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Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni (8 June 1671 – 17 January 1751) was an Italian composer of the Baroque era. His output includes operas, concertos, sonatas for one to six instruments, sinfonias, and solo cantatas.[1] While famous in his day as an opera composer, he is known today for his instrumental music, especially his concertos.[2] He is best remembered today for a work called "Adagio in G minor", attributed to him but largely written by Remo Giazotto, a 20th-century musicologist and composer, who was a cataloguer of the works of Albinoni.[3]

Key Information

Biography

[edit]

Albinoni was born in Venice, at the time part of the Republic of Venice, but now in Italy. His father was Antonio Albinoni, a wealthy paper merchant. Tomaso studied violin and singing; in 1694, he dedicated his Opus 1 to the fellow-Venetian, Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (grand-nephew of Pope Alexander VIII). His first opera, Zenobia, regina de Palmireni, was produced in Venice in 1694. Albinoni was possibly employed in 1700 as a violinist to Charles IV, Duke of Mantua, to whom he dedicated his Opus 2 collection of instrumental pieces. In 1701 he wrote his hugely popular suites Opus 3, and dedicated that collection to Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany.[2]

In 1705, he married Margherita Rimondi. At the ceremony, Antonino Biffi, the maestro di cappella of San Marco was a witness, and evidently was a friend of Albinoni. The Albinonis had six children but their names are not recorded.

Albinoni achieved his early fame as an opera composer in many cities in Italy, including Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Mantua, Udine, Piacenza, and Naples. During this time, he was also composing instrumental music in abundance: prior to 1705, he mostly wrote trio sonatas and violin concertos, but between then and 1719 he wrote solo sonatas and concertos for oboe.[2]

Unlike most contemporary composers, he appears never to have sought a post at either a church or noble court, but rather had independent means through which he could afford to compose music without a salaried position. In 1722, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, to whom Albinoni had dedicated a set of twelve concertos, invited him to direct two of his operas in Munich. Part of Albinoni's work was lost in World War II with the destruction of the Dresden State Library. As a result, little is known of his life and music after the mid-1720s.

Around 1740, a collection of Albinoni's violin sonatas was published in France as a posthumous work, and scholars long presumed that meant that Albinoni had died by that time. However, it appears he lived on in Venice in obscurity; a record from the parish of San Barnaba indicates Tomaso Albinoni died in Venice in 1751, of diabetes mellitus.[4] He was 79 years old.

Music and influence

[edit]
Further information: List of compositions by Tomaso Albinoni
Engraving of Italian composers Tomaso Albinoni, Domenico Gizzi (Egizio) and Giuseppe Colla by Pietro Bettelini, after a drawing by Luigi Scotti

Most of his operatic works have been lost - either because they were never published or because they were destroyed. However, nine collections of instrumental works were published. These met with considerable success and consequent reprints. He is therefore today better known as a composer of instrumental music (99 sonatas, 59 concerti and 9 sinfonie). In his lifetime these works were compared favourably with those of Arcangelo Corelli and Antonio Vivaldi. His nine collections published in Italy, Amsterdam, and London were either dedicated to or sponsored by an impressive list of southern European nobility. Albinoni wrote at least fifty operas, of which twenty-eight were produced in Venice between 1723 and 1740. Albinoni himself claimed 81 operas (naming his second-to-last opera, in the libretto, as his 80th).[5][6] In spite of his enormous operatic output, today he is most noted for his instrumental music, especially his oboe concerti (from 12 Concerti a cinque op. 7 and, most famously, 12 Concerti a cinque op. 9). He is the first Italian known to employ the oboe as a solo instrument in concerti (c. 1715, in his op. 7) and publish such works,[7] although earlier concerti featuring solo oboe were probably written by German composers such as Telemann or Händel.[6] In Italy, Alessandro Marcello published his well-known oboe concerto in D minor a little later, in 1717. Albinoni also employed the instrument often in his chamber works and operas.

