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Vermont Law and Graduate School (VLGS) is a private law and public policy graduate school in South Royalton, Vermont. It is the only ABA-accredited law school in the state. It offers several degrees, including Juris Doctor (JD), Master of Laws (LLM) in Environmental Law, Master of Environmental Law and Policy (MELP), Master of Food and Agriculture Law and Policy (MFALP), Master of Energy Regulation and Law (MERL), and dual degrees with a diverse range of institutions. According to the school's 2018 ABA-required disclosures, 61.5% of the Class of 2018 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation.[4]

Key Information

History

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Debevoise Hall

Founding

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Vermont Law School was founded in 1972 by Anthony Doria and held its first classes in the summer of 1973 with 113 students in what was then known as the old South Royalton schoolhouse.[5] One of the founding professors was Alan Weinberger.[6] In December 1973, VLS was certified by the Vermont State Board of Education as an institution of higher learning. Doria resigned as dean of the school in 1974, after it emerged that he had been convicted of embezzlement by a Pennsylvania court in 1960, though the charges were later vacated.[7] A full complement of classes were offered in the fall of 1975 after provisional ABA accreditation. The Law School's first class graduated in spring 1976.

Since 2000

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From 1982 until 2011, Vermont Law School, along with William Mitchell College of Law, was one of two law schools in the U.S. to decline to receive federal funding under the Solomon Amendment, which required colleges and universities to allow military recruitment on campus or risk losing federal funding.[8] The school is also part of FAIR Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, a consortium of 38 law schools and law faculties that challenged the Solomon Amendment in Rumsfeld v. FAIR and lost. Following the repeal of 'Don't Ask Don't Tell' in 2011, the school has allowed military recruitment on campus.

In 2018, the law school controversially stripped tenure from 75% of its faculty, citing financial exigencies.[9] Vermont Law School was subsequently sanctioned by the American Association of University Professors for "serious departures by the administration and/or governing board from generally accepted standards of college and university government".[10] Vermont Law and Graduate School has challenged many of the findings of the report.[11]

In 2022, the school added graduate programs and was renamed Vermont Law and Graduate School and also added a hybrid online JD program.[12][13][14]

Academics

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Vermont Law School was provisionally ABA accredited in 1975, and full approval in 1978. It has also been accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) since 1980. VLS became a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) in 1981.[15]

Vermont Law School also offers an Accelerated Juris Doctor program that allows JD students to graduate in just two years (as opposed to the traditional three-year JD program), through the completion of two full-time academic semesters during the summer.[16]

As well as the Juris Doctor (JD), the Law School offers several degrees and joint-degrees, as well as degrees with other universities. Degrees include Master of Laws (LLM) in American Legal Studies, Environmental Law, Food and Agriculture Law, and in Energy Law

There is also a Master of Environmental Law and Policy (MELP), Master of Energy Regulation and Law (MERL), and Master of Food and Agriculture Law and Policy (MFALP).

In 2022, the ABA's Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar determined VLGS had failed to significantly comply with Standard 316, which was revised in 2019 to provide that at least 75% of an accredited law school's graduates who took a bar exam must pass one within two years of graduation.[17] Graduates in 2019 had a 67.54% bar pass rate.[17] However, VLGS had an 82.84% pass rate in 2018, and the school described the 2019 results as an anomaly.[17] The ABA determined the school was back in compliance by March 2023.[18]

Joint programs

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The Law School has partnered with different domestic and international universities to offer dual-degree programs. Domestic schools include: Yale School of the Environment (JD/Master of Environmental Management),[19][20] Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth (MELP/Master of Business Administration), the University of Vermont Rubenstein School of Natural Resources (MELP/Master of Science in Natural Resources), Thunderbird School of Global Management (JD/Masters of Business Administration), the University of South Carolina (MELP/JD), University of South Dakota (MELP/JD), and Northeastern University School of Law (MELP/JD). International universities include the University of Cambridge (JD/Master of Philosophy), Cergy-Pontoise University (France), and the University of Seville (Spain).

Julien and Virginia Cornell Library

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The Julien and Virginia Cornell Library opened in 1991.[21] The library contains over 250,000 print volumes, including primary and secondary legal materials focusing on state, national, and international law.[22] The library also possesses a collection of microforms including congressional documents, state session laws, and briefs. The library's electronic collection includes access to LexisNexis and Westlaw and other online gateways and databases, as well as a large catalog of full-text electronic journals and books and databases offering primary legal materials.

Vermont Law School maintains "an extensive interdisciplinary environmental collection, including journals, monographs, electronic resources, and other material related to the study of the environment and environmental law and policy."[23]

Leadership

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Deans

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  1. Anthony Doria (1972–1974)
  2. Thomas M. Debevoise (1974–1982)
  3. Jonathon Chase (1982–1987)[24]
  4. Douglas M. Costle (1987–1991)
  5. Maximilian Kempner (1991–1996)[25]
  6. L. Kinvin Wroth (1996–2004)[26]
  7. Geoffrey Shields (2004–2012)[27]
  8. Marc Mihaly (2012–2016)[28]
  9. Thomas McHenry (2017–2021)[29]
  10. Beth McCormack (2023–present)[30]

Presidents

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  1. L. Kinvin Wroth (2003–2004)[26]
  2. Geoffrey Shields (2004–2012)[27]
  3. Marc Mihaly (2012–2016)[28]
  4. Thomas McHenry (2017–2021)[29]
  5. Beth McCormack (2021–2022) interim[30]
  6. Rodney A. Smolla (2022–present)[31]

Campus

[edit]
Abbott House
Center for Legal Services and campus bookstore

Vermont Law and Graduate School's 13-acre (5.3 ha) campus is located in South Royalton in central Vermont. The campus is set just above the broad banks of the White River.

