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Termitidae
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| Termitidae | |
|---|---|
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| Nanotermes isaacae in Cambay amber. | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Blattodea |
| Infraorder: | Isoptera |
| Nanorder: | Geoisoptera |
| Family: | Termitidae Latreille, 1802 |
| Subfamilies | |
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See text | |
Termitidae is the largest family of termites consisting of 2,125 described species of which are commonly known as the higher termites.[1] They are evolutionarily the most specialised termite group, with their highly compartmentalized hindgut lacking the flagellated protozoans common to "lower termites", which are instead replaced by bacteria and archaea. Whereas lower termites are restricted mostly to woody tissue, higher termites have diverse diets consisting of wood, grass, leaf litter, fungi, lichen, faeces, humus and soil.[2][3] Around 60% of species rely on soil-feeding alone.[4]
Systematics
[edit]The family contains the following subfamilies:[5][6][7]
- Family Termitidae Latreille, 1802
- subfamily Sphaerotermitinae Engel & Krishna, 2004
- subfamily Macrotermitinae Kemner, 1934, nomen protectum [ICZN 2003] (synonyms: Acanthotermitinae Sjöstedt, 1926, nomen rejiciendum [ICZN 2003]; Odontotermitini Weidner, 1956)
- subfamily Foraminitermitinae Holmgren, 1912 (synonym: Pseudomicrotermitinae Holmgren, 1912)
- subfamily Apicotermitinae Grassé & Noirot, 1954 [1955] (synonym: Indotermitidae Roonwal & Sen Sarma in Roonwal, 1958)
- subfamily Microcerotermitinae Holmgren, 1910
- subfamily Syntermitinae Engel & Krishna, 2004 (synonym: Cornitermitinae Ensaf et al., 2004, nomen nudum)
- subfamily Forficulitermitinae Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
- subfamily Engelitermitinae Romero Arias, Roisin, & Scheffrahn, 2024
- subfamily Crepititermitinae Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
- subfamily Protohamitermitinae Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
- subfamily Cylindrotermitinae Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
- subfamily Neocapritermitinae Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
- subfamily Nasutitermitinae Hare, 1937
- subfamily Promirotermitinae Hellemans, Engel, & Bourguignon, 2024
- subfamily Mirocapritermitinae Kemner, 1934
- subfamily Amitermitinae Kemner, 1934
- subfamily Cubitermitinae Weidner, 1956
- subfamily Termitinae Latreille, 1802 (synonyms: Mirotermitini Weidner, 1956; Capritermitini Weidner, 1956)
Current phylogeny of the Termitidae:[7]
| Termitidae |
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Identification
[edit]
Imago forewing and hindwing scales either evenly or closely sized and non-overlapping. Both forewing and hindwing scales have a developed suture with strongly sclerotized and reduced veins. Ocelli of imago typically (but not always) protruding above head capsule.
Pronotum of all castes is "saddled", with a pronounced anterior lobe as a result of the pronotum's anterior corners being depressed. Postclypeus of the worker and imago both swollen and protruding from head capsule
References
[edit]- ^ Constantino, Reginaldo. "Termite Database".
- ^ Ni, Jinfeng; Tokuda, Gaku (November 2013). "Lignocellulose-degrading enzymes from termites and their symbiotic microbiota". Biotechnology Advances. 31 (6): 838–850. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.04.005. ISSN 0734-9750. PMID 23623853.
- ^ Breznak JA, Brune A. 1994. Role of microorganisms in the digestion of lignocellulose by termites. Annual Review of Entomology 39(1):453–487
- ^ Josens, Guy; Makatia Wango, Solange (2019-02-01). "Niche Differentiation between Two Sympatric Cubitermes Species (Isoptera, Termitidae, Cubitermitinae) Revealed by Stable C and N Isotopes". Insects. 10 (2): 38. doi:10.3390/insects10020038. ISSN 2075-4450. PMC 6409928. PMID 30717082.
- ^ Romero Arias, J. (2024). "Mitochondrial phylogenetics position a new Afrotropical termite species into its own subfamily, the Engelitermitinae (Blattodea: Termitidae)". Systematic Entomology. 49 (49): 72–83. Bibcode:2024SysEn..49...72R. doi:10.1111/syen.12607. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/370496.
- ^ Engel, M.S. (2011). "Family-group names for termites (Isoptera), redux". ZooKeys (148): 171–184. Bibcode:2011ZooK..148..171E. doi:10.3897/zookeys.148.1682. PMC 3264418. PMID 22287896.
- ^ a b Hellemans, Simon; Rocha, Mauricio M.; Wang, Menglin; Romero Arias, Johanna (2024). "Genomic data provide insights into the classification of extant termites". Nature Communications. 15. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51028-y. PMC 11306793.
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