2024 United States Senate elections

All 33 Class 1 Senate seats, and one Class 2 seat, were up for election in 2024; Class 1 currently consisted of 20 Democrats, four independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats,^[e] and 10 Republicans.

Burgess Everett of Politico considered the map for these Senate elections to be highly unfavorable to Democrats. Democrats were to defend 23 of the 33 Class 1 seats,^[20] including three in states won by Republican Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020. In contrast, there are no seats in this class held by Republicans in states won by Democrat Joe Biden in 2020. In the previous Senate election cycle that coincided with a presidential election (2020), only one senator (Susan Collins of Maine) was elected in a state that was simultaneously won by the presidential nominee of the opposite party.^[21]

Republican gains were attributed to better candidate quality compared to 2022^[22] and to the coattails of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, who won the 2024 presidential election.^[23] Time's Eric Cortellessa wrote that the thesis of the Republicans' success boiled down to the simple slogan "Max out the men and hold the women", meaning emphasizing the economy and immigration, which Trump did "relentlessly". Cortellessa also mentioned Trump's minimization of his numerous controversies, and push-offs of criminal trials via "a combination of friendly judges and legal postponements" to after the election. He said Trump's "advanced age and increasingly incoherent trail rhetoric" were taken by voters in stride, and that "much of the country read Trump's legal woes as part of a larger corrupt conspiracy to deny him, and them, power".^[24] NPR wrote that "Americans have continued to chafe at higher than pre-pandemic prices and the lack of affordable housing", and that much of the voter placed the blame "squarely" on the Biden administration, wishing for the economy that had existed under the prior Trump Administration. NPR noted that demographics played an important role, with the share of Non-Hispanic White voters increasing from 67% to 71% of the electorate and the Republicans winning 46% of Latinos, as well as mentioning polling's "continued underestimation of Republicans' support nationally and in the key swing states".^[25]

Each block represents one of the 100 seats in the U.S. Senate. "D#" is a Democratic/active senator, "I#" is an Independent senator, and "R#" is a Republican/active senator. They are arranged so that the parties are separated, and a majority is clear by crossing the middle.

Each block indicates an incumbent senator's actions going into the election.

Several sites and individuals published predictions of competitive seats. These predictions looked at factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent was running for reelection) and the other candidates, and the state's partisan lean (reflected in part by the state's Cook Partisan Voting Index rating). The predictions assigned ratings to each seat, indicating the predicted advantage that a party had in winning that seat. Most election predictors used:

• "tossup": no advantage
• "tilt" (used by some predictors): advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean"
• "lean" or "leans": slight advantage
• "likely": significant, but surmountable, advantage
• "safe" or "solid": near-certain chance of victory

Two Independents, two Republicans and five Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election. Senator Dianne Feinstein had previously announced her intent to retire at the end of her term; however, she died in office on September 29, 2023.

Three Democrats sought re-election but lost in the general election.

In each special election, the winner's term begins immediately after their election is certified by their state's government.

Elections are sorted by date, then state.

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 2025.

11 races had a margin of victory under 10%:^[45]

Arizona election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Ruben Gallego Kari Lake Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,676,335 1,595,761 Percentage 50.06% 47.65%

County results Gallego:      50–60%      60–70% Lake:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Kyrsten Sinema Independent Elected U.S. senator Ruben Gallego Democratic

One-term independent Kyrsten Sinema was narrowly elected in 2018 as a Democrat with 50.0% of the vote. She left the Democratic Party in December 2022.^[46] Sinema announced on March 5, 2024, that she would not run for reelection.^[47]

Prior to her retirement announcement, Sinema was considered vulnerable to challengers from the Democratic Party due to her opposition to some of President Joe Biden's agenda,^[48] and U.S. representative Ruben Gallego launched an early bid for the Democratic nomination, which he won with no opposition.^[49][50]

Pinal County sheriff Mark Lamb and 2022 gubernatorial nominee Kari Lake sought the Republican nomination for U.S. Senate.^[51][52] Lake won the Republican primary by less than expected.

California election

← 2018 2030 →

Candidate Adam Schiff Steve Garvey Party Democratic Republican Regular election 9,036,252 58.87% 6,312,594 41.13% Special election 8,837,051 58.75% 6,204,637 41.25%

Special election county results Regular election county results Schiff:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Garvey:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Laphonza Butler[s] Democratic Elected U.S. senator Adam Schiff Democratic

Five-term Democrat Dianne Feinstein was reelected in 2018 with 54.2% of the vote against another Democrat. On February 14, 2023, Feinstein announced that she would not seek reelection to a sixth term.^[53] However, she died on September 29, 2023, leaving the seat vacant. Democrat Laphonza Butler, president of EMILY's List, was appointed by California governor Gavin Newsom to succeed Feinstein on October 2, 2023.^[54] Butler did not run for election to a full term, or for the final two months of the current term.^[38]