His instrumental music attracted great attention from Johann Sebastian Bach, who never visited Italy but had access to Italian music, particularly when working in Weimar for the ducal court. Bach wrote at least two fugues on Albinoni's themes (Fugue in A major on a theme by Tomaso Albinoni, BWV 950, and Fugue in B minor on a theme by Tomaso Albinoni, BWV 951) and frequently used his basses for harmonic exercises for his pupils.

The famous Adagio in G minor, the subject of many modern recordings, is thought by some to be a musical hoax composed by Remo Giazotto. However, a discovery by musicologist Muska Mangano, Giazotto's last assistant before his death, has cast some doubt on that belief. Among Giazotto's papers, Mangano discovered a modern but independent manuscript transcription of the figured bass portion, and six fragmentary bars of the first violin, "bearing in the top right-hand corner a stamp stating unequivocally the Dresden provenance of the original from which it was taken". This provides support for Giazotto's account that he did base his composition on an earlier source.[8]

References

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Tomaso Albinoni

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Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni (8 June 1671 – 17 January 1751) was an Italian composer of the era, renowned for his contributions to Venetian opera and instrumental music, particularly his pioneering concertos for and strings. Born and raised in , where he spent his entire life, Albinoni came from a prosperous family background that allowed him to pursue composition as a dilettante rather than a professional musician bound by guild restrictions. His works, blending lyrical melodies with structural innovation, influenced contemporaries and later figures, including Johann Sebastian Bach, who drew on Albinoni's bass lines for teaching and composed fugues based on his themes. The eldest son of Antonio Albinoni, a wealthy paper merchant who also produced playing cards, Tomaso received an education that emphasized and voice from an early age, though he was largely self-taught in composition. In 1694, at age 23, he published his Trattenimenti armonici per camera, Op. 1—a set of 12 trio sonatas—and premiered his first , Zenobia, regina de’ Palmireni, marking the start of a prolific output in both vocal and genres. In 1705, Albinoni married the singer Margherita Raimondi. Following his father's death in 1709, which relieved him of business obligations via a special clause in the will, he transitioned to full-time musical pursuits, styling himself the "Dilettante ." Albinoni's operatic career was extensive, with over 80 operas and numerous serenatas and cantatas composed between 1694 and the 1730s, many staged in and , including a trip to in 1722 to oversee performances. However, most opera scores have been lost, leaving his —totaling 99 sonatas, 59 concertos, and 9 sinfonie—as his primary legacy, published in nine opus collections from 1694 to 1722. Standout works include the Op. 7 (1716) and Op. 9 (1722) concertos, among the earliest dedicated to the , as well as Op. 5 concertos and sinfonie a quattro that showcase his elegant, Vivaldi-influenced style. Though overshadowed in his lifetime by rivals like Antonio Vivaldi, Albinoni's graceful melodies and formal clarity earned posthumous admiration, exemplified by the 20th-century reconstruction of the by from a fragmentary bass line attributed to him.

Early Life

Birth and Family Background

Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni was born on June 8, 1671, in , then part of the , as the eldest son of Antonio Albinoni, a prosperous merchant. The family's wealth derived primarily from the trade, including the manufacture and sale of playing cards, which supported multiple shops and holdings across the city. The family also owned a vacation home in Prata di Pordenone. This economic security granted Albinoni lifelong financial independence, enabling him to compose without dependence on aristocratic patronage—a rarity for musicians of the era. Albinoni grew up in a household with several siblings, including brothers who later managed the following their father's death in 1709. The Albinoni family's elevated social and economic position within Venetian society facilitated connections to influential cultural networks, exposing the young Tomaso to the city's elite artistic communities from an early age. In the late , Venice stood as a preeminent European center for music and theater, with public opera houses like the Teatro San Cassiano drawing composers, performers, and audiences from across the continent. This vibrant environment, characterized by innovative operatic productions and instrumental ensembles, surrounded Albinoni during his formative years, shaping his immersion in the Baroque musical traditions of the lagoon city.

