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from Wikipedia
| Years |
|---|
| Millennium |
| 1st millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| 788 by topic |
|---|
| Leaders |
| Categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 788 DCCLXXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 1541 |
| Armenian calendar | 237 ԹՎ ՄԼԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5538 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 709–710 |
| Bengali calendar | 194–195 |
| Berber calendar | 1738 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1332 |
| Burmese calendar | 150 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6296–6297 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁卯年 (Fire Rabbit) 3485 or 3278 — to — 戊辰年 (Earth Dragon) 3486 or 3279 |
| Coptic calendar | 504–505 |
| Discordian calendar | 1954 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 780–781 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4548–4549 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 844–845 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 709–710 |
| - Kali Yuga | 3888–3889 |
| Holocene calendar | 10788 |
| Iranian calendar | 166–167 |
| Islamic calendar | 171–172 |
| Japanese calendar | Enryaku 7 (延暦７年) |
| Javanese calendar | 683–684 |
| Julian calendar | 788 DCCLXXXVIII |
| Korean calendar | 3121 |
| Minguo calendar | 1124 before ROC 民前1124年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −680 |
| Seleucid era | 1099/1100 AG |
| Thai solar calendar | 1330–1331 |
| Tibetan calendar | མེ་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Fire-Hare) 914 or 533 or −239 — to — ས་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Earth-Dragon) 915 or 534 or −238 |
Year 788 (DCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 788th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 788th year of the 1st millennium, the 88th year of the 8th century, and the 9th year of the 780s decade. The denomination 788 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
[edit]By place
[edit]Byzantine Empire
[edit]- September – Battle of Kopidnadon: An Abbasid expeditionary force crosses the Cilician Gates into the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey).[1] It is confronted by two Byzantine armies at Podandos in Cappadocia, who are defeated.
- Byzantine troops led by Adalgis, son of former Lombard king Desiderius, invade southern Italy. His attempts are thwarted by the Franks, who attack territories in Benevento, obtaining notably the annexion of Chieti (Spoleto).
Europe
[edit]- King Charlemagne conquers Bavaria, and incorporates it into the Frankish Kingdom. Duke Tassilo III is deposed, and banished to a monastery.
- Grimoald III, Lombard duke of Benevento, is installed as semi-client by King Charles the Younger (son of Charlemagne) at Benevento (Italy).
- The Avars, who are allied with Tassilo III, invade East Francia (modern Germany). This begins the Frankish-Avar conflict.
- King Mauregatus of Asturias dies after a 5-year reign, and is succeeded by Bermudo I as ruler of Asturias (modern Spain).
- Abd al-Rahman I, emir of Córdoba, dies after a 32-year reign and is succeeded by his son Hisham I.
- The earliest recorded tornado in Europe struck Freising in 788.[2][3]
Britain
[edit]- King Ælfwald I of Northumbria is murdered, probably at Chesters, by the patricius (ealdorman) Sicga. He is succeeded by his cousin Osred II.
Abbasid Caliphate
[edit]
- September – Battle of Kopidnadon: An Abbasid expeditionary force against the Byzantine Empire crosses the Cilician Gates into the Anatolic Theme. The Abbasid army launches an invasion of Byzantine Asia Minor, and is confronted by a Byzantine force at Kopidnadon. The battle results in an Abbasid victory.
- Idris ibn Abdallah, known as the "founder of Morocco",[4] settles in Volubilis, beginning the reign of the Idrisid Dynasty (Morocco had effectively been independent from the Arab caliphates since the Great Berber Revolt).
By topic
[edit]Religion
[edit]- The period covered in Adam of Bremen's historical treatise of the Archbishopric of Hamburg begins.
- The Enryaku-ji temple complex is founded by Saichō, a Buddhist monk, on Mount Hiei in Ōtsu (Japan).
Births
[edit]- Abu Tammam, Muslim poet (d. 845)
- Adi Shankara, Indian philosopher and theologian (d. 832)
- Aejang, king of Silla (Korea) (d. 809)
- Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar, Muslim historian (d. 870)
- Ida of Herzfeld, Frankish duchess and saint (approximate date)
- Li Zaiyi, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 837)
- Methodios I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 800)
Deaths
[edit]- September 23 – Ælfwald I, king of Northumbria
- Abd al-Rahman I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (b. 731)
- Adalgis, king and co-regent of the Lombards
- Hnabi, duke of the Alemanni (approximate date)
- Mauregatus, king of Asturias (or 789)
- Mazu Daoyi, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 709)
- Ōnakatomi no Kiyomaro, Japanese nobleman (b. 702)
References
[edit]- ^ Treadgold 1988, p. 91.
