Hubbry Logo
Timothy MeaherTimothy MeaherMain
Open search
Timothy Meaher
Community hub
Timothy Meaher
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Timothy Meaher
Timothy Meaher
Timothy Meaher
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Timothy Meaher (1812 – 3 March 1892) was an American slave trader, son of an Irish immigrant father and an Anglo-Irish American mother. He was one of eight children and he was raised in rural Whitefield, Maine.[1] In 1835, Timothy and his brother James left Maine for Mobile Alabama. In that same year, Timothy had worked on a steamboat named the Wanderer. Meaher worked on nine different ships before he owned his own steamboat and a large sawmill in the 1840’s.[1] In 1855, Timothy married Mary C. Waters.[1] Mary C. Waters was the niece of Edward Kavanagh, who was a prominent figure in local government at the time.[1] Meaher and three of his brothers had plantations, sawmills, timberlands and steamboats. Meaher was a wealthy human trafficker, businessman and landowner.[2][3] He purchased the slave-ship Clotilda[4][5] and was responsible for the last known slave voyage to the United States after the banning of the importation of slaves.[6][7][4]

Key Information

The Slave Voyage of the Clotilda

[edit]

In 1860, Timothy Meaher made a bet that he would be able to commission a slave voyage to Africa and back to Alabama without being caught by local authorities in order to avoid the 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves.[4][8] Meaher hired Captain William Foster to complete the slave voyage for him aboard the Clotilda. On March 3, 1860 the Clotilda left Mobile Bay Alabama for the West African port of Ouidah.[8] Captain Foster purchased 110 enslaved Africans to bring back to Alabama, but only 108 survived the voyage.[9] The voyage lasted a total of 126 days.[9] When the Clotilda arrived back in Mobile Bay Alabama, Foster and Meaher had to work late into the first night to unload the enslaved Africans off of the ship without getting caught by the authorities. The enslaved Africans were put onto small boats and were taken to John Dabney’s property, one of Meaher’s friends, where they would be concealed for multiple days to avoid suspicion.[8]

Meaher sold some of the slaves but took the rest to work for his brother and himself.[10] Meaher had its captain, William Foster (1825–1901), burn and scuttle Clotilda in Mobile Bay, attempting to destroy evidence of their joint lawbreaking. The wreck was located in 2019.[11]

The enslaved Africans brought to the US aboard the Clotilda were enslaved for five years until the 13th Amendment to the Constitution was passed in 1865.[1] After slavery was abolished, the Africans who were enslaved on Meaher’s plantation were freed, but Meaher refused to help them return home or provide reparations. Thirty-two formerly enslaved Africans purchased land from Meaher, where they established a town they named ‘Africatown’, which still exists to this day in Mobile Alabama.[1] The United States government attempted to charge Meaher "failing to pay dues on his cargo,"[1] but due to factors such as difficulty proving the crime and the Civil War, he was never prosecuted.[4] However in 1890, two years before his death, Meaher bragged in a newspaper interview about his slave trading.[11]

Death and legacy

[edit]

Timothy Meaher died on March 3, 1892 in Mobile, Alabama. He is buried at the Catholic Cemetery in Toulminville, Alabama.[12]

Meaher’s grandson, Augustine Meaher Jr., leased a portion of his family’s land to a paper mill in 1926.[13] The land that Augustine leased to the paper mill was already home to hundreds of houses that his family had leased to Africatown residents for nearly 100 years, some of which were descendants of the enslaved Africans aboard the Clotilda.[13] The building of the International Paper Mill displaced Africatown residents and created a negative environmental impact on the community.[6]

The Meaher family is still prominent in Alabama, with Meaher State Park bearing the name, as well as a Meaher Street running through Africatown.[4] The family has refused to make any statement "about their sinister ancestor's crime" or release his personal papers.[14][15] Some of the family members composed a letter with a public statement in October 2022 expressing disapproval of their ancestor's actions.[16] Meaher’s descendants stated that, “Our family has been silent for too long on this matter. However, we are hopeful that we — the current generation of the Meaher family — can start a new chapter.”[16] They also acknowledged that Meaher’s actions “had consequences that have impacted generations of people.”[16]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Timothy Meaher