The oldest and centermost classroom building on the campus is Debevoise Hall, the town's original schoolhouse, built in 1892. In 2005 the former town schoolhouse (the original Law School building in 1973) was renovated and renamed after one of the first deans of the Law School, Thomas M. Debevoise. Practicing what it preaches, the Law School emphasized environmental concerns in the renovation, as well as historical preservation and design efficiency. Debevoise Hall was the only LEED Silver Certified renovation building project in the state of Vermont.[32] Debevoise Hall continues to serve as classroom space and now also houses administration offices, the Environmental Law Center, and the Yates Common Room.[15]

The James L. and Evelena S. Oakes Hall building was constructed and dedicated in 1998. Oakes Hall incorporates "green building" techniques along with the latest classroom technology.[21]

Jonathon Chase, the late former dean of the Law School, liked to joke that South Royalton was the only town in America "with a law school and no stop light." Vermont Law School holds the distinction of being the law school farthest from a traffic light.[33] As of January 2021, South Royalton does not have a stoplight.

In January 2020, VLGS opened a new satellite office in Burlington, which hosts the school's immigration law clinic and an additional admissions office.[34]

Centers, institutes, clinics, and programs

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Law centers and research institutes

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  • Environmental Law Center — The Environmental Law Center (ELC) began in 1978 with eight master's degree students. The ELC confers both the Master of Environmental Law and Policy (MELP) and Master of Laws in Environmental Law (LLM) degrees and is consistently top-ranked by U.S. News & World Report.[35]
  • Center for Agriculture and Food Systems (CAFS) — The Center for Agriculture and Food Systems (CAFS) trains the next generation of food and agriculture advocates and entrepreneurs, and to create innovative legal tools supporting the new food movement. VLGS offers a JD Certificate in Food and Agriculture, and both Master's and LLM degrees in Food and Agriculture Law and Policy. CAFS' diverse course offerings, law clinic and degree options make it the most comprehensive sustainable food, agriculture, and environmental law graduate program in the country. CAFS also publishes a variety of resources on food and agriculture policy topics.[36]
  • Institute for Energy & the Environment — The Institute for Energy and the Environment (IEE) is a national and international resource for energy law and policy. The Institute offers a full course curriculum and a certificate of concentration during the academic year and through its Energy Summer seminars; distributes scholarly, technical, and practical publications; provides forums and conferences for professional education and issue development; and serves as a center for graduate research on energy issues, with an environmental awareness.[37] The Institute's research team is selected from top students in the energy and environmental programs at Vermont Law School.[38]
  • Environmental Tax Policy Institute — The Institute analyzes ways in which taxation can address environmental problems. As a resource for the public and private sectors, non-governmental organizations, the press and academia, the Institute seeks to better inform the public policy debate about the role of environmental taxes at the local, state and federal levels.
  • Land Use Institute — The Land Use Institute (LUI) addresses intensifying land use law and policy issues at the local, national, and international levels that critically pertain to the development of a sustainable society. These issues include application of smart growth principles, ecological planning, affordable housing, flood hazard mitigation, improving the confluence of energy and land use regulatory decision-making and other permitting processes, and land conservation strategies. LUI works with VLS faculty and students, and other nonprofit legal and professional planning partners, to provide sound and innovative information, experience, and education to advance the practice of land use law and planning. This mission is served through direct support for local and regional planning agencies, forums and conferences for issue development, preparation of legislation affecting critical land use issues, education and training for state and local land use planners and regulators, practical and scholarly publications, and graduate professional teaching.

Clinics and experiential programs

[edit]
  • Environmental Advocacy Clinic — The Environmental Advocacy Clinic assists major conservation organizations and local community groups to promote access to justice on important environmental and natural resources issues.[39] In 2019, the National Wildlife Federation selected the Environmental Advocacy Clinic to represent the Federation on its national legal advocacy work.[40]
  • Environmental Justice Clinic — Launched in 2019, the Environmental Justice Clinic became one of the only law clinics specifically devoted to environmental justice, providing legal services to low income communities and communities of color fighting the unjust distribution of pollution sources within those areas.[41]
  • Energy Clinic—Started in 2014, the Energy Clinic is one of the only law clinics in the United States focused on promoting climate justice and renewable energy. The Energy Clinic provides opportunities for students to progressively develop the knowledge, skills, and values integral to the field of energy law and policy, while helping clients meet local energy needs with reliable, clean, and affordable resources.[42]
  • Food and Agriculture Clinic — Students in the Food and Agriculture Clinic collaborate with local, regional, national, and international partners, and engage in law and policy work that addresses challenges related to food and land justice, public health, the economy, food security, and animal welfare.[43]
  • South Royalton Legal Clinic — The South Royalton Legal Clinic serves Vermont residents who are unable to afford counsel and who need assistance with issues such as bankruptcy, children's rights, disability, domestic violence, family law, housing, immigration, veterans issues and wills.[44]
  • Legislative Clinic — In the Legislative Clinic, students to work under the supervision of attorneys supporting the work of the Vermont General Assembly. Under the supervision of the Vermont Legislative Council, students work on bills, amendments, and related research projects. They observe floor debates, attend committee hearings, and participate in hearings as needed by the committees.[45]
  • Immigration Clinic — Expanded alongside the opening of the Burlington satellite office in 2020, this clinic offers assistance to Vermonters on issues of immigration law.[46]
  • General Practice Program — The General Practice Program (GPP) was instituted in 1987. The GPP is recipient of the American Bar Association's E. Smythe Gambrell Award for Professionalism, a national award for law schools and other organizations in recognition for advancing professionalism in the practice of law.
  • Legal Clinic of Petrozavodsk State University — Under the patronage of Vermont School of Law at the Faculty of Petrozavodsk State University opened the first legal clinic in Russia in 1994, supported by the Council of Judges.[47]