- ^ Dr. R. Hennig, Katalog bemerkenswerter Witterungsereignisse. Berlin 1904; Originalquellen: Aventinus (Turmair), Johannes (gest. 1534): Annales Boiorum. Mit Nachtrag. Leipzig 1710; Annales Fuldenses, Chronik des Klosters Fulda. Bei Marquard Freher: Germanicarum rerum scriptores ua Frankfurt aM 1600–1611)
- ^ "Tornadoliste Deutschland". https://tornadoliste.de/788. German meteorological list of documented tornadoes
- ^ A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, 1987, p. 52
Sources
[edit]- Treadgold, Warren (1988). The Byzantine Revival, 780–842. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1462-4.
from Grokipedia
Year 788 (DCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year of 366 days starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.[1] The year is chiefly remembered for the Frankish ruler Charlemagne's decisive military campaign against the Duchy of Bavaria, culminating in the deposition of its autonomous duke, Tassilo III, and the territory's full annexation into the Frankish kingdom, thereby solidifying Carolingian dominance over Germanic lands east of the Franks and setting the stage for further expansions toward the Danube and Slavic regions.[2][3] This consolidation followed years of Bavarian resistance to Frankish overlordship and involved coordinated invasions that overwhelmed local defenses, marking a pivotal step in the centralization of power under Charlemagne's monarchy.[4] Elsewhere, the Indian philosopher Adi Shankara is traditionally associated with advancing Advaita Vedanta doctrines emphasizing non-dualistic unity of the individual soul and ultimate reality, though precise dating of his activities remains debated among scholars.[5]
Events by Place
Frankish Realm
In 788, Charlemagne, king of the Franks, annexed the Duchy of Bavaria, deposing its ruler Duke Tassilo III of the Agilolfing dynasty after accusations of rebellion and disloyalty raised at a royal assembly (Reichstag) held in Ingelheim am Rhein. Tassilo, who had previously sworn fealty to Charlemagne but sought alliances with Lombard and papal interests, was tried by a council of Frankish nobles and Bavarian magnates, found guilty of treason, stripped of his titles, and confined to the monastery of Fulda, effectively ending Bavarian autonomy and integrating the duchy directly into the Frankish realm as provinces under royal counts.[6][7] This move consolidated Carolingian authority over southern Germania, securing borders against potential eastern threats and incorporating approximately 70,000 square kilometers of territory with a population estimated at around 200,000.[8] The annexation followed a pattern of Carolingian expansion through judicial and military pressure rather than open warfare, as Tassilo's forces did not mount significant resistance; Charlemagne dispatched armies to occupy key Bavarian strongholds like Regensburg without major battles recorded for that year. This event marked the culmination of decades of Frankish influence over Bavaria, which had oscillated between independence and nominal submission since the mid-8th century, and it positioned the Franks adjacent to the Avar Khaganate in the Danube basin, prompting initial reconnaissance and the onset of the Avar Wars that would span from 788 to 803.[6] The integration also facilitated administrative reforms, including the subdivision of Bavaria into counties and the extension of Frankish law, coinage, and missionary efforts to standardize governance across the expanding realm.[7] No major internal revolts or ecclesiastical disputes disrupted the Frankish core territories in 788, though ongoing Saxon resistance persisted in the north, with sporadic campaigns to enforce conversions and suppress uprisings; however, primary attention focused southward on Bavarian consolidation. The year's events underscored Charlemagne's strategy of dynastic unification, leveraging familial ties—Tassilo was his cousin—while prioritizing royal supremacy over peripheral duchies.[6]Anglo-Saxon England
In Northumbria, King Ælfwald was assassinated on 21 September by the nobleman Sicga (also recorded as Siga), marking a period of instability in the kingdom.[9] This event followed Ælfwald's reign since 765 and preceded brief successions by Osbald and then Eardwulf, amid ongoing factional strife among Northumbrian elites.[10] A synod convened at Fingall (modern Finchale) in Northumberland on 2 September, likely addressing ecclesiastical or regional matters during the turbulent year.[9] Abbot Ealdberht (or Albert) of Ripon died around this time, with contemporary accounts noting his tenure at the monastery since at least 766.[11] Elsewhere, Cyneheard—a figure possibly linked to local nobility or clergy—was slain, though details of the incident remain sparse in surviving annals.[9] Reports also described unusual atmospheric phenomena, including frequent sightings of a "heavenly light," interpreted variably as omens or natural events.[12] Mercia under King Offa (r. 757–796) maintained its dominance over southern Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, with no major recorded upheavals in 788, though Offa's diplomatic and military influence continued to shape regional power dynamics.[10] In Wessex, King Beorhtric (r. 786–802) ruled amid Mercian overlordship, focusing on internal consolidation without noted conflicts that year.[10]Byzantine Empire