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Timothy Meaher (1812–1892) was an American businessman, shipbuilder, and steamboat operator in , infamous for orchestrating the smuggling of approximately 110 enslaved Africans from to the aboard the Clotilda in 1860, the final known transatlantic slave voyage after the federal ban on imports enacted in 1808. Born in Whitefield, , to Irish immigrant parents James and Susannah Meaher, he relocated to Mobile around 1836 with his brothers, rapidly building a prosperous career in riverine transport, cotton shipping—handling over 1.7 million bales to the port—and owning a , , and Yorkville . Meaher reportedly entered a wager with local associates, claiming he could import a shipload of captives undetected, and commissioned the Clotilda in 1858 for the purpose, hiring William Foster to lead the illicit expedition from the to Dahomey and back. Upon the vessel's covert return to —one captive having perished en route—Meaher, his brothers, and accomplices offloaded the Africans to a , sold or retained most as chattel for five years, and destroyed the ship by fire and scuttling to conceal the crime, resulting in no prosecutions despite federal inquiries. The refusal to fund repatriation for the survivors prompted them to purchase land from Meaher and found , an autonomous community where they maintained West African customs, languages, and governance structures into the late .

Early Life and Immigration

Origins in Ireland and Family Background

Timothy Meaher was born in 1812 in Whitefield, , to James Meaher (1784–1857) and Millay Meaher (1792–1876), both of whom originated from . James Meaher, born on February 2, 1784, immigrated to the from and established himself in , where he married on December 31, 1808, in Bowdoinham. Susannah's family also had direct ties to ; her father was a migrant from who became an American patriot. The Meaher family's Irish heritage reflected the broader pattern of early 19th-century immigration from to , driven by economic opportunities and land availability in rural areas like . James and raised their children in Whitefield, a modest farming community, where the 1850 U.S. recorded James as a 66-year-old head of household born in , living with and several adult children, including Timothy (age 34), William T. (32), Byrne (30), Mary (28), and John C. (24). This sibling group later played a role in the family's southward migration, as Timothy and his brothers pursued business ventures in during the 1830s. Limited primary records exist on the precise Irish localities of James and Susannah's births, though secondary accounts consistently identify their origins within , with no evidence of noble or notable status prior to . The Meaher, a variant of Meagher, is Gaelic in origin, but genealogical details beyond the parents' remain sparse, underscoring the challenges in tracing pre-1800 Irish records amid historical disruptions like the and local upheavals.

Arrival and Settlement in the United States

Timothy Meaher was born in 1812 in Whitefield, , to parents James Meaher and Susannah Millay, both natives of who had immigrated to the . As the second oldest of eight children in a family of Irish descent, Meaher grew up in a rural setting before pursuing opportunities further south amid the expanding American economy of the . In 1835, Meaher relocated from to , alongside his brother James, drawn by the city's role as a major Gulf Coast port facilitating cotton exports and inland trade via the . He was soon joined by other siblings, including James M. and Patrick Byrnes Meaher, with the family arriving in Mobile around to capitalize on the region's maritime and commercial growth. This reflected broader patterns of Northern entrepreneurs moving to Southern ports for operations and related ventures during the antebellum period. Upon settlement in Mobile, Meaher quickly entered the local economy as a steamboat pilot, navigating vessels on routes connecting the port to upstream cities like Montgomery, a distance of approximately 400 miles along the and Coosa rivers. This role involved mastering the challenging river currents, sandbars, and seasonal floods, providing him with practical expertise in transportation logistics that proved essential for his subsequent business pursuits. By the late , he had begun acquiring stakes in steamboats and related enterprises, establishing a foothold in Mobile's competitive shipping sector amid the city's from 3,194 in 1830 to over 20,000 by 1840.

