Zhuge Liang is born in Yangdu County, Langye Commandery (modern-day Yinan County, Shandong), near the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. His family, though gentry, had fallen from prominence.

Zhuge Liang's parents both die when he is young. He is raised by his uncle, Zhuge Xuan, along with his siblings. This early loss likely fostered his independent spirit.

Following the death of his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who had become the Administrator of Yuzhang, Zhuge Liang moves to Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan). This region, governed by Liu Biao, offered relative stability amidst widespread chaos.

Zhuge Liang spends roughly a decade living a secluded life, farming and studying near Longzhong (present-day Xiangyang, Hubei). This period allows him to hone his intellect, observe the political landscape, and cultivate a reputation for wisdom. He is often described as comparing himself to historical figures such as Guan Zhong and Yue Yi.

Zhuge Liang marries Lady Huang Yueying, the daughter of Huang Chengyan. While historical details are scant, it is said she was not conventionally beautiful but possessed great intelligence and contributed to Zhuge Liang's inventions. This marriage connected him to a powerful local clan in Jing Province.