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Turi language
Turi language
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Turi language
Turi language
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Welcome to the community hub built on top of the Turi language Wikipedia article. Here, you can discuss, collect, and organize anything related to Turi language. The purpose of the hub is to connect peopl...
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Turi language

Turi
तुरी
Native toIndia
RegionJharkhand
EthnicityTuri
Native speakers
2,000 (2007)[1]
Austroasiatic
  • Munda
    • North
      • Kherwarian
        • Mundaric
          • Turi
Language codes
ISO 639-3trd
Glottologturi1246
ELPTuri
Turi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2]

Turi is an endangered Austroasiatic language of India that belongs to the Kherwarian Munda group.[3] Grierson (1906) described that Turi is similar to both Mundari and Santali. It is spoken by only half a percent of ethnic Turi, the rest having shifted to Sadri in Jharkhand, Mundari in West Bengal, and Odia in Odisha. The Turi are classified as a Scheduled Caste in Jharkhand.[4]

Distribution

[edit]

Osada (1991) lists the following locations where Turi is spoken.[5]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]

Similar to Santali and Mundari, but /w/ is replaced by /ʋ/ in Turi.

  Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n (ɳ)* ɲ ŋ  
Stop voiceless p (pʰ) t (tʰ) ʈ (ɖʈʰ) tʃ (tʃʱ) k (kʰ) ʔ
voiced b (bʱ) d (dʱ) ɖ (ɖʱ) dʒ (dʒʱ) ɡ (ɡʱ)  
Fricative   s       h
Trill/Flap   r ɽ      
Lateral   l        
Approximant       j ʋ  

Vowels

[edit]
  Front Central Back
High i   u
Mid-high   (ə)  
Mid-low ɛ   ɔ
Low   a  

Morphology

[edit]

Verbal agreement

[edit]

Like all Kherwarian languages, double- and triple markings are possible in Turi.

singular dual plural
1st person exclusive =ɛŋ/=ɲ(iɲ) =liɲ =lɛ
inclusive =laŋ =pu
2nd person =m =bin =pɛ
3rd person =i (object)/ =ɛ (subject) =kin =ku

Tense, mood, aspect/aktionsart

[edit]
Middle Active
Present -tan -ɛtan
Future -ɔʔ/-ɔ/-ʔ/-Ø -Ø
Past -ɛn/-kɛn/-ɔn/-ɔʔ-ɛn -ɛkɛn – Past imperfective
-tad – Simple past
Present perfect -akan (-akad)
Past perfect -lɛn -lɛʔ/-laʔ

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Turi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (PDF) (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022.
  3. ^ Peterson, John M.; Minz, Abhay Sagar; Linda, Prabhat; Khan, Aribay; Kachhap, Francis Xavier; Gari, Manish (2024). "A Brief Introduction to the Turi Language of Eastern India". Bhasha. 3 (2): 263–304. doi:10.30687/bhasha/2785-5953/2024/02/005.
  4. ^ "Census of India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  5. ^ Ramu, G.N. (1 January 1991). "Changing Family Structure and Fertility Patterns: An Indian Case". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 26 (3–4): 189–206. doi:10.1177/002190969102600302. ISSN 0021-9096. S2CID 220926406.
  • Konow, Sten. 1906. Tūrī. In Grierson, George A. (ed.), Muṇḍā and Dravidian Languages, 128–134. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
  • Osada, Toshiki. 1991. Father Ponette's Field Note on Turi with a Comparative Vocabulary. Journal of Asian and African Studies 42. 175–189.


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