Business Career in Mobile

Shipbuilding and Steamboat Enterprises

Timothy Meaher established himself in , as a shipbuilder and steamboat operator after immigrating from in 1835, initially working as a carpenter in local shipyards and on vessels including the steamboat Wanderer. By the early , he owned a large that supplied for ship construction and transitioned to owning his first steamboat, marking his entry into riverine transport along the . His shipbuilding operations grew to include a Mobile shipyard where he constructed wooden vessels, notably commissioning the two-masted Clotilda in 1856 for lumber transport, though it later served other purposes. As a steamboat captain, Meaher commanded packets facilitating trade between Mobile and interior points like Montgomery, exemplified by his oversight of the in 1858, a weekly service hauling passengers and freight up the . This enterprise capitalized on Mobile's role as a Gulf Coast , integrating lines with his and interests to support regional in , timber, and goods prior to the Civil War. Meaher's fleet expanded to multiple steamers, reflecting his status as a whose operations intertwined with the antebellum economy's reliance on river navigation.

Expansion into Lumber and Real Estate

In addition to his and operations, Meaher diversified into the industry by establishing a lumber mill in , where he processed timber for local and regional markets. The Clotilda, built under his direction around –, was initially designed for the trade, hauling timber and cargo across the to support his expanding enterprises. This venture capitalized on Alabama's abundant pine forests and the demand for wood in construction and shipping, with Meaher and his brothers collectively managing sawmills and timberlands that integrated with their riverboat transport network. Meaher's real estate holdings grew substantially through acquisitions of plantations and undeveloped in Mobile County and , which he worked using enslaved labor prior to the Civil War. By 1870, following , he reported assets including $20,000 in and personal property, reflecting the enduring value of these properties amid economic shifts. These investments laid the foundation for intergenerational wealth, as Meaher sold portions of his Mobile-area —such as seven acres known as Lewis Quarters—to survivors of the Clotilda voyage after , enabling the establishment of while retaining vast tracts for timber and agricultural use. His brothers similarly held complementary properties, amplifying the family's control over regional resources.

The Clotilda Voyage

The Wager and Preparations

In 1859, Timothy Meaher, a Mobile-based shipbuilder and businessman, entered into a wager with associates during a session aboard a , betting approximately $1,000 that he could successfully smuggle a shipload of enslaved Africans into within two years, defying the federal prohibition on the international slave trade enacted in 1808. According to contemporary accounts, Meaher declared, "a thousand dollars that inside two years I myself can bring a shipful of [Africans] into under the very guns of the ," reflecting his confidence in evading enforcement amid widespread southern resistance to the ban. To execute the bet, Meaher selected the schooner Clotilda, a two-masted wooden vessel of approximately 90 feet in length that he owned and which had been constructed near Mobile around 1855 for coastal trade, including lumber transport, making it suitable for adaptation to the illicit voyage without drawing immediate suspicion. He enlisted his associate and experienced mariner Foster to command the expedition, tasking him with sailing to the West African coast—specifically the port of in the Kingdom of Dahomey (modern-day )—to purchase captives directly from local traders. Preparations included assembling a small of trusted locals, provisioning the ship for an extended transatlantic journey disguised as a legitimate trading venture, and planning a covert return route through the to avoid federal patrols, with Meaher arranging for the captives' distribution among himself and co-investors upon arrival. The Clotilda departed Mobile in early 1860, reaching by mid-May after roughly two and a half months at sea, where Foster acquired around 110 Yoruba captives for transport back to .

