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An aerobatic sequence in Aresti notation
Family Contents
1 horizontal, 45° and vertical lines
2 turns and rolling turns
3 combinations of lines – essentially an extension of Family 1
4 no longer used; once contained spins, which are now part of Family 9
5 hammerheads (stall turns)
6 tail slides
7 loops and part loops, curved and angular
8 combinations of loops and lines
9 rotational elements: rolls, snap rolls (flicks) and spins
Aresti Catalog organization

The Aresti Catalog is the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) standards document enumerating the aerobatic manoeuvers permitted in aerobatic competition. Designed by Spanish aviator Colonel José Luis Aresti Aguirre (1919–2003), each figure in the catalog is represented by lines, arrows, geometric shapes and numbers representing the precise form of a manoeuver to be flown.

The catalog broadly classifies manoeuvers into numbered families. Families 1 through 8 depict basic figures, such as turns, loops and vertical lines; family 9 depicts rotational elements that can be added to basic figures to increase difficulty, change the direction of flight or invert the g-loading of the aircraft.

Notation

[edit]

In Aresti notation, solid lines represent upright or positive-g manoeuvers and dashed lines represent inverted or negative-g manoeuvers; these are sometimes depicted in red. Thick dot represents the beginning of the manoeuver, while a short perpendicular line represents the end. Stalled wing manoeuvers such as spins and snap (flick) rolls are represented by triangles. Arrows represent rolling manoeuvers with numbers representing the extent and number of segments of the roll.

Symbol Catalog
number 		Component
K 		Figure
K
8.40.3
9.11.1.4
9.4.3.4 		13
5
11 		29
Notation for a single aerobatic manoeuver comprising a spin, ¾-loop, and 4-point roll

The catalog assigns each manoeuver a unique identifier, called a catalog number, and difficulty factor, represented by the symbol K. When a basic figure is combined with one or more rolling elements, the resultant figure K is the sum of all component Ks. During an aerobatics competition, judges grade the execution of each manoeuver with a value between 10 (perfect) and 0 (highly flawed). Each figure's grades are multiplied by its K and summed to yield a total raw score for the flight.

Notational systems for aerobatic manoeuvers have been used since the 1920s.[1] The first system accepted worldwide was published by French aviator François d'Huc Dressler in 1955 and 1956. It was used for international competitions through 1962.[2]

José Aresti's development of a notation for aerobatic figures began while serving as an instructor in the Jerez Pilot Training School in the 1940s. By the end of 1961 Aresti published a dictionary of some 3,000 aerobatic manoeuvers, the Sistema Aerocryptographica Aresti. Then employed throughout Spain, the Spanish Aero Club urged its adoption internationally. The FAI's Aerobatics Commission, CIVA, elected to use the catalog beginning at the World Aerobatic Championships held in Bilbao, Spain in 1964; it has been in use worldwide and has evolved continually since then. Though the catalog had grown at one time to some 15,000 manoeuvers, a CIVA working group substantially streamlined it in the mid-1980s.[2][3]

Following Aresti's death, a court fight ensued between his heirs and FAI, which once provided a free catalog online. The catalog is now only available in printed form for a fee from Aresti System S.L.

Software is available to design and display aerobatic sequences using Aresti notation.[4][5][6]

Notes

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Aresti Catalog

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from Grokipedia
The Aresti Catalog, formally known as the Aresti Aerobatic System or Aerocryptographic Dictionary for Acrobatic Flight, is a standardized comprising lines, arrows, symbols, and diagrams used to precisely define, describe, and evaluate aerobatic maneuvers in competitions and training. Developed by Spanish aerobatic pilot and instructor José Luis Aresti Aguirre (1919–2003) and first published in 1961, it initially encompassed around 3,000 figures, each assigned a unique numerical identifier and a K-factor to quantify difficulty for scoring purposes. Adopted internationally by the (FAI) through its Aerobatics Commission (CIVA) starting at the 1964 World Aerobatic Championships in , , the catalog became the foundational rulebook for modern , enabling consistent judging and sequence design across global events. In 1988, the FAI briefly renamed it the "FAI Catalogue," sparking a legal dispute with the Aresti family that was resolved in 2005, restoring the original name and granting official recognition while ensuring free access for FAI-affiliated pilots. The system's structure organizes maneuvers into nine families: Families 1 through 8 cover base figures such as lines (Family 1), turns and loops (Family 2), (integrated into Family 9 since refinements), and combinations, while Family 9 exclusively details snap rolls, aileron rolls, and other rotations that can be superimposed on other figures. Symbols distinguish elements like positive-G paths (solid lines), negative-G paths (dashed lines), entry/exit points (dots and bars), stalls (triangles), and roll directions (arrows), allowing pilots to construct sequences of typically 10 figures flown within designated boxes. In practice, judges score performances out of 10 points per figure, multiplied by the K-factor, a numerical value quantifying the figure's difficulty, with the catalog's precision minimizing subjectivity and supporting categories for and gliders; it undergoes annual updates by CIVA to incorporate new maneuvers while preserving core standards. Published by Aresti System S.L. in print and digital formats, including condensed versions for quick reference, the catalog remains the cornerstone of international aerobatic , with the awarded annually to the FAI World Aerobatic Champion since 1964.

