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Shipunov 2A42
Shipunov 2A42
Shipunov 2A42
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The Shipunov 2A42 is a Soviet/Russian 30 mm autocannon. It is built by the Tulamashzavod Joint Stock Company and named after A. G. Shipunov [ru].[3]

Key Information

Design

[edit]

The 30 mm 2A42 autocannon was developed as a replacement for 2A28 Grom and has a dual feed. One is for HE-T and the other for AP-T rounds. The gunner can select one of two rates of full automatic fire, low at 200 to 300 rds/min and high at 550 to 800 rds/min.[4] According to the manufacturer, effective range when engaging ground targets such as light armoured vehicles is 1,500 m (4,900 ft) while soft-skinned targets can be engaged out to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). Air targets can be engaged flying at low altitudes of up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) at subsonic speeds, and up to a slant range of 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[5] In addition to being installed in a two-person turret on the BMP-2 mechanised infantry combat vehicle, this gun is also fitted in the BMD-2 airborne combat vehicle, BMD-3 airborne combat vehicle and BTR-90 (or GAZ-5923) (8 × 8) armoured personnel carrier. A small number of these have now entered service. More recently, the 30 mm 2A42 cannon has been installed in a new turret and fitted onto the roof of the BTR-T heavy armoured personnel carrier based on a modified T-54/T-55 MBT chassis. The cannon is also the main armament of BMPT (Tank Support Fighting Vehicle). It is also used for various armament projects from various manufacturers. The design bureau for the 30 mm 2A42 cannon is the KBP Instrument Design Bureau.

The 2A42 autocannon has also been used on the BMPT and Bumerang-BM, and on unmanned remote controlled weapon station turrets on the new Russian infantry fighting vehicles including the Kurganets-25, VPK-7829 Bumerang, and T-15 Armata.

Variants

[edit]
  • 2A42 – standard version.
    • ZTM-2 – Ukrainian production[6]
    • GTS-30, GTS-30/A – Slovak production with a different muzzle brake[7]
    • GTS-30/N – Slovak version adapted to 30x173mm NATO
  • 2A72 – lighter simplified variant with a lower number of parts, a longer barrel, and higher muzzle velocity, but also a lower rate of fire. It is long recoil-operated, not gas-operated.
    • ABM-M30M3 – remote Weapon Station made by Impulse-2, for Uran-9 or different armored vehicles.
    • ABM-M30M3 Vikhr – another remote weapon station made by Impulse-2.
    • TRT-30 – remote weapon station.[8]
    • ZPT-99 – In the 1990s, the People's Republic of China imported BMP-3 weapon systems technology, and then they re-introduced the cannon. The Chinese production model of 2A72 was named ZPT-99. It was widely used by Chinese armored fighting vehicles.[9]
    • ZTM-1, KBA-2 – Ukrainian production[9]

Ammunition

[edit]

The 2A42 fires 30×165mm ammunition, a cartridge introduced in the 1970s in the Soviet Union to replace previous 30 mm autocannon cartridges. Other weapons using this size of cartridge case include the 2A38, 2A38M, and 2A72 autocannons for various vehicle, helicopter and air defence applications, as well as numerous single-, dual- and six-barrel naval and air force cannons. The 2A42, 2A38, 2A38M, and 2A72 fire percussion-primed ammunition; the naval and aerial cannons use electrical priming, and therefore their ammunition is not interchangeable with the land-based ammunition types, despite the same cartridge case size.[10][11]

Originally three basic types of ammunition were developed in the Soviet Union for the land-based weapons: high-explosive incendiary, high-explosive fragmentation with tracer, and an armour-piercing ballistic capped with tracer. Later a sub-caliber armour-piercing round was introduced, and today also countries other than Soviet Union/Russia manufacture 30x165 mm percussion-primed ammunition. The main types of ammunition are summarized in the table below:

