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599
599
599
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Years
Millennium
1st millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
599 by topic
Leaders
Categories
599 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar599
DXCIX
Ab urbe condita1352
Armenian calendar48
ԹՎ ԽԸ
Assyrian calendar5349
Balinese saka calendar520–521
Bengali calendar5–6
Berber calendar1549
Buddhist calendar1143
Burmese calendar−39
Byzantine calendar6107–6108
Chinese calendar戊午年 (Earth Horse)
3296 or 3089
    — to —
己未年 (Earth Goat)
3297 or 3090
Coptic calendar315–316
Discordian calendar1765
Ethiopian calendar591–592
Hebrew calendar4359–4360
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat655–656
 - Shaka Samvat520–521
 - Kali Yuga3699–3700
Holocene calendar10599
Iranian calendar23 BP – 22 BP
Islamic calendar24 BH – 23 BH
Javanese calendar488–489
Julian calendar599
DXCIX
Korean calendar2932
Minguo calendar1313 before ROC
民前1313年
Nanakshahi calendar−869
Seleucid era910/911 AG
Thai solar calendar1141–1142
Tibetan calendarས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་
(male Earth-Horse)
725 or 344 or −428
    — to —
ས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་
(female Earth-Sheep)
726 or 345 or −427
The Maya city of Palenque (modern Mexico)

Year 599 (DXCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 599 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

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By place

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Byzantine Empire

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Europe

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Britain

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Persia

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Asia

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Mesoamerica

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By topic

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Religion

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Births

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Deaths

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References

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599

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from Grokipedia
In 599 CE, the ancient Maya city-state of suffered a decisive military defeat when it was attacked by the rival kingdom of under King Uneh Chan, during the reign of Queen Yohl Ik'nal, resulting in the capture of Palenque's three patron deities and the temporary flight of its rulers. This event, retrospectively documented in later Palenque inscriptions such as those on the , initiated a vulnerable period for the city, followed by a second assault in 611 CE that delayed its resurgence until the accession of K'inich Janaab' Pakal I in 612 CE. The attack exemplifies the intense interstate warfare characteristic of the Classic Maya period, driven by competition for hegemony among polities like and , with implications for understanding dynastic interruptions and recovery in Mesoamerican archaeology.

Events by Region

Byzantine Empire

In 599, during the reign of Emperor Maurice Tiberius (r. 582–602), Byzantine forces conducted a decisive offensive against the Avar Khaganate in the Balkans, crossing the Danube River to invade Avar-controlled territories in Upper Moesia. This campaign represented a culmination of Maurice's sustained efforts to reclaim Roman authority in the region following earlier Avar incursions that had devastated Thrace and Illyricum since the 580s. Generals Priscus and Comentiolus coordinated the assault, linking forces near Viminacium before advancing northward, where they inflicted heavy defeats on Avar armies in open-field engagements, including a rout of the khagan's main host. These victories, chronicled in detail by the contemporary historian in his History (Book VIII), shattered Avar dominance beyond the , compelling the khagan to release thousands of Roman prisoners and negotiate a fragile peace that held into the early 600s. The operation not only restored Byzantine control over key Danubian fortresses but also demonstrated Maurice's strategic shift of eastern legions—freed after the 591 peace with Sasanian Persia—to the northern frontier, enabling offensive rather than defensive warfare. Casualties were high on both sides, with Byzantine sources estimating tens of thousands of Avars slain, though exact figures remain unverified beyond rhetorical exaggeration in primary accounts. This success temporarily stabilized the empire's European provinces amid ongoing Slavic settlements and plague recurrences.