History

Development by José Luis Aresti

José Luis Aresti Aguirre (1919–2003) was a pioneering Spanish aviator and aerobatic enthusiast who played a pivotal role in advancing the sport of aerobatics globally. Born in , , he began flying in the 1930s and served as an aerobatic flight instructor in the Spanish Air Force during , where he honed his skills in precision maneuvers. After the war, Aresti became a prominent figure in European airshows, performing in the iconic Bücker Jungmeister, and he founded several pilot training schools while authoring 's first aerobatic flight manual to promote safe and standardized practice. His leadership extended to administrative roles, including serving as 's delegate to the FAI's Aerobatic Commission (CIVA), president of the Spanish Aeronautical Federation in 1966, and CIVA president from 1968 to 1969, for which he was honored as CIVA President of Honour until his death; he also received the FAI Silver and Gold Medals for his contributions to aviation. Aresti passed away on November 18, 2003, in at the age of 84. In the early , Aresti turned his attention to the growing need for uniformity in aerobatic maneuvers, as pilots across relied on ad hoc notations that led to inconsistent judging and communication at competitions. This lack of international standardization before the created significant challenges, with sequences often misunderstood or variably interpreted, hindering the sport's development and fairness. Motivated by these issues, Aresti began systematically documenting maneuvers to create a reliable reference, drawing from his experience as an instructor and performer to emphasize clarity and precision in training materials. Aresti's innovations built upon earlier efforts, such as the postwar developed in 1955–1956 by French aviator François d’Huc Dressler, who died in 1957, and which was used internationally until 1962 despite his death, but proved limited in visual representation. Focusing on visual diagramming, Aresti created a more intuitive "aerocryptographic" method that broke down complex figures into elemental components, assigning difficulty coefficients to aid evaluation. This culminated in the initial publication of the Sistema Aerocryptographica Aresti in 1961, a comprehensive featuring approximately 3,000 aerobatic figures designed for pilots and judges alike. The system was quickly embraced by the Spanish Aero Club and later adopted by the FAI in 1964.

Adoption by FAI and Evolution

The Aresti Catalog was officially adopted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale's (FAI) Aerobatic Commission (CIVA) at the 1964 World Aerobatic Championships in , , marking its first use in international competition and replacing prior notational and grading systems that lacked standardized diagramming. This adoption followed José Luis Aresti's initial publication of the Sistema Aerocriptográfico Aresti in 1961, which CIVA refined into an improved framework for aerobatic figure description. The integration established the catalog as the global standard for aerobatic sequence notation, enabling consistent judging and pilot preparation across events. Over the subsequent decades, the catalog evolved through expansions that incorporated thousands of maneuver combinations and difficulty coefficients, reflecting advancements in aerobatic techniques and pilot innovations. CIVA periodically refined the system to emphasize figures pertinent to competitive flying, ensuring its practicality while maintaining a comprehensive dictionary of elements from nine families. Key milestones include its formal embedding in the FAI Sporting Codes—Section 6 for both powered aircraft (Part 1) and glider aerobatics (Part 2)—where it defines permissible maneuvers, sequence construction, and scoring criteria, such as K-factors for difficulty. Following Aresti's death on November 18, 2003, his heirs transferred exploitation rights to Aresti System S.L., a company established to manage the catalog's distribution. This shift introduced fee-based printed editions available exclusively through Aresti System S.L., while CIVA and FAI continue to publish condensed versions for official use in competitions, preserving accessibility for participants.