Designation Type Projectile weight (g) Bursting charge (g) Muzzle velocity (m/s) Notes Penetration
3UOF8[12] HEI 389 g (13.7 oz) 49 g (1.7 oz) A-IX-2 960 m/s (3,100 ft/s) A high-explosive incendiary round with A-670M nose fuze.[13] The fuze produces a 0.15 millisecond delay on impact, and a self-destruct mechanism detonating the projectile after 7.5 to 14.5 seconds of flight (3,900 to 5,000 m (12,800 to 16,400 ft) distance from muzzle).[10] N/A
3UOR6[12] HE-T 385 g (13.6 oz) 11.5 g (0.41 oz) A-IX-2 960 m/s (3,100 ft/s) Nose-fuzed high-explosive fragmentation tracer round, utilizing the same A-670M impact/self-destruct fuze as the 3UOF8. Tracer burn time 14 seconds. N/A
3UBR6[12] APBC-T 400 g (14 oz) none 970 m/s (3,200 ft/s) Solid shot with blunt penetrator covered by a hollow windshield cap.[13] Tracer burn time 3.5 seconds. 20mm RHA at 60 degree impact, 700 m (2,300 ft) range; 22 mm (0.87 in) RHA at 60 degree impact, 500 m (1,600 ft) range[14]
3UBR8[12] APDS 304 g (10.7 oz) none 1120 A sub-caliber discarding sabot. No tracer. 25 mm (0.98 in) RHA at 60 degree impact, 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
3UBR10[15] APBC-T 398 g (14.0 oz) none 970 m/s (3,200 ft/s) A development of 3UBR6 with plastic driving band for reduced barrel wear. Expected to enter service in 2020 20 mm (0.79 in) RHA at 60 degree impact, 700 m (2,300 ft)
3UBR11[15] APFSDS-T none Modern APFSDS round, developed late 2010s. Production and service status unknown. 1.5 second tracer burn. Unknown
M929[16] APFSDS-T 235 g (8.3 oz) none 1,260 m/s (4,100 ft/s) A sub-caliber fin-stabilized discarding sabot round with tracer from Belgian Mecar, with tungsten alloy penetrator. More than 50 mm (2.0 in) RHA at 60 degree impact, 1,000 m (3,300 ft)

Airburst munitions for Russian 30mm and 57mm autocannons are in development.[17][18][19][20]

Platforms

[edit]
Czechoslovak-built BMP-2 in service with the Czech army in Afghanistan, September 2010.
Turret of Belarusian-made Volat V2 APC, 2021.

The autocannon has been used since the 1980s on the following platforms:

Infantry fighting vehicles
MRAPs
Unmanned ground vehicles
  • Bars BRShM (2A72)
  • Uran-9 (2A72)[22]
  • UDAR UGV
  • Vikhr UGV (2A72)
Attack helicopters

Towed

  • 2A42 gun fitted on D-44 gun carriage [1]

Similar 30mm autocannons

[edit]

The 2A72 30mm autocannon, designed by KBP Instrument Design Bureau, is a lighter, less complex cousin of the 2A42, with a longer barrel. While the latter has 578 parts, 2A72 has only 349 parts, allowing it to weigh only 84 kg (with 36 kg barrel). 2A72 uses long recoil principle, resulting in lower recoil (7t instead of 20), but lower rate of fire (300-330 instead of 550). 2A72 is used in:

  • BMP-3 – mounted in between 2A70 100 mm gun/launcher and PKT coaxial MG
  • ABM-M30M3 – remote Weapon Station made by Impulse-2, for Uran-9 or different armored vehicles.
  • ABM-M30M3 Vikhr – another remote weapon station made by Impulse-2.
  • TRT-30 – remote weapon station.[8]

The 2A38 and 2A38M are 30mm twin-barrel autocannons, Gast-type. They are mainly used on air defense vehicles like 2K22 Tunguska and Pantsir-S1. It weighs 195 kg and has a maximum rate of fire of 2500 rd/min.

The Ordnance Factory Medak in India has developed the Medak gun[citation needed] and CRN 91 Naval Gun out of this platform.

Users

[edit]

Current operators

Former operators

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Shipunov 2A42

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Shipunov 2A42 is a Soviet/Russian 30 mm developed in the 1970s as a replacement for the earlier , featuring a gas-operated action with electrically powered firing and a distinctive dual-belt feed system that allows the gunner to switch between high-explosive tracer (HE-T) and armor-piercing tracer (AP-T) ammunition without reloading. Named after its primary designer Arkady G. Shipunov and manufactured by the Tulamashzavod Joint Stock Company, the weapon fires 30×165 mm cartridges from a rifled barrel measuring 2.416 m in length, with an overall weight of 115 kg and variable rates of fire ranging from 200–300 rounds per minute in sustained mode to 550–800 rounds per minute in maximum mode. Introduced to enhance the firepower of Soviet armored vehicles during the late , the 2A42 was first selected to equip the , where it provides effective engagement ranges of up to 4,000 m against personnel and 1,500 m against armored targets, depending on the ammunition type. Its versatile design has led to widespread adoption across Russian and export platforms, including the and airborne assault vehicles, , wheeled armored personnel carrier, and fire support vehicle, often paired with a 7.62 mm . The cannon is also mounted in chin turrets on attack helicopters such as the Mi-28 Havoc and Ka-50/52 Hokum, enabling versatile anti-ground and anti-air roles. Despite its origins in the Soviet era, the 2A42 remains in active service with modernized Russian forces and has been exported or license-produced for use in vehicles like Iran's and various upgraded BMP variants.