Europe

In 599, the Lombard Kingdom in northern and , under King (r. 591–616), achieved a measure of diplomatic stabilization amid ongoing conflicts with the Byzantine and Frankish incursions from beyond the . A two-year was concluded with the Byzantines, recognizing Lombard territorial holdings in the peninsula following earlier truces disrupted by Callinicus's aggressive campaigns, including raids into Lombard-controlled areas. This accord, negotiated in part through papal mediation by Gregory I (pope 590–604), temporarily halted hostilities that had ravaged since the Lombard of 568, allowing for a shift from perennial warfare to acceptance of Lombard settlement akin to Frankish establishment in . Concurrently, secured a "perpetual" with , King of (r. 596–613), influenced by the regent Brunhilda and pressures from Avar threats in the region; this treaty, documented in Lombard chronicles, ended Frankish invasions into that had intensified under earlier Merovingian rulers like (d. 592) and (d. 596). The agreement reflected pragmatic realignments, as both parties faced external perils—Lombards from Byzantine resurgence and Avars, Franks from internal divisions among Theudebert II's Austrasian realm and Theodoric's —prioritizing borders over expansion. from 598–599, totaling over 200 letters, underscores his role in fostering these détentes, diverting resources from defense to ecclesiastical reforms and missionary efforts. Further tensions arose when Callinicus violated the nascent truce by abducting Agilulf's daughter (and her children) circa 599–601, prompting renewed skirmishes, though the underlying peace held provisionally, enabling Gregory to proclaim a generation of relative stability in by 601. In the , King (r. 586–601) consolidated Catholic orthodoxy post-589 , but no major military or diplomatic shifts are recorded for 599, with focus remaining on internal unification against Arian remnants. These developments highlight Europe's fragmented post-Roman landscape, where like the and navigated alliances and truces amid Byzantine and Frankish pressures, laying groundwork for enduring polities.

Britain

In 599, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent under King Æthelberht I maintained its position as the preeminent power in southeastern Britain, following his into by around 598, which marked the initial foothold of Roman among the Germanic settlers. Æthelberht's overlordship, later termed in the , encompassed territories south of the River, including , , and possibly parts of , facilitated by alliances and the prestige gained from hosting the papal mission dispatched by in 596. Rædwald, son of Tytila, ascended the throne of around this time, initially submitting to Æthelberht's authority while beginning to assert regional independence; his reign would later see challenge Kentish dominance, culminating in Rædwald's intervention in Northumbrian affairs by 616. Primary sources such as Bede's Ecclesiastical History provide limited details for the exact year, reflecting the scarcity of contemporary records, but archaeological evidence from sites like underscores the wealth and cultural synthesis of East Anglian elites during this transitional phase between and emerging . No large-scale military conflicts or ecclesiastical milestones are attested specifically to 599, though the period witnessed ongoing diplomatic and activities, including Æthelberht's issuance of a law code blending Germanic custom with Christian principles, the earliest surviving in . Brittonic (Celtic) kingdoms in the west and north, such as those in and , remained largely insulated from these developments, adhering to indigenous resistant to Roman .

Persia

In 599, the , encompassing Persia and surrounding territories, was governed by (r. 590–628), who had consolidated power after his restoration in 591 with military aid from Byzantine emperor Maurice against the usurper . The empire maintained its administrative structure centered at , with as the state religion and a hierarchical class system supporting cavalry-based armies and extensive trade networks along the . Numismatic evidence, including silver drachms minted under 's regnal year 8 (corresponding to circa 599/600), attests to ongoing economic stability and royal authority during this period. No major military campaigns, diplomatic upheavals, or internal revolts are recorded for Persia in 599, marking a phase of relative internal peace prior to the outbreak of the Byzantine–Sasanian War in 602, triggered by Maurice's assassination. focused on fortifying frontiers and patronizing arts and infrastructure, including canal systems and bridge constructions that enhanced agricultural output in . This interlude allowed recovery from earlier civil strife, with the empire's population estimated at around 20–30 million, sustained by irrigated farmlands and tribute from vassal states.

Asia

In , an struck during the reign of , destroying numerous buildings and marking the earliest recorded seismic event in the archipelago's history. The in maintained stability under Emperor Wen, with ongoing diplomatic and military engagements in the northwest against steppe nomads, including preparations to counter threats from the fragmented Göktürk Khaganate following internal divisions. In the Korean peninsula, the period continued, with Baekje under King Hye focusing on alliances and defenses amid rivalries with and , while cultural and Buddhist influences from the continent persisted.