Structure and Families

Organization into Families

The Aresti Catalog organizes aerobatic maneuvers into nine main families, numbered 1 through 9, serving as a foundational framework for constructing competition sequences by grouping similar types of figures. Families 1 through 8 encompass basic flight path maneuvers, such as lines, turns, and loops, while Family 9 is dedicated to rotational elements like rolls and spins that can be added to enhance complexity. This functions as a modular "parts cabinet," allowing pilots and judges to reference and combine elements logically based on their aerodynamic characteristics. Family 1 covers lines and angles, including horizontal, 45-degree, and vertical flight paths, which form the simplest building blocks for sequences. Family 2 includes turns and rolling turns, typically performed in the horizontal plane with angles from 90 to 360 degrees, either erect or inverted. Family 3 addresses combinations of lines, extending Family 1 by linking multiple 45-degree and vertical segments. Family 4 is obsolete and no longer used, having originally included that were later integrated into Family 9. Family 5 focuses on stall turns, also known as hammerheads, involving vertical climbs followed by pivots at zero speed. Family 6 encompasses tail slides, where the aircraft slides backward along its longitudinal axis after a vertical maneuver. Family 7 deals with loops, eights, and related curved paths, including full loops, partial loops, split-S maneuvers, and figure-eights in various shapes like round, square, or octagonal. Family 8 combines elements from lines, angles, and loops to create more complex paths, such as humpty bumps and Cuban eights. Family 9 provides complementary rotational maneuvers, including slow rolls, snap rolls, flick rolls, and spins, which are attached to figures from other families to modify their difficulty and execution. This family-based organization reflects key aspects of aircraft attitudes, distinguishing between positive-g (upright) and negative-g (inverted) paths to ensure precise depiction of load factors during maneuvers. Additionally, the system accounts for in by standardizing entry and exit orientations relative to the wind axis. Each is referenced in the catalog's notation system via its leading number, facilitating quick identification and combination in competition .

Basic Figures and Variations

The basic figures of the Aresti Catalog form the foundational maneuvers for aerobatic sequences, organized within Families 1 through 8 as numbered primitives that depict the aircraft's flight path using lines, angles, loops, and other elements. Each figure is identified by a four-part numerical code, such as 7.4.1.1, which represents a specific loop variation serving as a building block for more complex maneuvers. These figures, totaling approximately 3,000 core entries in the streamlined modern catalog, provide the essential components from which pilots construct sequences, with Family 4 omitted to avoid redundancy in spins and related elements. Variations of these basic figures are generated systematically to increase diversity and difficulty, primarily through rotations in multiples of 90 degrees, adjustments to entry and exit directions, and integrations with complementary elements from Family 9, such as rolls or snaps. For instance, in Family 1.3, vertical lines can incorporate 180-degree rotations or other 90-degree increments to alter the maneuver's orientation while maintaining its core path. Adding a slow roll to a straight line from Family 1.1 exemplifies a combination variation, where the rotational element modifies the basic figure without creating an entirely new primitive. This approach ensures that sequences remain standardized yet adaptable, with the total possibilities expanding beyond the core count through such modifications. The Aresti Catalog maintains distinct versions for powered aircraft and gliders to account for performance differences, such as in unpowered flight, ensuring figures are feasible and safe for each category. These basic figures and their variations, contained within the family structure, enable precise sequence design by providing a comprehensive yet modular set of aerobatic primitives.

Notation System

Symbols and Conventions

The Aresti Catalog utilizes a precise set of graphical symbols to depict aerobatic maneuvers, ensuring clarity in notation for pilots, judges, and designers. Solid lines represent positive-g or zero-angle-of-attack flight paths, while dashed lines indicate negative-g or inverted flight segments. Start points of figures are marked with small dots or circles, and endpoints are denoted by short perpendicular lines—vertical for the primary axis of the maneuver and horizontal for secondary axes. These elements form the foundational visual structure for all catalog figures. Rotational and transitional elements are conveyed through additional geometric symbols. Triangles signify stalls, breaks, snap rolls, and spins; for instance, an with a short represents a flick or snap roll, where the tail points in the direction of flight, and a right-angled on a vertical downline denotes a spin. Arrows indicate roll directions, typically drawn concave to the flight path for aileron rolls, with the curve's orientation specifying positive or negative rotations. Wingover symbols incorporate curved paths with triangular breaks to illustrate the pivot from climb to descent. Direction arrows throughout the notation are aligned relative to the prevailing to standardize execution within the aerobatic . Numerical conventions employ a hierarchical dotted notation system to reference specific figures, such as 9.11.1.1 for a one-turn positive spin, where the initial number identifies the family (e.g., 9 for complementary rotational elements), and subsequent numbers denote rows, columns, and variations within that family. This system organizes the catalog into nine families, from basic lines to complex combinations. Each figure includes a difficulty factor, known as K, with values ranging from 1 to 34 and displayed in a circle adjacent to the symbol; higher values reflect greater technical demands, such as increased rotation angles or atypical attitudes, and contribute to overall sequence scoring.