Education and Initial Musical Training

Tomaso Albinoni, born into a prosperous Venetian family, pursued music without formal institutional , becoming proficient in and through largely self-directed efforts from an early age. While no records indicate enrollment in Venice's renowned conservatories, such as the Ospedali Grandi, he likely benefited from informal guidance by local masters, including the prominent composer Giovanni Legrenzi, under whom he studied and composition during the 1680s—though this mentorship is uncertain and not definitively documented. Legrenzi, di cappella at and a key figure in Venetian , provided Albinoni with foundational skills in polyphonic writing and structural techniques, though the extent of this mentorship remains undocumented beyond scholarly inference. Albinoni's early exposure to the rich contrapuntal traditions of , facilitated by private interactions within the city's musical circles rather than systematic tutoring, shaped his initial compositional approach. In the late 1680s and early 1690s, he experimented with instrumental forms, drawing inspiration from Arcangelo Corelli's innovative trio sonatas, which emphasized balanced dialogue between voices and a clear harmonic framework, as well as the dramatic and melodic conventions of Venetian prevalent in theaters like San Cassiano. These influences are evident in his handling of imitative and rhythmic vitality, blending Roman precision with local expressiveness. The culmination of this formative period arrived with the publication of his Opus 1, the 12 Sonate a tre (1694), a set of trio sonatas for two violins and continuo that showcased his emerging mastery. Dedicated to the Venetian nobleman Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, a prominent patron of the arts and grand-nephew of , the work signified Albinoni's shift from dilettante pursuits to professional recognition within elite circles. This dedication not only secured printing in but also positioned Albinoni among the city's respected amateur composers turning toward public output.

Operatic Career

Debut and Early Operas

Tomaso Albinoni entered the world of opera composition with his debut work, Zenobia, regina de' Palmireni, a three-act dramma per musica premiered on 13 November 1694 at the Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo in Venice during the carnival season. The libretto, crafted by Antonio Marchi, drew on historical themes centered on the Palmyrene queen Zenobia, emphasizing heroism, loyalty, and political intrigue in a manner typical of the Venetian opera seria tradition. This production marked Albinoni's first significant public success as a composer at the age of 23, establishing him within Venice's vibrant operatic milieu. Building on this initial achievement, Albinoni quickly followed with a series of early operas in the late 1690s, all staged in Venetian theaters and adhering to the conventions of opera seria with their focus on noble characters, heroic conflicts, and intricate plots of betrayal and redemption. Notable among these were L'ingratitudine castigata (1698, libretto by Francesco Silvani, premiered at Teatro San Cassiano) and Il Radamisto (1698, libretto by Antonio Marchi, premiered at Teatro San Angelo), both of which explored themes of royal intrigue and moral virtue amid familial and political strife. Another early effort, Diomede punito da Alcide (c. 1699–1700, libretto unknown, Venice), continued this pattern, drawing from mythological narratives to highlight heroism and divine justice. These works were performed in key Venetian venues like the Teatro San Cassiano and Teatro San Angelo, which served as hubs for the city's seasonal opera productions catering to aristocratic and bourgeois audiences. Albinoni's collaborations with librettists such as Antonio Marchi, who contributed to both and Il Radamisto, were instrumental in shaping these early operas, allowing him to blend lyrical arias with dramatic recitatives suited to the virtuosic singers of the era. As a largely self-taught , Albinoni's background enabled a distinctive operatic style that prioritized expressive melodies over rigid formal structures. Contemporary accounts praised the melodic invention in his arias, noting their elegiac tone and emotional depth, though his reputation remained largely confined to during this period. By 1705, Albinoni had composed approximately ten operas, solidifying his position as a rising figure in Venetian musical life.

Mature Works and International Recognition

Following his early successes in Venice, Albinoni entered a prolific phase of operatic composition, producing at least 50 operas between 1705 and 1741, with his last opera being Artamene premiered in Venice at the Teatro San Angelo in 1741. He himself claimed to have written a total of 81 operas, reflecting the extensive demand for his works across during this period. Notable examples from this mature output include Astarto (1708), premiered at Venice's Teatro San Cassiano, which incorporated intermezzos like the popular comic Pimpinone. Albinoni's international recognition grew markedly in the , culminating in an invitation from Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, to in 1722. There, he personally directed performances of two of his operas, I veri amici and Il trionfo d'amore, as part of wedding celebrations for the Bavarian court, marking a significant expansion of his reputation beyond . This journey underscored his status as a leading opera composer, with his works adapted and staged in major Italian centers such as , , , and , alongside cities like , , , and . In Venice alone, 28 of his operas were produced between 1723 and 1740, often featuring librettos by prominent authors like Apostolo Zeno and Pietro Pariati, which were frequently revised for performances elsewhere. This widespread staging highlighted Albinoni's adaptability and the enduring appeal of his dramatic style, which evolved to emphasize elaborate vocal display within the conventions of . His contributions during this era positioned him as a key figure in Venetian theatrical life, rivaling contemporaries like Antonio Vivaldi in local prestige.