Mesoamerica

In 599 AD, the Maya city-state of , ruled by King Uneh Chan (also known as Scroll Serpent), launched a against , sacking the city on April 23. This attack was part of Calakmul's aggressive expansion under the Kaan dynasty (Snake Dynasty), which sought dominance over western Maya polities in retaliation for prior conflicts involving Palenque's allies. The assault disrupted Palenque's ruling lineage, leading to a temporary decline, though the city later recovered under subsequent rulers. This event occurred during the Late Classic period of (c. 600–900 AD), characterized by intensified interstate warfare among city-states in the southern lowlands. Calakmul's victory exemplified the strategic alliances and ritualized conflicts typical of Maya geopolitics, where conquests often involved capturing elites for or rather than total . Archaeological evidence from stelae and temple inscriptions at both sites corroborates the timeline and outcomes, with Palenque's records noting the defeat and Calakmul's glyphs celebrating the subjugation. Elsewhere in Mesoamerica, Teotihuacan maintained influence as a central Mexican metropolis, though signs of internal strife and population decline were emerging around this era, without recorded ties to the Maya conflict. The broader region saw continued development of urban centers, hieroglyphic writing, and astronomical observatories, but 599 AD stands out primarily for the Calakmul-Palenque hostilities.

Events by Topic

Religion

In 599, (r. 590–604) issued a letter in April granting an oratory, constructed by a deceased , to an whose had been destroyed, enabling the continuation of religious community life amid regional instability. This reflected Gregory's administrative focus on preserving ecclesiastical structures during Lombard incursions in . In July of the same year, Gregory corresponded with Queen Brunhilda of the , commending her governance as aligned with Christian principles and urging further solicitude in ruling her domains. The expanded its diocesan presence with the erection of the of in , a development amid efforts to consolidate episcopal authority in peripheral regions under papal oversight. Concurrently, Gregory advanced diplomatic initiatives against Lombard threats, negotiating truces between 599 and 601 that stabilized , thereby safeguarding church properties and facilitating missionary outreach, including follow-up to the 597 conversion efforts in Anglo-Saxon . In , (r. 581–604) sustained patronage of , commissioning temple constructions and scriptural translations as part of state policy to unify the realm culturally and spiritually, though no discrete events are recorded for 599. remained the dominant faith in Sassanid Persia, intertwined with royal legitimacy, while Mayan religious practices in —centered on divine kingship, ancestor veneration, and calendrical rituals at sites like —continued without noted disruptions.

Military and Diplomacy

In the Byzantine Empire, Emperor Maurice launched a major offensive against the Avar Khaganate along the Danube frontier. In summer 599, generals Priscus and Comentiolus led combined forces from Singidunum westward to Viminacium, where they crossed the river and engaged Avar armies in a series of battles. Byzantine troops inflicted heavy defeats on the Avars, reportedly killing thousands and pursuing survivors into their territory north of the Danube, marking a rare deep incursion into steppe lands and temporarily restoring Roman control over parts of the Balkans. In , the repelled an invasion by Tardu, of the Western Göktürks, who had allied with discontented Sui border officials. General Yang Su commanded Sui forces that decisively defeated Tardush forces in 599, forcing the khagan to flee and weakening Turkic pressure on northern borders, though full submission of eastern Turkic groups occurred later. In , the Kaanul () kingdom under ruler Uneh Chan achieved a significant military victory by sacking the rival city of (B'aakal), as recorded in hieroglyphic texts describing the "axing" of Palenque's deities and capture of captives. This event disrupted Palenque's regional influence and highlighted intensifying Classic Maya warfare among city-states.

Notable Births

Key Figures Born

No key historical figures with verifiable records of birth in 599 are documented in primary or secondary historical sources. Birth years from , particularly outside imperial or ecclesiastical chronicles, are often approximate or unrecorded due to limited documentation, but no individuals of significance—such as rulers, theologians, or military leaders—are attributed to this year.