Employment

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According to Vermont Law School's official 2018 ABA-required disclosures, 61.5% of the Class of 2018 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation.[4] Vermont Law School's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 29%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2013 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.[48]

Tuition and financial aid

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JD tuition for 2018-19 is $48,254.[49] 67.4% percent of students receive some sort of scholarship.[1]

Publications

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Vermont Law School students publish two legal journals, the Vermont Law Review and the Vermont Journal of Environmental Law, on a regular basis several times a year in print and online. In addition to regular publication, both journals sponsor annual symposia.

Notable faculty

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Notable trustees

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Notable alumni

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See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Vermont Law and Graduate School

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from Grokipedia
Vermont Law and Graduate School (VLGS) is a private institution in South Royalton, , offering (JD) degrees, including a hybrid online option, along with master's and LLM programs focused on , energy, , and . Established in 1972 as Vermont Law School, it held its inaugural classes in 1973 with 113 students and remains the state's sole American Bar Association-accredited law school. Renamed VLGS in July 2022 as part of a to expand graduate offerings amid financial pressures, the school has earned national recognition for its curriculum, frequently ranking first or among the top five by . However, its overall law school ranking stands at 163 out of 195, with first-time bar passage rates around 63-68% and historical scrutiny from the for falling below required thresholds. In 2018, facing enrollment declines and budgetary shortfalls, VLGS revoked tenure from 14 of its 19 tenured faculty members—about 75%—prompting sanctions from the for breaching shared governance norms.

History

Founding and Early Development

Vermont Law School was incorporated on December 5, 1972, in South Royalton, Vermont, by Anthony Doria, an Italian-born entrepreneur and local landowner who sought to establish the state's first law school to meet regional demand for legal education. Doria enlisted support from prominent Vermonters, including Judge Frederick Billings and attorney Thomas M. Debevoise, who later served as an early dean. The institution began operations in the former South Royalton schoolhouse, later renamed Debevoise Hall in honor of its early leader. The school held its inaugural classes in the summer of 1973, admitting 113 students and receiving certification from the Vermont in December of that year. Provisional accreditation from the (ABA) followed in February 1975, enabling its graduates to sit for bar exams in most states. The charter class of 56 students graduated in spring 1976, marking the first cohort to complete the program. Early development emphasized building infrastructure and securing full accreditation, which the ABA granted in 1978 after demonstrating compliance with standards for faculty, curriculum, and facilities. During this period, the school focused on core legal training while laying groundwork for specialization, including the opening of the Environmental Law Center in 1978 with an initial cohort of eight master's students. Enrollment grew modestly amid challenges of establishing credibility as a new institution in a rural setting, but it solidified its role as Vermont's sole ABA-approved law school.

Growth and Specialization in Environmental Law

Following its in 1972 and receipt of full accreditation in 1978, Vermont Law School launched the Environmental Law Center (ELC) that same year, initiating its specialization in with an inaugural cohort of eight students. This program quickly grew into the nation's largest graduate offering, providing specialized degrees, certificates, and courses that exceeded those at any other . The ELC's expansion included the development of over 60 environmental law courses, six dedicated legal clinics, and seven centers and institutes focused on areas such as climate justice, , and . By the early , the school introduced the country's first online in environmental law in May 2011, broadening access and further solidifying its interdisciplinary approach that integrated hands-on clinics with policy-oriented training. This specialization drove recognition as a field leader, with ranking the program first in 17 times and second eight times through the mid-2010s, reflecting its consistent dominance since specialty rankings began in 1991. More recent evaluations have placed it in the top five, such as fourth overall, underscoring sustained growth amid evolving national priorities in environmental regulation and advocacy.

Enrollment Declines and Institutional Reforms

Vermont Law School experienced significant enrollment declines following the , mirroring national trends in where first-year enrollment dropped from a peak of 52,404 in 2010 to around 38,000 by the mid-2010s. At VLS, enrollment fell by approximately 33% between 2011 and 2016, exacerbating financial pressures due to the school's small size, rural location, and heavy reliance on tuition revenue. These declines contributed to operational instability, prompting the school to seek federal loans for in 2016 and culminating in the termination of 14 out of 19 tenured faculty members in 2018 amid unsustainable student-to-faculty ratios. In response to persistent low enrollment and fiscal challenges, VLS implemented major institutional reforms starting in 2022 as part of a new strategic plan aimed at diversification and growth. On July 1, 2022, the institution rebranded as Vermont Law and Graduate School (VLGS), formally integrating its graduate programs—previously secondary to the JD offerings—on equal footing to broaden appeal beyond traditional law students and emphasize and environmental master's degrees. This restructuring included expanding hybrid and online JD options, launching additional master's programs, and securing an $8 million gift to support initiatives like the new Center for Justice Reform Clinic. Further reforms involved geographic expansion with the opening of a , satellite campus in June 2023 to attract urban-based students and facilitate partnerships, such as dual-degree programs with School of Law announced in November 2023. These changes correlated with enrollment recovery, rising to a total of 690 students (including 495 JD enrollees, 96 in the online hybrid JD) in fall 2023 and further to 763 students (557 JD) by the following year, reflecting a reversal from earlier lows through increased non-JD graduate enrollment and hybrid accessibility. However, underlying challenges persisted, as evidenced by President Rodney Smolla's announced departure effective July 1, 2025, to refocus on teaching amid ongoing adaptation efforts.