Execution of the Voyage and Arrival

Captain William Foster departed , aboard the Clotilda on February 27, 1860, with a crew of 12, ostensibly bound for St. Thomas or another port to acquire lumber, though the true intent was to procure enslaved Africans illegally from . The schooner, a two-masted vessel built by Timothy Meaher's shipyard and measuring approximately 86 feet in length, crossed the Atlantic in about 2.5 months, arriving off the coast of (Whydah) in the Kingdom of Dahomey—present-day —on May 15, 1860. In , a notorious slave-trading port, Foster negotiated with local intermediaries affiliated with the Dahomey court to purchase captives recently raided from interior regions, including ethnic groups from areas now in and . He aimed to acquire 125 individuals but, fearing interception by British naval patrols enforcing the slave trade ban, loaded only 110, paying roughly $9,000 in gold for them on May 23, 1860. The captives, comprising men, women, and children held in cramped conditions below deck, departed in late May, enduring a six-week transatlantic return marked by harsh restraints to prevent and one reported death en route. The Clotilda entered under cover of darkness around July 7–8, 1860, evading detection more than five decades after the U.S. ban on the international slave trade. Towed up the Mobile-Tensaw Delta by one of Meaher's steamboats to a secluded spot near Twelve Mile Island, the vessel anchored in late July, where the 109 surviving captives were offloaded onto a for distribution ashore. To conceal evidence of the illegal voyage, Foster ordered the Clotilda burned to the and scuttled in the river delta, rendering it irretrievable at the time and preserving the operation's secrecy amid potential federal scrutiny. This destruction aligned with Meaher's wager that such a run could succeed undetected, though it later complicated historical verification until archaeological confirmation in 2019.

Immediate Aftermath and Investigations

Distribution and Treatment of the Captives

The approximately 110 Africans transported aboard the Clotilda were distributed as enslaved property among the voyage's primary financiers and participants following their covert landing near , in July 1860. Timothy Meaher and his brothers, James and Byrnes Meaher, collectively received 60 captives, comprising the largest allocation, while Captain William Foster claimed 16. The remainder were allocated to other investors, such as Thomas Buford, or sold to additional buyers in the region to disperse them and minimize scrutiny. These captives were subjected to chattel enslavement under Alabama's legal framework, compelled to provide unpaid labor in support of their owners' enterprises, including lumber milling, shipbuilding operations, and agricultural work on properties near . Initially concealed in remote areas to evade federal detection, they were gradually integrated into existing slaveholding operations, where conditions mirrored the broader antebellum system of coerced productivity amid physical coercion and cultural suppression. Specific accounts from survivors, such as Oluale Kossola (known as Cudjo Lewis), one of those held by Timothy Meaher, describe adaptation to forced tasks like brickyard labor while enduring isolation from their Dahomey origins. Throughout their five years of enslavement until Union victory in prompted , the captives faced barriers to despite promises of return passage from Meaher, who refused to fund or facilitate their departure even as they pooled wages from post- work in his sawmills to attempt self-financed voyages. This refusal contributed to their decision to remain in the area, preserving communal ties rather than dispersing further.

Federal Inquiry and Absence of Convictions

In the months following the Clotilda's arrival in Mobile Bay in July 1860, federal authorities launched an investigation into the illegal importation of enslaved Africans, prohibited under the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves enacted in 1808. U.S. District Attorney Richard Taylor, tasked with enforcement, interviewed witnesses and suspects amid widespread local rumors of the voyage, which had transported approximately 110 captives from Dahomey (present-day Benin). The inquiry focused on Timothy Meaher as the financier and primary orchestrator, Captain William Foster as the vessel's commander, and associates including Meaher's brother Byrne Meaher and ship broker John Dabney. To obstruct the probe, the Clotilda was deliberately burned and scuttled in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta near Twelve Mile Island in late 1860, destroying physical evidence such as the hull, manifests, and any onboard records that could link the perpetrators to the transatlantic trade. Suspects, including Meaher and Foster, denied involvement, claiming the Africans had arrived via alternative legal means or fabricating stories of a fictitious named Tempest. The imported individuals, dispersed among Mobile planters and fearing reprisal or re-enslavement, provided no corroborating against their captors, further hampering prosecutors. Arrests followed in December 1860, with Meaher released on $5,000 and Foster detained briefly before bonding out. Federal charges of slave trading were filed in Mobile's U.S. District Court against Meaher, Foster, Byrne Meaher, and Dabney, alleging violation of statutes carrying penalties of fines up to $10,000 and imprisonment up to five years per offense. However, on January 14, 1861, U.S. District Judge William Jones dismissed the indictments, ruling that prosecutors lacked sufficient tangible evidence to proceed to trial, given the absence of the vessel and reliance on circumstantial accounts. Meaher faced no further legal repercussions, while cases against the others were similarly dropped. The absence of convictions reflected evidentiary challenges inherent to covert operations, including premeditated destruction of proof and community reluctance to implicate prominent locals in antebellum , where slaveholding interests predominated. The American Civil War's onset in April 1861 shifted federal priorities northward, effectively closing the matter without appellate review or renewed pursuit. No participants were ever held accountable under for the Clotilda's voyage, despite its status as the last documented illegal slave importation to U.S. shores.