There were three major Democratic candidates for the seat — U.S. representatives Barbara Lee, Katie Porter, and Adam Schiff — along with former professional baseball player Steve Garvey running as a Republican.^{[55][56][57][58][59]} Schiff was viewed as representing the establishment wing of the Democratic Party, while Porter and Lee represent the progressive wing.^[60]

Schiff and Garvey won the non-partisan primary election which took place on March 5, 2024, during Super Tuesday, setting up a general election campaign between the two.^[60]

Due to California's election rules, similar to the previous election for the other seat, there were two ballot items for the same seat: a general election, to elect a Class 1 senator to a full term beginning with the 119th United States Congress, to be sworn in on January 3, 2025; and a special election, to fill that seat for the final weeks of the 118th Congress.

Connecticut election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Chris Murphy Matthew Corey Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,000,695 678,256 Percentage 58.58% 39.78%

Council of government results County results Municipality results Murphy:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Corey:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Chris Murphy Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Chris Murphy Democratic

Two-term Democrat Chris Murphy was reelected in 2018 with 59.5% of the vote. He announced that he was running for a third term.^[61] Beacon Falls First Selectman Gerry Smith announced his campaign in early February 2024.^[62] The Republican primary was won by tavern owner Matthew Corey,^[63] who was the Republican nominee in 2018.^[64]

Delaware election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Lisa Blunt Rochester Eric Hansen Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 283,298 197,753 Percentage 56.59% 39.5%

County results Blunt Rochester:      50–60%      60–70% Hansen:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Tom Carper Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Lisa Blunt Rochester Democratic

Four-term Democrat Tom Carper was reelected in 2018 with 60.0% of the vote. He announced on May 22, 2023, that he would be retiring, and would not run for a fifth term.^[65]

Delaware's at-large U.S. representative Lisa Blunt Rochester ran for the Democratic nomination to succeed Carper, who endorsed her when he announced his retirement.^[66][67]

Term-limited governor John Carney was also considered a possible Democratic candidate.^[65][68] Carney announced that he was running for mayor of Wilmington.^[69]

Among Republicans, businessman Eric Hansen announced his candidacy.^[70]

Florida election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Rick Scott Debbie Mucarsel-Powell Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 5,977,706 4,603,077 Percentage 55.57% 42.79%

County results Scott:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Mucarsel-Powell:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Rick Scott Republican Elected U.S. senator Rick Scott Republican

Former governor and incumbent one-term Republican Rick Scott was narrowly elected in 2018 with 50.06% of the vote. He ran for reelection to a second term.^[71] Brevard County assistant district attorney Keith Gross and actor John Columbus challenged Scott for the Republican nomination.^[72][73] Primary elections took place on August 20, 2024.^[74]

Scott won a second term, defeating Democratic former congresswoman Debbie Mucarsel-Powell.^[75]

Hawaii election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Mazie Hirono Bob McDermott Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 324,194 160,075 Percentage 64.61% 31.90%

County results Hirono:      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Mazie Hirono Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Mazie Hirono Democratic

Two-term Democrat Mazie Hirono was reelected in 2018 with 71.2% of the vote. Hirono ran for a third term.^[76] Former state representative Bob McDermott won a 6-candidate race to be the Republican nominee.^[77]

Indiana election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Jim Banks Valerie McCray Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,659,416 1,097,061 Percentage 58.64% 38.77%

County results Banks:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% McCray:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Mike Braun Republican Elected U.S. Senator Jim Banks Republican

One-term Republican Mike Braun was elected in 2018 with 50.8% of the vote. Braun was retiring to prepare to run for governor of Indiana.^[40] U.S. representative Jim Banks ran unopposed in the primary after his only competition, businessman John Rust, was disqualified.^[78]

Psychologist Valerie McCray defeated former state representative Marc Carmichael for the Democratic nomination.^[79]

Maine election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Angus King Demitroula Kouzounas David Costello Party Independent Republican Democratic Popular vote 427,331 284,338 88,891 Percentage 52.06% 34.64% 10.83%

County results Municipality results King:      30–40%      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      90–100% Kouzonunas:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100% Costello:      80–90% Tie:      40–50%      50%

U.S. senator before election Angus King Independent Elected U.S. senator Angus King Independent

Two-term Independent incumbent Angus King was reelected in 2018 with 54.3% of the vote in a three-candidate election. He intended to run for a third term, despite previously hinting that he might retire.^[80]

Democratic consultant David Costello and dentist Demitroula Kouzounas, a former Maine Republican Party chair, each won their respective party primaries unopposed.^[81] They would both face King in the general election in November.