Academics

Degree Programs and Joint Offerings

Vermont Law and Graduate School offers a Juris Doctor (JD) degree through both residential and online hybrid formats, with the residential program requiring full-time attendance on campus in South Royalton, Vermont, and the online hybrid JD combining asynchronous coursework with three brief in-person residencies, completable in 10 semesters for working professionals. The JD curriculum emphasizes practical skills in environmental law, policy, and related fields, with opportunities for concentrations in areas such as animal law, climate law, energy law, and food and agriculture law. The institution provides several master's degree programs, including the Master of Energy Regulation and Law (MERL), which focuses on regulatory frameworks for systems; the Master of Climate and Environmental (MCEP), addressing and ; the Master of Arts in Restorative Justice (MARJ), centered on and community-based justice practices; the Master of Legal Studies (MLS) for non-lawyers seeking legal expertise; and the (MPP), oriented toward analysis in environmental and social issues. Many of these master's programs are available fully online, enabling flexible access for professionals. LLM programs include the (LLM) in , designed for JD holders or foreign-trained lawyers to specialize in domestic and international environmental legal regimes, and an LLM in paired with joint offerings. Joint and dual degree options integrate VLGS programs with its own offerings or external partners to accelerate credentialing. Internal dual degrees encompass the JD/LLM in , completable in three years through summer sessions and ; the JD/MERL, combining legal training with energy regulation in three years; and the JD/MARJ, blending law with practices over three years. External partnerships include 3+2 and 3+3 accelerated programs with the , allowing undergraduates to earn a BA/BS followed by a JD in five or six years; similar dual-degree pathways with for a bachelor's and JD; and expanded offerings with School of Law since 2023 for JD students pursuing VLGS master's degrees; additional collaborations exist with , the , and for combined environmental policy master's degrees.

Curriculum and Pedagogical Approach

The (JD) program at Vermont Law and Graduate School requires completion of 87 credits, including 44 credits in foundational courses such as (4 credits), (4 credits), Contracts (4 credits), and Torts (4 credits). Students must also complete at least two additional courses totaling 6-8 credits from options including Business Associations (4 credits) and Constitutional Criminal Procedure (3 credits). The curriculum integrates legal doctrine and analysis with consideration of the law's social context, alongside training in research, reasoning, problem-solving, communication, and ethical decision-making. First-year coursework emphasizes core foundational subjects to build analytical skills, while upper-level years incorporate specialized electives, advanced requirements, and experiential components. and advocacy form integral parts of the program, with mandatory courses in and Writing (2 credits) and Legal Writing II: Theory and Practice (3 credits), plus an advanced writing requirement. Elective offerings extend to areas like , energy regulation, and , enabling customization beyond bar-exam-focused subjects. Pedagogically, the program prioritizes experiential learning, mandating at least 6 credits from live-client clinics or externships, such as the Environmental Advocacy Clinic (offered in 6, 9, or 12 credits) or Small Business Law Clinic (2, 4, 6, or 12 credits). The Semester in Practice provides 12 credits of supervised fieldwork, emphasizing practical application over purely doctrinal instruction. This hands-on approach extends to summer opportunities for up to four legal work experiences during the 1L and 2L years, fostering real-world readiness. Flexible formats, including an online hybrid JD with asynchronous coursework and brief in-person residencies, accommodate diverse learners while maintaining skill development. Additional skills courses, like Bar Exam Skills and Tactics (3 credits), support professional competency.

Libraries and Research Resources

The Julien and Virginia Cornell Library serves as the primary research facility for Vermont Law and Graduate School, occupying a 35,000-square-foot building overlooking the White River in South Royalton, . Named in honor of Julien Cornell and his wife , who provided financial support for its development, the library functions as a central resource hub for students and faculty, emphasizing legal scholarship with a strong focus on . Its physical address is 164 Chelsea Street, PO Box 60, South Royalton, VT 05068. The library's collections encompass over 370,000 titles, including books, journals, and archival materials, alongside access to approximately 90 electronic databases covering U.S. and , Vermont-specific legal resources, , and . Key holdings include primary and secondary legal materials such as statutes, regulations, legislative histories, and treatises, with specialized topical collections in areas like and bar journals. The online catalog, JULIEN, facilitates searches across these resources, while digital platforms provide ebooks and subscription services including , Lexis+, and HeinOnline. Research support extends through curated guides and tools tailored to the school's emphases, such as the Law Research Guide, which highlights free electronic resources from state sources and commercial publishers, and the Environmental Law Research Sources collection comprising over 500 websites vetted by faculty and students. The Community Legal Information Center (CLIC), hosted within the library, offers public access to platforms and databases, extending resources beyond the campus to all residents. Services include reference assistance available weekdays from 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. via at [email protected] or phone, document delivery for interlibrary loans, and dedicated study spaces. These elements support and scholarly output, particularly in environmental and policy domains, though access to premium databases like and Lexis is restricted to enrolled students.