Later Life and Family

Post-Civil War Activities

Following the Civil War, Meaher sustained his pre-war enterprises in milling and operations along the , with his brother James co-owning one of the largest sawmills in the region on Three Mile Creek. These ventures, which did not depend on enslaved labor, enabled him to preserve and grow his fortune amid Reconstruction-era economic shifts in . By the 1870 U.S. Census, Meaher reported holdings valued at $20,000 in land and personal property, reflecting financial stability uncommon among former Confederate . In 1866, Meaher sold approximately 15 acres of his Plateau-area property to the formerly enslaved Clotilda survivors, who had pooled wages earned from and wage labor on his and neighboring plantations to purchase it at market price after he declined to donate land. This transaction facilitated the founding of as an independent community north of Mobile, where the Africans replicated West African social structures and governance. Meaher actively resisted extending citizenship rights to these individuals during Reconstruction. On Election Day in , he confronted poll officials to bar Cudjo Lewis, Pollee Allen, and Charlie Lewis from voting, declaring, “See those Africans? Don’t let them vote. They are not of this country,” thereby challenging their post-emancipation status despite the Fourteenth Amendment. His real estate portfolio expanded thereafter, encompassing thousands of acres of timberland and urban properties that underpinned family wealth into subsequent generations.

Family Dynamics and Descendants

Timothy Meaher married Mary C. Waters, niece of local political figure Edward Kavanagh, around 1855. The couple had at least two children, including son Augustine A. Meaher Sr., born April 24, 1861, in Mobile, Alabama, who later entered the family steamboat and lumber enterprises. Family records indicate limited direct documentation of additional children, though Meaher's siblings, including brothers William T. and Byrne, collaborated closely with him in shipping operations, suggesting a pattern of fraternal business alliances that extended to the Clotilda venture, where the brothers collectively enslaved approximately 60 of the captives. Post-emancipation, Meaher refused demands for compensation from the freed Africans, prioritizing family economic interests over restitution, which reinforced intra-family solidarity amid legal and social pressures. Meaher's descendants perpetuated the family's wealth through expanded lumber milling, , and land retention in the vicinity, where tax records show ongoing ownership of about 14% of historic parcels as of 2023. Augustine Meaher Sr. fathered children who advanced these ventures, leading to great-grandsons such as Joe Meaher, Robert Meaher (both deceased), and Augustine Meaher III, whose enterprises included shipping and development. This generational continuity in , unmarred by historical for the Clotilda's illicit , underscores a family dynamic centered on entrepreneurial preservation rather than public reckoning until recent decades. In contemporary efforts, descendants like great-great-granddaughters Helen Meaher and Meg Meaher—daughters of Mary Lou and Augustine Meaher III—initiated formal meetings with Clotilda survivors' kin in 2022, donating artifacts and discussing , marking a shift from ancestral evasion of the slave trade's legacy. These interactions, profiled in 2023 media, highlight evolving family perspectives, though broader descendant engagement remains selective, with some branches maintaining silence on inherited land ties to the original captives' forced labor. Such dynamics reflect a transition from unified post-Civil War defiance to partial modern acknowledgment, driven by external historical scrutiny rather than internal impetus.

Death and Historical Legacy

Final Years and Death

Timothy Meaher resided in , during his later decades, sustaining prosperity from his established enterprises in operations and milling along regional waterways. He died on March 3, 1892, at approximately age 80. Meaher was interred at the Catholic Cemetery in Toulminville, , following a service. His passing prompted contemporary recollections of the Clotilda's illicit voyage, rekindling public interest in the events of despite the absence of legal accountability during his lifetime.