Instrumental Music

Chamber Sonatas and Trio Sonatas

Albinoni composed and published a total of 99 sonatas during his lifetime, many of which were chamber works for small ensembles such as two violins and basso continuo. Among his earliest publications was the set of 12 Sonate a tre, Op. 1, issued in Venice in 1694, dedicated to Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, which established his reputation in instrumental music outside his operatic endeavors. These trio sonatas exemplify the sonata da chiesa form prevalent in the Baroque era, typically structured in four movements arranged as slow-fast-slow-fast, allowing for expressive contrasts between grave introductions and lively allegros. Following this success, Albinoni released the 12 Balletti da camera, Op. 3, in 1701, also for two violins and continuo, shifting toward a lighter, dance-inspired character while maintaining the composer's idiomatic writing for strings. These works reflect his independent approach to publishing, often timed outside the busy Venetian opera seasons to secure patronage from nobility across Europe, including dedications to figures like Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of , in related instrumental collections. The lyrical melodies in these sonatas draw briefly from the melodic elegance of his operatic arias, infusing with a vocal-like fluidity. Albinoni's style here anticipates galant sensibilities through clear, singing lines and elegant phrasing tailored to the violin's capabilities, distinguishing his output from more contrapuntal Roman models. Later in his career, the 12 Trattenimenti armonici per camera, Op. 6, published in Amsterdam circa 1716, continued this tradition of trio sonatas, emphasizing balanced dialogues between instruments over dense polyphony. While influenced by Arcangelo Corelli's foundational trio sonatas in form and texture, Albinoni infused his compositions with a distinctive Venetian flair—characterized by rhythmic vitality, ornamental freedom, and a brighter, more theatrical expressiveness suited to the city's cultural milieu. Many of these chamber works survive not only in printed editions but also in manuscripts scattered across European libraries, preserving variants that highlight Albinoni's ongoing refinements and the genre's evolution in the early 18th century.

Concertos and Orchestral Compositions

Albinoni composed a total of 59 concertos, which form a significant portion of his instrumental output and demonstrate his contributions to the development of the concerto form. These works, primarily in the concerti a cinque style for solo instrument, strings, and continuo, emphasize contrast between solo and sections, often incorporating Vivaldi-like structures to provide rhythmic drive and thematic unity. His concertos feature solos for , , and , showcasing idiomatic writing that highlights the technical and expressive capabilities of each instrument within an orchestral texture. Among his most influential publications are the 12 Concerti a cinque, Op. 7 (1715), and the 12 Concerti a cinque, Op. 9 (1722), both issued in . Op. 7 includes concertos for solo and pairs of oboes, marking Albinoni as the first Italian to publish a set of concertos featuring the oboe as a solo instrument, thereby pioneering its role in the tradition. In Op. 9, No. 2 in stands out for its oboe solo, with writing that exploits the instrument's full range, including lyrical lines in the slow movement and agile passagework in the fast sections, reflecting Albinoni's vocal training in its melodic expressiveness. These publications, self-financed by Albinoni due to his family's wealth, were dedicated to European nobility and helped establish his reputation across the continent. Beyond concertos, Albinoni produced 9 sinfonias and various ballets, often in a style that adapts chamber techniques to a larger orchestral scale for ceremonial or theatrical use. Overall, his approximately 100 works, including these orchestral compositions, were frequently printed in , underscoring his innovative approach to woodwind integration and development during the Venetian era.