Campus and Facilities

Location and Physical Infrastructure

The Vermont Law and Graduate School's primary campus is located in South Royalton, Vermont, a rural village in the White River Valley of Windsor County. The site spans approximately 12 acres adjacent to the White River and nestled within the , providing a secluded environment approximately 20 miles east of and accessible via between exits 2 and 3. This location, addressed at 164 Chelsea Street, emphasizes the institution's environmental focus through its integration with natural surroundings. The campus consists of a compact cluster of around 19 buildings, predominantly historic and modest in scale, repurposed from village structures to accommodate academic and administrative functions. Central to the infrastructure is Debevoise Hall, a Queen Anne-style building originally constructed in 1892 as South Royalton's public schoolhouse, which served as the school's inaugural facility when classes began in 1973. Renovated extensively in 2005 at a cost of $6.5 million, Debevoise Hall now houses administrative offices, classrooms, the Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, and the , preserving its historical character while modernizing interiors for educational use. Additional facilities include the Chase Community Center and other renovated structures such as a former 1895 building adapted into the Center for Legal Services, supporting and activities. In 2023, the institution expanded its physical presence with a satellite location in downtown , to facilitate hybrid programs and broader accessibility, though the South Royalton campus remains the core hub for operations. This distributed model reflects adaptations to enrollment trends and regional needs without altering the historic, compact nature of the main site.

Residential and Community Aspects

Vermont Law and Graduate School does not provide on-campus student , requiring all students to secure off-campus accommodations independently. The institution maintains a office that offers assistance through a searchable database of rental listings, updated regularly and filterable by criteria such as number of bedrooms, proximity to , and cost. Available options in South Royalton and surrounding areas include rooms in local homes with shared privileges, studios, apartments, mobile homes, and full houses, reflecting the rural setting. Average monthly rent for apartments near the school stands at approximately $2,465 as of recent data, below the national average of $2,664. Located in the small town of South Royalton, —a community of about 1,200 residents—the school's residential environment fosters a close-knit atmosphere distinct from urban campuses. Student life emphasizes communal bonds, with extracurricular activities spanning , student governance, affinity groups, special interest clubs, sports, advocacy societies, and professional organizations. This setup encourages among students and faculty toward environmental and social objectives, enhanced by the school's integration into local culture, including access to outdoor pursuits and town events. The rural wooded locale supports an intentional dynamic, where students often engage directly with regional policy issues.

Administration and Governance

Leadership Structure

The Vermont Law and Graduate School is governed by a Board of Trustees responsible for strategic oversight and major policy decisions. The board's officers include Chair Glenn Berger (JD '78, adjunct faculty specializing in ), Treasurer Scott Cullen (JD '97, at GRACE Communications Foundation), Vice Chair Constance Neary (JD '89, retired for at United Educators), and Jessica Olson. The board appoints key executives and approves institutional initiatives, such as the 2022 expansion into graduate programs that prompted the name change from Vermont Law School. Executive administration features distinct deans for the and graduate components, reflecting the institution's dual focus on legal and education. Beth McCormack, the first woman in the role, has been Dean of the since January 2021, overseeing JD and LLM programs with an emphasis on experiential training. Dan Bromberg serves as Dean of the Graduate School, managing master's programs in areas like and climate justice, as part of a leadership realignment completed in recent years. The presidency, previously held by Rodney A. Smolla from July 2022 until his resignation effective July 1, 2025, to resume full-time faculty duties in , is currently vacant. In the interim, Deans McCormack and Bromberg share operational responsibilities, including academic affairs, enrollment strategies, and financial management amid ongoing enrollment challenges. No permanent successor has been announced as of October 2025.

Tenure and Faculty Governance Controversies

In spring 2018, Vermont Law School administration, facing a $2 million budget deficit amid declining enrollment, restructured faculty contracts, resulting in the elimination of tenure for 14 of the school's 19 tenured professors, converting their positions to contingent or term appointments. This action followed prior cost-cutting measures, including staff layoffs in 2013 and a Moody's downgrade of revenue bonds in 2014 due to enrollment drops. School president Thomas McHenry described the changes as necessary for financial exigency, with most affected faculty retaining teaching roles under revised contracts that included salary reductions and position eliminations. The American Association of University Professors (AAUP), a faculty advocacy organization, launched an investigation into the process, concluding in May 2019 that the administration violated principles of shared governance by failing to involve faculty meaningfully in decisions affecting tenure and by abruptly altering contracts without adequate notice or consultation. The AAUP report highlighted that the moves contravened norms requiring joint administration-faculty efforts during financial crises and recommended at least one year of notice or severance for tenure revocation. In response, VLS maintained that faculty input was solicited through committees and town halls, but the urgency of the deficit necessitated swift action, and the school rejected the AAUP's characterization as overly prescriptive for a private institution. In June 2019, the AAUP's Committee on and Tenure voted to place VLS on its list of institutions with "unacceptable conditions for academic governance," a sanction signaling to professors the risks of there, though it lacks formal power. Affected expressed concerns that the tenure reductions, affecting 75% of tenured positions, undermined the school's academic reputation and long-term stability, potentially deterring prospective students and hires. Critics, including some observers, viewed the episode as part of a broader trend challenging tenure's rigidity in response to market-driven enrollment declines in , while defenders of traditional governance argued it eroded autonomy essential for scholarly independence. The restructuring retained 15 tenured or long-term contract overall, but the controversy persisted in discussions of tenure's viability at specialized, smaller schools.