Maryland election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Angela Alsobrooks Larry Hogan Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,650,912 1,294,344 Percentage 54.64% 42.84%

County results Alsobrooks:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Hogan:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Ben Cardin Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Angela Alsobrooks Democratic

Three-term Democrat Ben Cardin was reelected in 2018 with 64.9% of the vote. On May 1, 2023, Cardin announced he was not running for reelection.^[82]

Prince George's County executive Angela Alsobrooks defeated U.S. representative David Trone for the Democratic nomination after a contentious primary, where Trone spent heavily from his personal wealth while Alsobrooks had the support of most elected Democrats.^[83]

Former governor Larry Hogan easily defeated conservative former state delegate Robin Ficker for the Republican nomination.^[84] A popular moderate known for his political independence, Hogan had previously declined to run,^[85] but unexpectedly filed to run hours before the candidate filing deadline.^[86]

Massachusetts election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Elizabeth Warren John Deaton Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 2,041,668 1,365,440 Percentage 59.81% 40.00%

County results Municipality results Warren:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100% Deaton:      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Elizabeth Warren Democratic Elected U.S. senator Elizabeth Warren Democratic

Two-term Democrat Elizabeth Warren was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. On March 27, 2023, Warren announced that she was running for reelection.^[87]

Software company owner Robert Antonellis,^[88] Quincy City Council president Ian Cain,^[89] and attorney John Deaton^[90] ran as Republicans.

Michigan election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Elissa Slotkin Mike Rogers Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 2,712,686 2,693,680 Percentage 48.64% 48.30%

County results Slotkin:      40-50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Rogers:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Debbie Stabenow Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Elissa Slotkin Democratic

Four-term Democrat Debbie Stabenow was reelected in 2018 with 52.3% of the vote. She announced on January 5, 2023, that she would retire, and would not run for a fifth term.^[16]

Representative Elissa Slotkin,^[91] and state representative Leslie Love^[92] announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. Businessman and 2006 Republican candidate for this seat Nasser Beydoun also declared his candidacy as a Democrat.^[93] Actor Hill Harper announced his campaign for the Democratic nomination in July 2023.^[94]

The primary took place on August 6, 2024. Former U.S. representatives Mike Rogers and Justin Amash, and hedge fund manager Sandy Pensler^[95] ran for the Republican nomination.^{[96][97][98][99]}

Representative John James, the Republican nominee for this seat in 2018 and for Michigan's other Senate seat in 2020, declined to run.^[100]

The nominees were Slotkin and Rogers, who easily won their primaries as expected.

Minnesota election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Amy Klobuchar Royce White Party Democratic (DFL) Republican Popular vote 1,792,441 1,291,712 Percentage 56.20% 40.50%

County results Klobuchar:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% White:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%

U.S. senator before election Amy Klobuchar Democratic (DFL) Elected U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar Democratic (DFL)

Three-term Democrat Amy Klobuchar was reelected in 2018 with 60.3% of the vote. She ran for a fourth term.^[76]

In the August 13 Republican primary, former NBA basketball player Royce White won an eight-candidate primary with 38% of the vote, with banker and retired U.S. Navy commander Joe Fraser finishing second with 29% of the vote.^[101] Third-party candidates consisted of guardianship advocate and Republican candidate for governor in 2022, Independence-Alliance Party candidate, Joyce Lacy.^[102]

Mississippi election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Roger Wicker Ty Pinkins Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 763,420 451,981 Percentage 62.81% 37.19%

County results Wicker:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Pinkins:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Roger Wicker Republican Elected U.S. senator Roger Wicker Republican

Two-term Republican Roger Wicker was reelected in 2018 with 58.5% of the vote. Wicker ran for a third full term. He faced a primary challenge from conservative state representative Dan Eubanks and won by a comfortable margin.^[103] Wicker would face Democratic lawyer Ty Pinkins in the general election.^[104]

Missouri election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Josh Hawley Lucas Kunce Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 1,651,907 1,243,728 Percentage 55.57% 41.84%

County results Hawley:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Kunce:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Josh Hawley Republican Elected U.S. Senator Josh Hawley Republican

One-term Republican Josh Hawley was elected in 2018 with 51.4% of the vote. Hawley ran for a second term.^[105]

Marine veteran Lucas Kunce, who ran unsuccessfully for the Class III seat in 2022, won the Democratic nomination on August 6, 2024.^[106]

Hawley defeated Kunce to win reelection.

Montana election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Tim Sheehy Jon Tester Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 319,682 276,305 Percentage 52.64% 45.50%

County results Sheehy:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Tester:     50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Jon Tester Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Tim Sheehy Republican

Three-term Democrat Jon Tester was narrowly reelected in 2018 with 50.3% of the vote. On February 22, 2023, he announced he was running for a fourth term. Tester was one of two Democratic senators running for reelection who represented states won by Republican Donald Trump in both the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections.^[107]

Businessman and former Navy SEAL officer Tim Sheehy won the Republican nomination.^[108] U.S. representative Matt Rosendale, also a Republican, ran against Sheehy for the nomination in February,^[109] but withdrew from the race days later.^[110] Sheehy defeated Tester in the general election, marking the first time since 1911 that the Republican Party controlled both of Montana's senate seats.