Development

History

The development of the Shipunov 2A42 was initiated in the by the in Tula, under the leadership of Georgievich Shipunov, who served as chief designer from 1962 until 2006, with production handled by Tulamashzavod JSC. This effort aimed to create a more effective weapon to replace the low-pressure 73 mm gun mounted on infantry fighting vehicles, addressing limitations in firepower and range observed in earlier Soviet designs. In the late 1970s, the 2A42 was selected to arm the , reflecting broader Soviet modernization programs to enhance capabilities during the . Key design goals included incorporating a dual-feed mechanism to enable rapid switching between high-explosive and armor-piercing ammunition types without reloading, alongside an improved compared to predecessors like the 2A28, thereby increasing tactical flexibility and . The 2A42 entered service in 1980 alongside the , which was formally accepted by the that year after trials, marking a significant upgrade in armored vehicle armament. Following the , Tulamashzavod continued production of the 2A42 into the post-Soviet era, with upgrades focused on reliability and integration with modern fire control systems, while export versions were developed and supplied to international partners in the and , including agreements.

Design Features

The Shipunov 2A42 features a gas-operated action that incorporates a short impulse of approximately 20 tons, ensuring robust performance under combat conditions. This mechanism employs a vertically sliding breech block, which contributes to the weapon's reliability and ease of maintenance. A distinguishing engineering aspect is the dual-feed system, which supports two independent belts—one for high-explosive rounds and the other for armor-piercing rounds—allowing the gunner to switch between ammunition types seamlessly via electrical controls without interrupting the firing sequence. The barrel is rifled with 16 right-hand twist grooves over a length of 2,416 mm, promoting stability and accuracy for the 30×165 mm cartridges. The overall measures 3.027 m in length and weighs 115 kg excluding the mount, facilitating its integration into platforms. Developed in the , the 2A42's modular construction enables adaptable mounting in stabilized turrets equipped with fire control systems, while management features help minimize vibration during sustained fire.

Technical Specifications

Operating Mechanism

The Shipunov 2A42 utilizes a gas-operated mechanism, where high-pressure powder gases are tapped from the barrel through a port to impinge on an operating , initiating the cycle. This gas drive unlocks the breech by rotating the bolt, which is locked to the barrel via two lugs engaging windows in the receiver casing; during firing, the barrel and bolt group together a short distance before the bolt rotates to unlock, allowing extraction of the spent casing by the extractor located in the bolt carrier. The ejector, housed in the bolt with a , propels the empty casing away, completing the cycle as the bolt carrier moves rearward under gas pressure, cocks the , and compresses springs before forward movement chambers the next round from the selected feed belt. The dual-belt feed system enables versatile ammunition selection, with the upper feed channel typically loaded with armor-piercing rounds and the lower with high-explosive rounds, fed from opposite sides of the receiver to allow alternate or switched usage without interruption. A mechanical selector lever on the receiver engages the appropriate feed pawl, permitting the gunner to switch belts automatically during a burst or manually as needed, ensuring the two-way feed mechanisms advance the chosen belt into the chamber during the forward stroke of the bolt carrier. This supports rapid transitions between round types mid-engagement. Firing is initiated electrically through a solenoid-actuated fixed in the bolt, triggered by an external electrical impulse from the vehicle's once the breech is fully locked and cocked. The cyclic rate of the gas-operated action is regulated by adjustments to the gas port or regulator, which modulates the volume of gases directed to the for controlled impulse and bolt velocity. The sequence concludes with the gases venting through the after each shot, maintaining operational continuity. Safety features include mechanical interlocks that prevent activation and firing unless the breech is fully closed and locked, with the bolt in the forward position. The system requires manual cocking via a rear ratchet handle to ready the , providing an additional safeguard against accidental discharge; an optional squib cartridge enables rapid emergency cocking and reloading in the field. These elements ensure reliable operation without unintended cycling. For maintenance, the 2A42 supports field-stripping procedures that allow disassembly of the barrel, bolt group, and feed mechanisms without specialized tools, facilitating , , and replacement directly from the vehicle's turret. This design enables crews to address jams, replace worn components like the barrel or bolt carrier, and restore functionality during operations, contributing to the weapon's high reliability under combat conditions.