Specialized Centers, Institutes, and Programs

Environmental and Policy-Focused Initiatives

The Environmental Law Center at Vermont Law and Graduate School serves as the primary hub for environmental legal education and research, encompassing over 60 environmental law courses, six associated legal clinics, and seven specialized centers and institutes, supported by 76 faculty members with expertise in the field. Established to advance advocacy, sustainability, and climate justice, the center integrates domestic and international perspectives on environmental regulation, resource management, and policy implementation. The Institute for Energy and the Environment (IEE), a key component of the Environmental Law Center, focuses on and , offering the largest selection of clean courses among U.S. law schools and emphasizing in transitions. Modeled after public consulting firms, the IEE conducts research on future policies, supports international programs, and facilitates publications addressing regulatory challenges in clean adoption. In June 2025, the IEE partnered with Burke Mountain Resort to develop solutions aimed at reducing the site's through targeted and technical assessments. Additional institutes under the Environmental Law Center umbrella include the Tuholske Institute for Environmental Field Studies, which provides hands-on to equip students for real-world environmental advocacy and policy roles. The Maverick Lloyd School for the Environment builds on VLGS's expertise in environmental, clean energy, and to foster interdisciplinary policy development and leadership training. Policy-focused graduate programs, such as the Master of Climate and Environmental Policy (launched in 2022) and the , integrate empirical analysis of environmental challenges with practical formulation, housed within these centers to bridge legal training and . These initiatives emphasize actionable strategies for issues like disparities and energy justice, drawing on VLGS's curriculum to produce graduates oriented toward regulatory and advocacy impacts.

Clinics, Experiential Learning, and Practical Training

Vermont Law and Graduate School (VLGS) provides extensive clinics and externships designed to develop practical legal skills through supervised real-world application, with a particular emphasis on environmental, , and justice-related fields. All JD students are required to complete at least six credits in clinics or externships prior to graduation, ensuring structured exposure to client representation, advocacy, and fieldwork under faculty oversight. These programs integrate doctrinal knowledge with hands-on training, such as drafting legal documents, negotiating, and litigating, often in partnership with community organizations and government agencies. The school's clinics, numbering at least nine, cover specialized areas including environmental advocacy, justice reform, and business law. The Environmental Advocacy Clinic trains students in litigating and negotiating environmental and natural resources cases, fostering skills in administrative processes and practice through direct client representation. Similarly, the Environmental Justice Clinic addresses disparities in exposure affecting marginalized communities, involving students in policy advocacy and litigation to promote equitable environmental protections. Other environmental-focused clinics include the Energy Clinic, which engages students in regulatory and project-based work on transitions; the Transnational Environmental Law Clinic, emphasizing cross-border legal strategies; the Farmed Animal Advocacy Clinic, centered on litigation; and the Food and Agriculture Clinic, tackling regulatory issues in sustainable farming. Non-environmental clinics extend practical training to broader domains. The Law Clinic operates as a hybrid program offering 3 to 12 credits, where students provide legal services to startups, including contract review, entity formation, and issue spotting, following an introductory prerequisite course and with advanced mentoring options for repeat participants. The Center for Justice Reform Clinic immerses students in systemic reforms within criminal and systems, combining fieldwork with . The South Royalton offers community-based experience, handling local civil matters to build foundational competencies. JD externships supplement clinics by placing students in apprenticeships with judges, prosecutors, public defenders, and private practitioners, allowing credit-earning immersion in professional settings such as court observations, memo drafting, and client interviews. These opportunities, available to master's students as well, prioritize placements in Vermont's legal ecosystem, enhancing employability through networking and skill application in diverse practice areas like energy regulation and environmental compliance. Overall, VLGS's experiential framework, housed partly under the Environmental Law Center with its six dedicated clinics, positions the school as a leader in applied training for niche public interest law.

Reputation and Rankings

Strengths in Niche Areas

Vermont Law and Graduate School (VLGS) maintains a prominent reputation in , consistently ranking among the top programs nationally according to . In the 2025 rankings, VLGS placed No. 4 for best environmental law schools, following a history of leading the field, including No. 1 positions in 20 of the prior 28 years and No. 2 in the remaining eight. This sustained excellence stems from the Environmental Law Center, which houses six legal clinics, seven specialized centers and institutes, and a comprehensive emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches to issues like , , and conservation. The program's strengths are bolstered by hands-on opportunities, including summer programs at the Environmental Law Center and advanced degrees such as the (LL.M.) in , which attract students focused on practical application over broad commercial practice. Faculty expertise in emerging areas like and further enhances its niche appeal, producing graduates who enter specialized roles in agencies, NGOs, and . Additionally, VLGS ranks No. 14 for placements, reflecting synergies between its environmental focus and commitments to nonprofit and governmental service. While overall law school metrics remain lower, these niche rankings underscore VLGS's targeted investments in faculty, infrastructure, and curriculum tailored to environmental challenges, distinguishing it from institutions prioritizing generalist training.