Notable Deaths

Key Figures Died

Anastasius I served as from approximately 593 until his death around 599, having been restored to the position by after a period of exile amid Monophysite controversies in the . His tenure focused on Chalcedonian against prevailing heterodox influences in the region. In Korea, King Hye of Baekje, the 28th ruler of the kingdom, died in 599 after a short reign of less than two years marked by internal strife following the death of his predecessor Wideok. As the second son of King Seong, Hye's ascension reflected the turbulent succession dynamics of the period, with Baekje facing pressures from and . Tulan Qaghan, khagan of the Eastern Türks from 588 to 599, died in 599 amid ongoing conflicts with the and internal tribal divisions. His rule involved halting tribute payments to in 587, leading to military campaigns that strained the khaganate's resources before his demise, which precipitated further fragmentation under successors like Tardu. Taliesin, a prominent Brythonic associated with the courts of northern British kings such as Urien of , is estimated to have died around 599 after a career spanning the mid- to late 6th century. His surviving verses, preserved in later Welsh manuscripts, praise warrior-kings and blend pagan and emerging Christian elements, reflecting the cultural transitions of post-Roman Britain. The precise date remains approximate, based on traditional genealogies and poem attributions.

References

  1. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/palenque
  2. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/stairway-to-heaven-the-british-museum/lwXR9xiI81w1cw?hl=en
  3. https://www.thoughtco.com/king-pakal-of-palenque-2136164
  4. https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/golden-kingdoms-calakmul-palenque-maya-game-of-thrones
  5. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/maurice
  6. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119099000.wbabat0930
  7. https://archive.org/details/theophylact-simocatta-whitby-1986/Theophylact_Simocatta_Whitby_1986/page/n9/mode/2up
  8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316659158_The_Avars_and_the_Slavs_570-626
  9. https://romanhistory.net/6th-century-ad-into-the-byzantine/
  10. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/_Texts/HODIHI/2d_edition/6/10*.html
  11. https://www.dbu.edu/mitchell/ancient-christian-resources/early_medieval_overview.html
  12. https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc05/htm/iii.v.xviii.htm
  13. https://thehistorianshut.com/2021/03/18/the-costly-kidnapping-of-king-agilulfs-daughter/
  14. https://www.canterbury-archaeology.org.uk/ethelbert-king-biog
  15. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raedwald
  16. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38326/38326-h/38326-h.html
  17. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khosrow-ii/
  18. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/class-system-iii/
  19. https://www.vcoins.com/en/stores/musa_numismatic_art/193/product/sasanian_khusro_ii_ar_drachm_dated_ry_8599600_ad/1081873/Default.aspx
  20. https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-sasanian-empire-224-651-a-d
  21. https://victoriaazad.com/pdf/Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Sasanian_Empire.pdf
  22. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/books/book/626/chapter/3805822/Earthquake-archaeology-in-Japan-An-overview
  23. https://d-nb.info/1126214396/34
  24. http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/osawa.html
  25. https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/SouthEastKoreaPaekche.htm
  26. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ancient-mesoamerica/article/rise-expansion-and-endurance-of-kaanul-the-view-from-northwestern-peten/D053980E64EA0FD5DB099CF968956261
  27. https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/1252.html
  28. https://epistolae.ctl.columbia.edu/letter/331.html
  29. https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/events/d599.html
  30. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Tang/sui-religion.html
  31. https://byzantium.gr/battle.php?byzbat=b7_01
  32. http://byzantinemilitary.blogspot.com/2018/02/roman-fortress-of-viminacium-in-serbia.html
  33. https://www.chinafetching.com/timeline-of-chinese-dynasty
  34. https://www.mesoweb.com/palenque/resources/rulers/PalenqueRulers-03.pdf
  35. https://www.onthisday.com/date/599
  36. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Heraclius-Byzantine-emperor
  37. https://al-islam.org/restatement-history-islam-and-muslims-sayyid-ali-asghar-razwy/birth-ali-ibn-abi-talib
  38. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anastasius-patriarchs-antioch-ss
  39. https://orthodoxwiki.org/Anastasius_I_of_Antioch
  40. https://prabook.com/web/king.hye_of_baekje/2137214
  41. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/turks.html
  42. https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/myths_taliesin.shtml
  43. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Taliesin-Welsh-poet
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