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Turi language
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| Turi | |
|---|---|
| तुरी | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Jharkhand |
| Ethnicity | Turi |
Native speakers | 2,000 (2007)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | trd |
| Glottolog | turi1246 |
| ELP | Turi |
 Turi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2] | |
Turi is an endangered Austroasiatic language of India that belongs to the Kherwarian Munda group.[3] Grierson (1906) described that Turi is similar to both Mundari and Santali. It is spoken by only half a percent of ethnic Turi, the rest having shifted to Sadri in Jharkhand, Mundari in West Bengal, and Odia in Odisha. The Turi are classified as a Scheduled Caste in Jharkhand.[4]
Distribution
[edit]Osada (1991) lists the following locations where Turi is spoken.[5]
- Jharkhand (pop. 133,137 as of 1981; then part of Bihar)
- Chhattisgarh
- West Bengal (pop. 26,443 as of 1981)
- Odisha (pop. 7,374 as of 1981)
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Similar to Santali and Mundari, but /w/ is replaced by /ʋ/ in Turi.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɳ)* | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Stop | voiceless | p (pʰ) | t (tʰ) | ʈ (ɖʈʰ) | tʃ (tʃʱ) | k (kʰ) | ʔ |
| voiced | b (bʱ) | d (dʱ) | ɖ (ɖʱ) | dʒ (dʒʱ) | ɡ (ɡʱ) | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Trill/Flap | r | ɽ | |||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | j | ʋ | |||||
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid-high | (ə) | ||
| Mid-low | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Low | a |
Morphology
[edit]Verbal agreement
[edit]Like all Kherwarian languages, double- and triple markings are possible in Turi.
| singular | dual | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | exclusive | =ɛŋ/=ɲ(iɲ) | =liɲ | =lɛ |
| inclusive | =laŋ | =pu | ||
| 2nd person | =m | =bin | =pɛ | |
| 3rd person | =i (object)/ =ɛ (subject) | =kin | =ku | |
Tense, mood, aspect/aktionsart
[edit]| Middle | Active | |
|---|---|---|
| Present | -tan | -ɛtan |
| Future | -ɔʔ/-ɔ/-ʔ/-Ø | -Ø |
| Past | -ɛn/-kɛn/-ɔn/-ɔʔ-ɛn | -ɛkɛn – Past imperfective -tad – Simple past |
| Present perfect | -akan | (-akad) |
| Past perfect | -lɛn | -lɛʔ/-laʔ |
References
[edit]- ^ Turi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (PDF) (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022.
- ^ Peterson, John M.; Minz, Abhay Sagar; Linda, Prabhat; Khan, Aribay; Kachhap, Francis Xavier; Gari, Manish (2024). "A Brief Introduction to the Turi Language of Eastern India". Bhasha. 3 (2): 263–304. doi:10.30687/bhasha/2785-5953/2024/02/005.
- ^ "Census of India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ Ramu, G.N. (1 January 1991). "Changing Family Structure and Fertility Patterns: An Indian Case". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 26 (3–4): 189–206. doi:10.1177/002190969102600302. ISSN 0021-9096. S2CID 220926406.
- Konow, Sten. 1906. Tūrī. In Grierson, George A. (ed.), Muṇḍā and Dravidian Languages, 128–134. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
- Osada, Toshiki. 1991. Father Ponette's Field Note on Turi with a Comparative Vocabulary. Journal of Asian and African Studies 42. 175–189.
Further reading
[edit]- Peterson, J.; Minz, A.S.; Prabhat, L.; Khan, A.; Kachhap, F.X.; Gari, M. (2024). "A Brief Introduction to the Turi Language of Eastern India". Bhasha. 3 (2): 263–304. doi:10.30687/bhasha/2785-5953/2024/02/005. ISSN 2785-5953.
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