Economic Contributions Versus Moral Criticisms

Timothy Meaher accumulated substantial wealth in mid-19th-century , through , operations, and landownership, activities that bolstered the city's role as a regional shipping and hub. As a owner and captain, he facilitated trade along the and Gulf Coast, including transport, which supported economic expansion in an era when such ventures employed local labor and generated revenue for the port economy. His entrepreneurial move to in 1835 aligned with influxes of investors capitalizing on the area's industrial growth, particularly in shipping and timber, industries integral to Alabama's pre-Civil War prosperity. These economic pursuits, however, were inextricably linked to , as Meaher owned plantations worked by enslaved labor and over his lifetime held ownership of approximately 600 individuals. Proponents of assessing his legacy through an economic lens might highlight how his ventures indirectly sustained jobs and infrastructure development in Mobile, a city dependent on maritime ; yet this view overlooks the coercive foundation of Southern wealth accumulation, where enslaved labor underpinned profitability without compensating those exploited. In stark contrast, Meaher's orchestration of the Clotilda voyage in 1860 draws profound moral condemnation for financing the illegal transatlantic transport of 110 West Africans, kidnapped and shipped despite the U.S. ban on the international slave trade. This act, motivated by a wager and profit-seeking defiance of , inflicted irreversible trauma—separation from homelands, horrors, and forced auction into American bondage—exemplifying human trafficking's ethical bankruptcy and the antebellum South's systemic prioritization of gain over human dignity. Federal investigations failed to yield convictions amid the onset of the Civil War, allowing Meaher to retain the captives and evade forfeiture of his ill-gotten assets, a outcome critics attribute to regional in shielding violators. Historians and descendants alike emphasize that any economic "contributions" pale against this moral atrocity, as the Clotilda not only prolonged illegal enslavement but symbolized unrepentant greed; post-emancipation, Meaher refused land grants or reparations to the survivors despite their demands, reinforcing exploitation over restitution. While his drove personal and localized prosperity, the causal chain of his actions—prioritizing illicit labor acquisition—directly engendered generational suffering in communities like , rendering moral critiques dominant in contemporary evaluations of his legacy over sanitized economic narratives.

Recent Developments and Reconciliation Efforts

In August 2024, a state-funded investigation concluded that the Clotilda wreck, confirmed as the last known U.S. in 2019, was too structurally decayed—due to burning, sinking, and river exposure—to excavate without risking disintegration, recommending it remain submerged as an in-situ monument to the 110 enslaved Africans it carried. The Historical Commission endorsed this approach, prioritizing preservation over recovery to honor the site's historical significance and the descendants' wishes for respectful commemoration. Reconciliation efforts between Meaher descendants and Clotilda survivors' kin gained momentum in 2022, when a new generation assumed control of the family business and initiated contact. In December 2022, the Clotilda Descendants Association, led by president Jeremy Ellis, held its first meeting with Helen and Meg Meaher—great-great-granddaughters of Timothy Meaher—via Zoom, to discuss historical documents and foster partnership; the Meahers agreed to donate artifacts, including a walking stick and portrait, to the Africatown Heritage House. A subsequent in-person gathering occurred in July 2023 at Mobile's history museum, involving Clotilda descendants Pat Frazier, Joycelyn Davis, and alongside the Meaher sisters, where the latter expressed a "heartfelt apology" for their ancestor's actions and pledged concrete steps beyond words, such as prior land sales in for $50,000 to fund community projects and ongoing donations around a . Meg Meaher stated the family had been "silent for far too long" and aimed to support 's narrative as integral history, while Helen Meaher emphasized listening and community collaboration. Clotilda representatives sought further commitments like trusts and educational endowments, though no reparative payments materialized by late 2023; the process continued into 2024 with conferences highlighting initiated healing dialogues.