Personal Life and Later Years

Marriage and Family

In 1705, Tomaso Albinoni married Margherita Raimondi on 17 March in Milan, an operatic soprano known professionally as "La Salarina," who appeared in several of his Venetian operas and even traveled to perform in . The couple settled in Venice's San Trovaso parish, a prestigious district, where they raised their six children amid the city's vibrant cultural scene. Following the death of Albinoni's father in 1709, the family paper and playing-card business was largely handed over to his younger brothers, Domenico and Giovanni, though Albinoni retained a one-third share; however, significant debts were discovered, leading to financial difficulties that prompted a relocation to the less affluent San Barnaba district. Margherita balanced motherhood with her singing career, bearing the children—whose names remain unrecorded in historical accounts—while continuing stage appearances intermittently. The family enjoyed initial financial stability from Albinoni's inheritance in the prosperous paper and playing-card trade established by his father, allowing him to devote time to composition without professional obligations beyond his artistic pursuits. This independence supported household needs and enabled Albinoni to navigate Venice's aristocratic social circles, where family duties intertwined with patronage networks and musical collaborations, though later financial strains led to a more modest lifestyle supported by his three surviving children. There is no documented evidence that any of the children pursued music professionally, though the household likely fostered an environment rich in artistic exposure given Margherita's profession and Albinoni's career. Margherita's death from a massive intestinal infection on 22 August 1721 left Albinoni to manage the family alone, marking a period of personal transition amid his ongoing creative output. The marriage ultimately provided Albinoni with emotional and practical stability, grounding his life in Venice's patrician while he composed for opera houses and courts.

Final Years and Death

Following the premiere of his final opera, Artamene, in Venice in 1741, Albinoni largely withdrew from public composition, with no further theatrical works documented thereafter. His activities appear to have turned toward private music-making and possibly informal teaching within his circle, as instrumental manuscripts continued to circulate among contemporaries into the 1730s and early 1740s. Albinoni's wife's death in 1721 contributed to a gradual period of reduced public engagement later in life, compounded by the broader decline in Venetian due to economic factors and shifting tastes after Antonio Vivaldi's death in 1741. From the 1740s onward, Albinoni battled , which progressively weakened him over the final decade of his life; his family provided support during this illness, as he lived a more modest life in the San Barnaba parish with his three surviving children. Albinoni died of on January 17, 1751, at age 79, in his home city of , as recorded in the of San Barnaba. He was buried in the family vault at the Church of San Moisè. His estate, including numerous unpublished manuscripts, passed to his surviving children and heirs, though many works—particularly operas—were never printed and were subsequently lost during the 18th century due to neglect and dispersal.

Legacy and Influence

Contemporary Impact on Baroque Music

Tomaso Albinoni's instrumental compositions exerted a notable influence on Johann Sebastian Bach during the early , particularly in the development of and forms. Bach closely studied Albinoni's works while in from 1717 to 1723, incorporating elements of his mature concertos into his own compositional approach throughout the 1720s. Specifically, Bach based several keyboard on themes drawn from Albinoni's Op. 1 trio sonatas, including the , BWV 946; , BWV 950; and , BWV 951, demonstrating Albinoni's impact on Bach's contrapuntal techniques. This engagement highlights Albinoni's role as one of the Italian composers whose music Bach analyzed most intensively, blending Venetian elegance with German rigor. In the vibrant Venetian musical scene, Albinoni's contributions paralleled and occasionally intersected with those of Antonio Vivaldi, fostering a shared evolution of the style characterized by rhythmic vitality and soloistic expressiveness. Both composers advanced the Venetian tradition, with Albinoni's Op. 7 exemplifying a balanced structure that influenced Vivaldi's later innovations in form and . Albinoni's pioneering efforts in repertoire further extended his reach, as he became the first Italian to publish featuring the instrument as a soloist in Op. 7 (1716) and expanded this in Op. 9 (1722) with double works. These compositions were adopted by German contemporaries like , who integrated similar -centric textures into his own , thereby disseminating Albinoni's idiomatic writing across . Albinoni bridged the stylistic gap between Arcangelo Corelli's intimate chamber sonatas and the more theatrical, large-scale concertos that defined later orchestral music, introducing greater dynamic contrast and soloistic drama in his Op. 2 and subsequent collections. His operas, at least 48 of which were chiefly performed in , emphasized harmonic cohesion in vocal ensembles, prefiguring the dramatic integration sought in reforms before Christoph Willibald Gluck's interventions in the 1760s. Gluck encountered performances of contemporary Italian operas, including those by Venetian composers like Albinoni, during his time in , which may have informed his push toward unified musical-dramatic expression. Albinoni's esteem among contemporaries is evidenced by the widespread publication of his works in , , and , often accompanied by dedications to prominent that underscored his international reputation. For instance, his Op. 4 cantatas (1702) were dedicated to , reflecting patronage ties in , while later opus numbers like Op. 9 appeared in Amsterdam editions that circulated broadly in up to the mid-18th century. These publications, including reprints and adaptations in German centers like , indicate sustained admiration and practical use of his music through 1750, facilitated by his accessible yet sophisticated style.