Criticisms of Overall Performance and Specialization Risks

Vermont Law and Graduate School's overall performance has been criticized for consistently low national rankings and subpar bar passage rates. In the 2025 rankings, the school placed 163rd (tie) out of 195 accredited s, reflecting weaknesses in peer assessments, employment outcomes, and bar success metrics. Its first-time bar passage rate for 2023 graduates was 63.48%, significantly trailing the national average for ABA-approved schools, which hovers around 80%. The two-year ultimate bar passage rate stood at 76.4%, indicating persistent challenges in preparing students for licensure across jurisdictions. Employment outcomes further underscore these performance issues, with critics highlighting inadequate placement in full-time, long-term legal positions relative to tuition costs exceeding $50,000 annually. Analyses have noted employment at graduation as low as 31.9% in historical data, with median private-sector salaries around $60,000 and public-sector figures nearer $48,000, raising questions about return on investment amid national declines in legal education viability. The school's reported 75% "on-track" rate for 2022 graduates includes non-legal or temporary roles, masking underemployment risks in a competitive market. These metrics have contributed to enrollment drops and financial strain, prompting operational changes like faculty reductions and program expansions. The institution's pronounced specialization in amplifies risks of curricular narrowness, potentially limiting graduates' marketability beyond niche sectors. While ranked No. 4 in environmental law programs, this focus channels resources into policy-oriented training that may not equip students for areas like corporate transactions or civil litigation, where broader job opportunities exist. Environmental roles predominate in government agencies, advocacy groups, and boutique firms, fields prone to budgetary volatility and offering fewer high-compensation positions compared to mainstream legal domains. Over-reliance on such specialization can hinder career pivots amid shifting regulatory priorities or economic conditions, as evidenced by the school's broader outcome deficits despite specialty acclaim.

Employment and Career Outcomes

Bar Passage and Initial Placement Statistics

For the class of 2023, Vermont Law and Graduate School reported a first-time bar passage rate of 63.48% among 115 takers, falling below the ABA's weighted national average of 73.12% for that administration. Earlier classes showed variability: 53.57% for 2022 (75 of 140 takers) and 59.03% for 2021 (85 of 144 takers), each underperforming national averages by 15.52 and 12.90 percentage points, respectively. In Vermont jurisdiction specifically, the school's 2023 passers achieved 60.61% (20 of 33), trailing the state average for ABA-approved schools of 67.69%. Ultimate bar passage rates, accounting for repeat takers within two years, improved to 75.18% for the class of 2021 (106 of 141) and 76.61% for 2020. The two-year average ultimate rate stands at 76.4%.
YearFirst-Time TakersPassersPass Rate (%)National ABA Avg. (%)Difference (%)
20231157363.4873.12-9.64
20221407553.5769.09-15.52
20211448559.0371.93-12.90
Ten months post-graduation, 88.4% of the class of 2024 (129 of 146 graduates) were employed, with 80.1% (117) in full-time, long-term positions. Of these, 63.7% (93) secured full-time, long-term roles requiring or anticipating bar passage, while 14.4% (21) obtained JD-advantage positions. Clerkships dominated at 24.7% of full-time long-term jobs (36 total, primarily state and local), followed by public interest (18.5%, 27) and law firms (18.5%, 27). Unemployment stood at 7.5% (11 seeking or not), with 4.1% (6) pursuing further graduate studies. The school describes 79% as "on track for long-term success," aligning with full-time long-term legal employment metrics.
Employment Category (Class of 2024)NumberPercentage of Graduates
Full-Time Long-Term, Bar Passage Required/Anticipated9363.7%
Full-Time Long-Term, JD Advantage2114.4%
Clerkships (Full-Time Long-Term)3624.7%
(Full-Time Long-Term)2718.5%
Law Firms (Full-Time Long-Term)2718.5%

Long-Term Salary Data and Career Trajectories

Graduates of Vermont Law School typically experience modest long-term salary growth, reflecting the institution's emphasis on and fields where private sector high-earner placements are rare. Starting salaries for full-time, long-term employed graduates in private practice were reported at $62,400 for the class entering the workforce around 2017, while roles, including and judicial positions, averaged $52,000. These figures align with broader outcomes for niche-focused regional law schools, where fewer than 10% of graduates secure positions at large firms offering six-figure starting pay. Self-reported from alumni indicate mid-career earnings for attorneys around $83,500, though based on limited survey responses (n=28), suggesting variability influenced by sector persistence. Ten years post-graduation, average earnings for Vermont Law School alumni are estimated at $83,800, lower than the national median for lawyers ($127,310 as of BLS data) due to concentration in lower-compensating public and nonprofit roles. Salary progression in environmental law trajectories often plateaus, with public agency lawyers seeing incremental raises tied to scales rather than performance bonuses common in corporate practice. For instance, roles at state environmental departments or federal agencies like the EPA yield stable but capped compensation, averaging $70,000–$100,000 after a decade, per aggregated legal career . Career paths diverge based on initial placements, with over 75% of recent classes entering law-related fields showing resilience in adaptive roles such as and compliance. Many alumni sustain trajectories in environmental advocacy, including positions at organizations like or conservation nonprofits, prioritizing mission alignment over financial upside; examples include domestic violence assistance and low-income legal support in . This specialization fosters expertise in regulatory and sustainability law but limits upward mobility to elite partnerships, with a notable portion shifting to non-JD-required administrative or consulting work amid competitive job markets. persistence is common, yielding but exposing graduates to funding-dependent volatility in niche areas.