In 788, an Abbasid expeditionary force under Yazid ibn Mazyad invaded Byzantine Asia Minor, crossing the Cilician Gates into the Anatolic Theme; Byzantine troops from the Anatolic and Opsikion themes clashed with the invaders near Kopidnadon (likely Podandos in Cappadocia), resulting in an Abbasid victory that allowed further raids into Byzantine territory.[13] Earlier that year, a Bulgarian army under Khan Kardam ambushed and destroyed a Thracian Byzantine force encamped along the Strymon River, killing its general and most of the troops due to careless positioning.[14] Empress Irene, acting as regent for her young son Emperor Constantine VI, terminated the betrothal between Constantine and Rotrude (also known as Erythro), daughter of Frankish King Charlemagne, shifting Byzantine diplomacy away from Western alliances; she instead organized a bride-show and married Constantine to Maria of Amnia in November.[15] Late in the year, Byzantine forces launched an expedition into Calabria in southern Italy, aiming to exploit Lombard discontent and sever Frankish influence over the region, though the effort ultimately failed amid local resistance and Frankish countermeasures.[16] These actions reflected Irene's strategy to consolidate power amid ongoing threats from Arab, Bulgarian, and Western fronts, while navigating internal iconophile restoration following the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.Abbasid Caliphate
In 788, during the early years of Caliph Harun al-Rashid's reign (786–809), the Abbasid Caliphate conducted military operations against the Byzantine Empire. An Abbasid expeditionary force crossed the Cilician Gates into the Anatolic Theme in Asia Minor, where it encountered Byzantine armies commanded by Michael Lachanodrakon and Leo of Armenia.[17] The ensuing Battle of Kopidnadon in September resulted in a decisive Abbasid victory, with Byzantine forces defeated and significant captives and spoils seized by the Muslim army. This clash exemplified the ongoing border raids and invasions characteristic of Abbasid-Byzantine hostilities, aimed at asserting dominance in Anatolia.[13] Concurrently, internal challenges emerged in Egypt, where revolts broke out in 172 AH (788–789 AD) against fiscal burdens and administrative mismanagement under Abbasid governance. These uprisings were suppressed, reflecting the caliphate's efforts to maintain control over provinces amid Harun's consolidation of power following his predecessor's death.[18]Events by Topic
Religion
In 788, the monk Saichō (767–822), later honored as Dengyō Daishi, founded the Enryaku-ji temple complex on Mount Hiei near the Japanese capital of Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto), marking a pivotal development in Japanese Buddhism.[19] This establishment served as the central headquarters for the Tendai school, which Saichō introduced from China, emphasizing esoteric practices, meditation, and the integration of diverse Buddhist traditions to protect the realm from calamity.[20] Enryaku-ji's founding reflected the Nara and early Heian periods' religious landscape, where state-sponsored Buddhism sought to legitimize imperial authority amid indigenous Shinto influences, eventually growing into a major monastic power with up to 3,000 temples and significant political sway.[21] Concurrently, in the Islamic world, Idris ibn Abd Allah (d. 791), a descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib through Hasan ibn Ali, fled Abbasid persecution and established the Idrisid dynasty in the Maghreb region of modern Morocco around 788.[22] This marked the founding of the first Shia-oriented dynasty in North Africa, providing a refuge for Alid supporters and promoting Zaydi Shia doctrines against the Sunni Abbasid caliphate's dominance.[23] Idris I's settlement at Walīlī (near Fez) initiated a localized Islamic polity that blended Arab religious leadership with Berber tribal alliances, fostering the spread of Islam in the western Islamic lands while challenging Abbasid orthodoxy.[24] The dynasty's religious legitimacy derived from Idris's prophetic lineage, influencing subsequent Moroccan statehood and Shia networks in the region until its decline in the 10th century.Notable Individuals
Births
- Adi Shankara, Indian philosopher and theologian regarded as the foremost exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy, born circa 788 CE in Kalady, Kerala.[25][26] While some traditional accounts from Hindu mutts propose earlier dates such as 509 BCE or 44 BCE based on chronograms and hagiographies, modern scholarship favors the 8th-century dating derived from cross-references with historical events and rulers mentioned in his biographies.[27][28]
- Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar, Arab Muslim historian and genealogist known for his works on Quraysh lineages such as Jamharat Nasab Quraysh wa 'Akhyaliha, born 788 CE (172 AH) in Medina.[29][30]