Performance Characteristics

The Shipunov 2A42 features a selectable , with a low setting of 200–300 rounds per minute for sustained engagements and a high setting of 550–800 rounds per minute for rapid suppression. It supports sustained fire of up to 500–600 rounds without required cooling pauses. The cannon has a of 115 kg and a barrel length of 2.416 m. Its effective range extends to 1,500 meters against point targets such as armored vehicles and up to 4,000 meters against area targets like soft-skinned vehicles or infantry concentrations, with a maximum range of 4,000 meters. Muzzle velocity varies by ammunition type, reaching approximately 960 m/s for armor-piercing (AP) rounds and around 900–970 m/s for high-explosive (HE) rounds, enabling effective kinetic and fragmentation effects at engagement distances. The 3UBR8 APDS round provides penetration of about 25 mm of homogeneous rolled armor at 1,500 meters at a 60° angle, sufficient for defeating light armored threats while the gun's dual-feed system allows quick switching between APDS and HE for versatile combat roles. When mounted with stabilization systems, the 2A42 achieves high accuracy, enabling effective hits against moving targets at ranges up to 1,000 meters through integrated rangefinders and fire control enhancements.

Variants and Ammunition

Variants

The standard Shipunov 2A42 is the original dual-feed, gas-operated 30 mm developed in the 1970s, primarily equipping the and airborne assault vehicle with its stabilized turret mounting. The 2A72 represents a simplified and lighter derivative of the 2A42, featuring a recoil-operated mechanism with fewer components (349 parts compared to 578 in the original), a weight of 84 kg, and a reduced of 300–330 rounds per minute while retaining a selectable twin-feed system for versatility. This variant prioritizes ease of production and integration on lighter platforms, such as the coaxial mounting in the and main armament in the wheeled armored personnel carrier. Export-oriented models, designated as the 2A42M, incorporate minor ergonomic enhancements and barrel life extensions up to 9,000 rounds to meet international market demands in the . Post-2000 modernizations integrate the 2A42 with advanced digital fire control systems, including multi-channel optical sights and target tracking, as seen in the BMP-2M package to enhance precision and engagement range. Licensed foreign variants include the Ukrainian ZTM-2 production model, the Slovak GTS-30 and GTS-30/A with modified muzzle brakes, and the GTS-30/N adapted for 30×173mm ammunition. For the 2A72, notable productions are the Chinese ZPT-99 and Ukrainian ZTM-1 and KBA-2.

Ammunition Types

The Shipunov 2A42 utilizes the 30×165mm cartridge, a rimless, bottlenecked round introduced in the 1970s by the to standardize across 30 mm , replacing earlier non-uniform designs.
DesignationTypeDescription
3UOF8HEIHigh-explosive incendiary round for use against soft targets.
3UOR6HE-THigh-explosive tracer round designed for suppressing and unarmored vehicles through blast, fragmentation, and incendiary effects.
3UBR6APBC-TArmor-piercing ballistic capped tracer round, full-caliber solid-core optimized for armor at closer ranges.
3UBR7AP-TArmor-piercing tracer round for anti-armor engagement.
3UBR8APDSArmor-piercing discarding sabot round with tungsten-core penetrator and tracer for enhanced penetration against armored vehicles.
3UBR10APBC-TImproved APBC-T with plastic for better performance.
3UBR11APFSDS-TArmor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot tracer round for modern anti-tank roles.
M929APFSDS-TBelgian sub-caliber fin-stabilized round with tracer.
The system supports approximately 8 standard round types, enabling flexible loadouts in its dual-feed mechanism, where separate belts—one for armor-piercing and one for high-explosive—each typically carry 250-350 rounds depending on the mounting platform.

Deployment

Vehicle Platforms

The Shipunov 2A42 autocannon serves as the primary armament for the , mounted in a stabilized B-3 turret that allows for dual-feed ammunition selection between armor-piercing and high-explosive rounds. This integration enhances the 's firepower against light armored vehicles, infantry, and low-flying , with the cannon's high and elevation up to 75 degrees providing versatile engagement capabilities. The vehicle typically carries a total of 500 rounds for the 2A42, stored in the turret and hull, split between approximately 160 armor-piercing incendiary-tracer rounds and 340 high-explosive incendiary-tracer rounds to support sustained combat operations. In airborne applications, the 2A42 is fitted to the airborne within the BPPU turret, enabling deployment while maintaining similar firepower to the for rapid assault roles. The 's lighter chassis accommodates the cannon's weight and recoil, with storage limited to 300 rounds. Wheeled platforms incorporate the 2A42 or its lighter 2A72 variant for enhanced mobility in reconnaissance and troop transport roles; the armored personnel carrier, for instance, mounts the 2A42 in a -derived turret, carrying 500 rounds to engage ground and aerial targets effectively. The 's Bakhcha-U prototype variant substitutes the 2A72 alongside a 100 mm low-pressure gun-launcher, reducing weight for better amphibious performance while retaining compatibility with 30×165 mm . Modernization efforts include the BMP-2M "Berezhok" upgrade, which integrates an improved 2A42 into the B05Ya01 turret with enhanced stabilization, fire control systems, and twin launchers for extended-range engagements. This variant maintains the standard 500-round capacity but adds launchers and improved optics, extending the platform's service life in operations.