References

  1. https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/emclotilda-em/
  2. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/initiatives/slave-wrecks-project/africatown-alabama-usa/
  3. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/39402084/timothy-meaher
  4. https://aaregistry.org/story/timothy-meaher-slave-trrader-born/
  5. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Meaher-5
  6. https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780199723980_A35478077/preview-9780199723980_A35478077.pdf
  7. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/35291498/james-meaher
  8. https://emergingcivilwar.com/2022/01/28/sheritta-place-holder/
  9. https://www.mobile.org/things-to-do/history/african-american-heritage/africatown-experience/
  10. https://philipmartingallery.com/usr/library/documents/main/sh_20_01_nationalgeographic.pdf
  11. https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/jul/8
  12. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%257CA57644003&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=01974327&p=AONE&sw=w
  13. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/slave-ship-clotilda-wreckage-africatown
  14. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/clotilda-americas-last-slave-ship-stole-them-from-home-it-couldnt-steal-their-identities-feature
  15. https://www.avpress.com/news/last-slave-ship-renews-reparations-talk/article_f4d0ae2e-e7f3-11e9-965e-23f59b757330.html
  16. https://www.al.com/opinion/2021/06/a-case-study-for-reparations-clotilda-and-the-story-of-the-110.html
  17. https://apnews.com/article/1f0c197b0a1740aea9d6e34db3d28c6e
  18. https://www.archives.gov/atlanta/highlights/clotilda
  19. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/clotilda-the-last-american-slave-ship-found-in-alabama
  20. https://www.archives.gov/files/atlanta/finding-aids/the-clotilda.pdf
  21. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/clotilda-meaher-descendants-talk-reconciliation-africatown-60-minutes/
  22. https://alabamareflector.com/2024/08/19/the-unpunished-crimes-of-the-clotilda-and-alabama/
  23. https://clotilda.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/6.-Historical-Timeline.pdf
  24. https://aaregistry.org/story/clotilda-arrives-alabama/
  25. https://ahc.alabama.gov/nationalregisterPDFs/AL_Baldwin_County_Clotilda_form_REDACTED.pdf
  26. https://www.postandcourier.com/news/special_reports/inside-the-search-for-the-infamous-slave-ship-clotilda/article_80344be8-b3a1-11ed-a80d-0b4100dd527c.html
  27. https://www.npr.org/2022/06/15/1105007375/exploring-the-clotilda-the-last-known-slave-ship-in-the-u-s-brings-hope
  28. https://eji.org/news/the-clotilda/
  29. https://eji.org/news/africatown-residents-fight-industrial-pollution/
  30. https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/africatown/
  31. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/books/review/the-last-slave-ship-ben-raines.html
  32. https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/GSLZ-3R6/augustine-a.-meaher-sr-1861-1938
  33. https://www.facebook.com/groups/1602497026704769/posts/2826958604258599/
  34. https://www.al.com/news/2023/11/clotilda-descendants-seek-meetings-with-other-meaher-family-members-following-historic-60-minutes-episode.html
  35. https://www.al.com/news/2022/12/clotilda-meaher-families-have-historic-first-meeting-162-years-after-nations-last-slave-voyage.html
  36. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/enslaved-clotilda-and-meaher-descendants-talk-reconciliation-60-minutes-transcript/
  37. https://www.newspapers.com/article/alexandria-gazette-tim-meaher-obit-1892/45499502/
  38. https://www.geni.com/people/Timothy-Meaher/6000000079301346383
  39. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/11302439-meanwhile-the-death-of-timothy-meaher-in-1892-reminded-the
  40. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/law/last-slave-ship-docks-mobile
  41. https://www.fayobserver.com/story/opinion/columns/guest/2021/02/13/story-clotilda-last-u-s-slave-ship-and-its-descendants/6733209002/
  42. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2787/clotilda-the-last-slave-ship/
  43. https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=24598
  44. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75nzzgkw05o
  45. https://alabamareflector.com/2024/08/12/alabama-chooses-to-preserve-the-last-slave-ship-where-it-sank-citing-structural-decay/
  46. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-clotilda-last-us-slave-ship-crime-scene-should-stay-underwater-experts-say/
  47. https://cla.auburn.edu/news/articles/descendants-of-the-clotilda-to-participate-in-inclusive-excellence-conference/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.