There were two elections in Nebraska, due to the resignation of Ben Sasse.

Nebraska general election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Deb Fischer Dan Osborn Party Republican Independent Popular vote 499,124 436,493 Percentage 53.19% 46.52%

County results Fischer:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Osborn:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Deb Fischer Republican Elected U.S. senator Deb Fischer Republican

Two-term Republican Deb Fischer was reelected in 2018 with 57.7% of the vote. On May 14, 2021, Fischer announced she was seeking reelection, despite previously declaring an intention to retire.^[111]

Dan Osborn, a union leader and steamfitter, ran as an independent. Since Osborn declared, the Democratic Party fielded no candidates in order to endorse him, but he stated he would accept the help of no parties.^[112]

Nebraska special election

← 2020 2026 →

Nominee Pete Ricketts Preston Love Jr. Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 585,103 349,902 Percentage 62.6% 37.4%

County results Ricketts:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Love:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election Pete Ricketts Republican Elected U.S. senator Pete Ricketts Republican

Two-term Republican Ben Sasse resigned his seat on January 8, 2023, to become president of the University of Florida.^[113][15] Former governor and 2006 Senate nominee Pete Ricketts was appointed by Governor Jim Pillen, and a special election for the seat would take place concurrently with the 2024 regular Senate elections. Ricketts defeated Air Force veteran John Glen Weaver for the Republican nomination.^[114] Former University of Nebraska Omaha professor Preston Love Jr. ran as a Democrat.^[115]

Nevada election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Jacky Rosen Sam Brown Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 701,105 677,046 Percentage 47.87% 46.22%

County results Rosen:      50–60% Brown:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election Jacky Rosen Democratic Elected U.S. senator Jacky Rosen Democratic

One-term Democrat Jacky Rosen was elected in 2018 with 50.4% of the vote. Rosen was re-elected for a second term.^[76]

Veteran and 2022 Senate candidate Sam Brown was declared the Republican nominee after winning the June 11 primary.^[116] Brown easily won against former ambassador to Iceland Jeffrey Ross Gunter and former state assemblyman Jim Marchant, among others.

New Jersey election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Andy Kim Curtis Bashaw Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 2,161,491 1,773,589 Percentage 53.61% 43.99%

County results Municipality results Kim:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90% Bashaw:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

U.S. senator before election George Helmy Democratic Elected U.S. senator Andy Kim Democratic

Democrat Bob Menendez was reelected in 2018 with 54.0% of the vote. On July 13, 2021, The New Jersey Globe reported that Menendez planned to run for a fourth full term.^[117][118] On September 22, 2023, Menendez was indicted on federal bribery charges.^[119] On March 14, 2024, a week after his planned retirement, Menendez reversed his decision and attempted to run for re-election as an Independent candidate.^[120] Following his conviction on July 16, he announced that he would resign on August 20 and suspend his candidacy.^[121][122] Governor Phil Murphy announced that day he would appoint George Helmy, his former chief of staff, to serve as the caretaker before the election.^[123]

Financier and current first lady of New Jersey Tammy Murphy also ran for the Democratic nomination, but ended her campaign in March 2024.^[124]

Mendham mayor Christine Serrano Glassner^[125] and real estate developer Curtis Bashaw^[126] ran for the Republican nomination.^[127] On June 4, 2024, Bashaw won the Republican primary in an upset.^[128]

New Mexico election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Martin Heinrich Nella Domenici Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 497,333 405,978 Percentage 55.06% 44.94%

County results Heinrich:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Domenici:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Martin Heinrich Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Martin Heinrich Democratic

Two-term Democrat Martin Heinrich was reelected in 2018 with 54.1% of the vote in a three-candidate race. He was re-elected for a third term.^[129] Hedge fund executive Nella Domenici, daughter of Pete Domenici, senator from 1973 to 2009, announced her candidacy for the Republican nomination on January 17, 2024.^[130]

New York election

← 2018 2030 →

Nominee Kirsten Gillibrand Mike Sapraicone Party Democratic Republican Alliance Working Families Conservative Popular vote 4,711,298 3,246,114 Percentage 58.91% 40.59%

County results Gillibrand:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% Sapraicone:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%

U.S. senator before election Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic Elected U.S. senator Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic

Two-term Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand was reelected in 2018 with 67.0% of the vote. She was re-elected for a third full term.^[131]

Former New York City Police detective Mike Sapraicone declared his candidacy as a Republican.^[132]