Recognizing the threat posed by Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang skillfully negotiated an alliance between Liu Bei and Sun Quan. This alliance, although temporary, was crucial for defeating Cao Cao at Red Cliffs and preventing the unification of China under his rule. Zhuge Liang's diplomatic skills and understanding of power dynamics were key to forming this alliance.

During his campaign against the Nanman tribes, Zhuge Liang is said to have employed psychological warfare tactics, such as capturing and releasing the Nanman leader Meng Huo multiple times. His goal was to win Meng Huo's genuine submission rather than simply forcing him into compliance. By demonstrating his fairness and understanding of the Nanman culture, he successfully pacified the region and secured Shu Han's southern border.

Zhuge Liang frequently used deception and misdirection to outwit his enemies. For example, he employed decoy armies and feigned retreats to lure enemy forces into ambushes. He also used his knowledge of terrain to his advantage, setting traps and exploiting weaknesses in the enemy's formations.

Zhuge Liang was a master of defensive warfare. He built heavily fortified camps to protect his troops and supply lines. He also developed sophisticated defense strategies, such as using interlocking formations of spears and crossbows to repel enemy attacks. His defensive tactics often forced his enemies into costly sieges or risky maneuvers.

Zhuge Liang understood the importance of logistics in military campaigns. He paid close attention to the supply of food, weapons, and other essential resources. He implemented efficient supply chains and developed innovative methods of transporting goods, such as the wooden ox and flowing horse, to ensure that his troops were well-equipped and supported.