Operators

The primary operator of systems equipped with the Shipunov 2A42 is the , which maintained a substantial inventory of approximately 3,500 active fighting vehicles as of the late , though this has been reduced to an estimated 1,500–2,000 active units by 2024 due to losses in the . Following the , several former Soviet republics inherited stockpiles of 2A42-equipped vehicles, including (which operated hundreds of s before 2014), , and . Export users include , which has produced approximately 2,500 "Sarath" vehicles under license since the 1990s, incorporating locally manufactured 2A42 s. operates over 300 upgraded M vehicles fitted with the 2A42 as part of its modernization efforts. and both utilize inherited s in their forces, with additionally developing copies of the 2A42 for integration into new turret systems. received deliveries of s from during the , enhancing Syrian Army capabilities with the 2A42. maintains a smaller fleet of Soviet-era s equipped with the as part of its armored inventory. license-produces the 2A42 for use in vehicles like the . The 2A42 has been manufactured by Tulamashzavod since 1980, with production tied to the widespread deployment of and related platforms, exceeding tens of thousands of units globally through domestic and licensed output. Exports of 2A42-equipped systems began in the alongside Soviet arms transfers to allied nations. In recent conflicts, the weapon has seen extensive use by Russian and allied forces during the in the 2010s, where s provided in urban and rural operations. Similarly, in the since 2022, both Russian and Ukrainian forces have employed the 2A42 on s and improvised mounts for direct and roles.

Comparisons

Similar Autocannons

The , a 73 mm low-pressure gun serving as the primary Soviet predecessor to the 2A42, was mounted on the with a notably lower of 7-8 rounds per minute and a single-feed autoloader system limited to 40 ready rounds. This design emphasized anti-infantry and light vehicle engagement through high-explosive shells but lacked the versatility and rapid cyclic rate needed for modern (IFV) roles, prompting its replacement by higher-velocity 30 mm systems like the 2A42. Among Western analogs, the , a 25 mm employed on the IFV, operates via an external power-driven mechanism with a cyclic rate of 200 rounds per minute and an integrated dual-feed system for selectable armor-piercing or high-explosive ammunition. In contrast to the gas-operated 2A42, the M242 prioritizes reliability and precision in balanced anti-armor and anti-personnel tasks, though its smaller caliber limits penetration against heavier armor compared to 30 mm rounds. Similarly, the Oerlikon KDC series, gas-operated typically in 25 mm or 35 mm calibers, achieve higher muzzle velocities around 1,175-1,385 m/s, enabling superior range and ballistic performance for air defense and light vehicle applications over the 2A42's approximately 960 m/s for armor-piercing projectiles. Within Russian designs, the 2A72 represents a simplified variant of the 2A42, reducing part count from 578 to 349 for a lighter weight of 84 kg and shifting to , which results in a lower cyclic rate of 350 rounds per minute but improved potential accuracy due to reduced mechanical complexity. The GSh-30-1, an aircraft-oriented single-barrel , diverges further with a high cyclic rate exceeding 1,500 rounds per minute, optimized for aerial intercepts rather than sustained ground fire, making it unsuitable for IFV integration despite shared . Key design distinctions include the 2A42's externally powered dual-feed mechanism, which allows seamless switching between high-explosive and armor-piercing belts—a feature shared with systems like the M242 for rapid role adaptation, unlike the single-feed 2A28, though the M242 employs a mechanism. Overall, the 2A42 offers a higher cyclic rate of around 550 rounds per minute than most Western counterparts like the M242, enhancing suppressive anti-infantry fire, but trades off for reduced long-range accuracy due to its gas-operated and lighter construction. In combat roles, this positions the 2A42 as superior for high-volume infantry suppression against the M242's more versatile anti-armor emphasis, particularly in urban or close-quarters scenarios where volume of fire outweighs precision.

References

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  45. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/bmd-1-specs.htm
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  53. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2017/russian-way-of-war_grau-bartles_fmso201707.pdf
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