Modern Reception and the Adagio Controversy

Albinoni's instrumental music experienced a significant revival in the , driven by scholarly interest and the advent of recordings that brought his concertos and sonatas to wider audiences. This rediscovery began in the mid-century, with ensembles like I Musici popularizing his concertos through LPs in the and , reintroducing works such as the Concerto in D minor, Op. 9, No. 2, to modern listeners. Over the ensuing decades, more than 100 editions of his compositions have been published by scholarly presses and music publishers, facilitating performances and further study of his output. Central to Albinoni's modern reception is the Adagio in G minor for strings and organ, long attributed to him but now recognized as a 20th-century reconstruction. Italian musicologist Remo Giazotto composed the piece in 1949 and published it in 1958, claiming it was based on a fragmentary bass line and three bars of melody he discovered in the ruins of the Dresden State Library, destroyed during World War II. However, no full original manuscript by Albinoni has ever been found, and following Giazotto's death in 1998, scholarship in the late 1990s and 2000s, including archival searches in Dresden, confirmed the work as largely his own composition, with the purported fragment unverified and likely nonexistent. The Adagio gained widespread fame through recordings, notably by Herbert von Karajan with the Berlin Philharmonic, which helped popularize it in the classical repertoire. It has also been adapted in popular music, such as by The Doors during their 1968 sessions for the album Waiting for the Sun. Despite its inauthenticity, the Adagio achieved immense popularity in , overshadowing Albinoni's genuine oeuvre in public perception. It has been recorded over 1,000 times by orchestras worldwide and featured prominently in films, such as the 1981 Australian war drama Gallipoli, where it underscores the poignant final scenes. This widespread use in media, including advertisements and , contrasts sharply with scholarly emphasis on Albinoni's authentic instrumental works, like his Op. 9 , which demonstrate his innovative contributions to the form. In contemporary times, as of 2025, Albinoni's instrumental compositions remain staples in concert repertoires, performed regularly by period-instrument ensembles and featured in neoclassical compositions that echo his melodic elegance. Recent recordings and live performances, such as concerto cycles in 2024-2025, continue to highlight his legacy. His operas, however, are rarely staged due to the loss of most scores in the 1945 bombing, with only occasional revivals like Zenobia at in 2018 drawing attention to his dramatic legacy. The Adagio's pervasive presence in film scores continues to influence cinematic music, blending pathos with modern emotional narratives. In further recognition of his enduring legacy, the minor planet 7903 Albinoni, discovered in 1996, was named in his honor.

References

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  46. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adagio-in-G-Minor
  47. https://www.cbc.ca/music/read/is-albinoni-s-adagio-the-biggest-fraud-in-music-history-1.5008596
  48. http://pgphilharmonic-org.cipherdyne.org/Program_NOV%25202020.pdf
  49. https://www.classical-music.com/features/works/wrong-composer
  50. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/baroque-music-in-postwar-cinema/A3F14DCA21C3EF888BCA911A76DB9165
  51. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFWl-SAaCQI
  52. https://operawire.com/teatro-la-fenice-2017-18-review-zenobia-embracing-the-past-future-to-create-compelling-performance-in-the-present/
  53. https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=7903
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