Financial Aspects

Tuition, Fees, and Cost Structure

For the 2024-2025 academic year, tuition for the full-time program at Vermont Law and Graduate School stands at $53,768 annually, with mandatory fees adding $1,075, for a total direct cost of $54,843. This structure applies uniformly to resident and non-resident students, as the institution is private and does not differentiate by residency. Part-time JD enrollment incurs lower per-credit rates, though annual totals depend on credit load, with fees at $450. Tuition rates are established annually by the Board of Trustees and remain subject to adjustment. For the summer 2025 term, the three-year JD program lists per-semester tuition at $27,691 and per-credit tuition at $1,929, with a $750 tuition deposit required upon acceptance; this implies a prospective full-year rate near $55,382 for two semesters in the standard program. Accelerated JD options follow similar per-credit pricing to accommodate shorter timelines. The total cost of attendance encompasses indirect expenses beyond tuition and . For full-time students, estimated living costs (including housing, food, transportation, and personal expenses) total $22,485 annually for on- or off-campus living. Residential program budgets differentiate between an 8-month academic period ($22,372 in indirect costs) and a 12-month extension ($33,558), while online JD students budget $18,900 for living expenses plus a one-time $350 administrative and $100 per-course . Books and supplies typically add $1,500–$2,000, though exact figures vary by course load. Graduate programs, including (LLM) and master's degrees in or related fields, feature tuition around $44,515 annually, with program-specific per-credit options for part-time or certificate study. Additional fees across programs may include (waivable with proof of coverage), technology charges, or bar exam preparation costs, billed per term and due seven days before classes begin.
Cost Component (Full-Time JD, 2024-2025)Amount
Annual Tuition$53,768
Mandatory Fees$1,075
Living Expenses (Annual)$22,485

Financial Aid, Debt Burdens, and Sustainability Efforts

Vermont Law and Graduate School provides financial aid primarily through merit-based scholarships, need-based grants, federal loans, and work-study opportunities, with median grants for full-time students amounting to $20,000 annually. Qualifying students may access the federal Direct Unsubsidized Loan up to $20,500 per academic year at a fixed interest rate of 7.05%, alongside a Loan Repayment Assistance Program offering $1,000 to $6,000 annually based on financial need and fund availability. Specialized scholarships, such as the First Nations Scholarship, cover full or partial tuition for select JD, master's, or LLM candidates from indigenous communities. Graduates face substantial debt burdens, with 73.8% of the 2024 JD class incurring average indebtedness of $126,006 among borrowers, aligning closely with national averages exceeding $120,000. Alternative data indicate averages of $129,611 for those with debt, reflecting high tuition costs—$55,382 annually for JD programs—against limited grant coverage that leaves many reliant on loans. The school's three-year federal loan default rate remains below the national average of 9.3%, suggesting some post-graduation repayment feasibility despite elevated debt levels. To address ongoing financial challenges, including multi-year deficits surpassing $1 million and enrollment declines since at least , the institution has pursued sustainability measures such as revoking tenure for 75% of in to reduce payroll expenses and reallocating resources toward core environmental and policy programs. Recent strategic initiatives emphasize operational efficiency, rebranding to expand online and graduate offerings, and projecting a modest operating surplus for 2025, aiming for long-term stability amid broader pressures on economics. These efforts follow governance controversies, including scrutiny over tenure policies implemented during fiscal distress.

Notable Individuals

Faculty Contributions

Pat Parenteau, emeritus professor of law and senior fellow for climate policy, has advanced through over three decades of drafting , litigation, teaching, and policy analysis, including founding the school's Environmental and Natural Resources Law Clinic in 1993 and directing the Environmental Law Center. In 2023, he received the American Bar Association's Lifetime Achievement Award in for his work on challenges via , , and . Peter A. Bradford, of energy and regulatory law, contributes expertise from his tenure as a U.S. member (1997–2000) and co-chair of Vermont's Public Service Board (2008–2010), informing courses on , utility regulation, and . His advisory roles with organizations like the emphasize practical regulatory reforms in energy and . Other , such as Laurie Beyranevand, professor of law and director of the Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, have shaped niche areas like food law and policy through and experiential programs, enhancing the school's reputation in sustainable . These efforts align with the institution's emphasis on applied environmental advocacy, though broader impacts remain concentrated in specialized rather than general legal .

Alumni Achievements and Influence

Charles E. Di Leva, JD 1978, serves as Chief Officer for Environmental and Social Standards at the World Bank, overseeing global implementation of environmental safeguards in development projects, and previously held the role of Chief Counsel for Environmental and there. He has shaped through advisory roles on and social standards, including contributions to UN frameworks, and teaches as an adjunct professor on and . Di Leva received the Vermont Law and Graduate School Association's Distinguished Alumni Award in 2020 for his leadership in these fields. Lindi von Mutius, JD 2008, directs the Climate Action Accelerator at Harvard University's Salata Institute for Climate and Sustainability, focusing on policy innovation and equitable climate solutions, and serves on the national board of the to advance public access to green spaces. With prior experience as Chief of Staff at the , she influences environmental advocacy and justice initiatives, including broadening access to for underserved communities. In 2024, von Mutius earned the VLGSAA Distinguished Alumni Award for her contributions to environmental leadership, and she has taught courses on , policy, and climate justice as a visiting professor at institutions like . In the judiciary, Karen R. Carroll, JD from Vermont Law School, sat as Associate Justice on the from April 2017 until her retirement on August 23, 2025, after prior service as a Vermont Superior Court judge since 2000. She chaired the Vermont Judiciary's Criminal Division Oversight Committee and contributed to through the State Board of Continuing Legal Education. Joe Benning, JD 1983, represented Caledonia County in the from 2011 to 2023, influencing state legislation on , , and local as a practicing attorney in family and criminal law. He held community roles including town moderator and school board member, and ran unsuccessfully for in 2022. Alumni like Sherri P. White-Williamson, JD/MELP 2018, have advanced through co-founding student societies and co-chairing conferences on the topic, earning recognition for work. These figures underscore the school's influence in , judicial , and state , with many award recipients reflecting sustained professional impact.

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