695
  15. http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/sr/sr_app1.htm
  16. https://brill.com/display/book/9789004395190/BP000014.pdf
  17. https://www.academia.edu/669356/New_remarks_in_the_history_of_Byzantine_Bulgar_relations_in_the_late_eighth_and_early_ninth_centuries_Byzantinoslavica_68_1_2_2009_119_138
  18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353051767_Goodness_and_Cruelty_The_Image_of_the_Ruler_of_the_First_Bulgarian_Empire_in_the_Period_of_Christianisation_Ninth_Century/fulltext/60e63f091c28af3458510018/Goodness-and-Cruelty-The-Image-of-the-Ruler-of-the-First-Bulgarian-Empire-in-the-Period-of-Christianisation-Ninth-Century.pdf
  19. https://turtledove.fandom.com/wiki/Islands_in_the_Sea
  20. https://turtledove.fandom.com/wiki/Telerikh_of_Bulgaria
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