Reading and Interpreting Notation

Reading and interpreting Aresti notation involves systematically decoding a numerical code and associated symbols to reconstruct an aerobatic figure as depicted in the catalog diagrams. The notation follows a structured format: the first number designates the family (e.g., 7 for loops), the second specifies the basic figure or subfamily within that family, and subsequent numbers detail modifications such as rolls or rotations. For instance, in the notation 7.5.2.1, the family 7 indicates a loop-based maneuver, with 5 denoting a specific subfamily of loops, 2 the row, and 1 the column in the catalog matrix, resulting in a full inside loop with a half-roll integrated at the top. This decoding process relies on cross-referencing the catalog's matrix layout, where rows and columns further refine the basic shape, ensuring the pilot visualizes the exact path, including line types (solid for positive G upright flight, dashed for negative G inverted flight). To execute a figure, interpreters start at the solid dot marking the entry point and follow the described path to the ending vertical bar, incorporating any connectors for combined elements. Connectors, represented by diagonal lines or arrows, link components across the aerobatic box, maintaining wind-relative orientation—figures are performed relative to the wind direction to standardize judging. For a combined sequence like 1.4.1.1 + 9.2.1.1, the initial 1.4.1.1 describes a 45° ascending line (family 1 for lines, subfamily 4 for 45° angles) in upright flight, connected via a snap or transition to 9.2.1.1, which adds a one-turn positive flick roll (family 9 for complementary rolls and spins, 2 for positive flick rolls, 1 for one turn, 1 for basic entry). Rolls are modified by fractions (e.g., 1/2 for a half-roll, indicated as a curved arrow meeting the line at 180°), and rotations like vertical 180° turns are coded to specify direction (left or right, upright or inverted). These elements correspond directly to the catalog's illustrative diagrams, where lines, loops, and triangles visually match the notation for pilot briefing and practice. Common pitfalls in interpretation include misjudging g-forces based on line types—assuming all solid lines are positive G without noting inversions—or overlooking the wind-relative aspect of directions, which can lead to box violations during flight. For example, a vertical line in family 1 must be flown directly into the wind for up-lines to ensure consistent wind correction angles. Additionally, roll fractions must be precisely centered on vertical or 45° lines to avoid zeroing in scoring, and ignoring the catalog diagrams can result in incorrect radius consistency for loops (e.g., varying sizes in a 7.5 figure). Pilots mitigate these by using software that renders the notation into 3D visualizations aligned with the catalog illustrations, facilitating accurate execution.

Application in Competitions

Sequence Design

In aerobatic competitions governed by the (FAI) and national bodies like the International Aerobatic Club (IAC), the Aresti Catalog serves as the foundational reference for designing flight sequences, which are programs of 8 to 15 maneuvers flown within a designated aerobatic box. Pilots and organizers select and combine catalog figures to create balanced routines that demonstrate precision, control, and difficulty appropriate to the competitor's skill level. Sequences must adhere to strict guidelines to ensure fairness, safety, and variety, with each figure assigned a unique catalog number and K-factor representing its relative difficulty. Competition sequences are categorized into three primary types: known compulsory, free known, and free unknown. Known compulsory sequences consist of predefined figures selected by the , such as CIVA for international events, typically comprising 10 figures with a mix of fixed and optional elements to standardize . Free known sequences allow pilots to design their own programs in advance, submitted via standardized forms, while adhering to category-specific constraints; these emphasize personalization within limits to showcase strategic planning. Free unknown sequences are , drawn from a restricted set of catalog figures and provided to pilots only shortly before flight, testing adaptability without prior rehearsal—often limited to 10 figures in international categories. Design rules prioritize equilibrium and progression, with total K-factor caps dictating overall difficulty—for example, 115 for Sportsman (IAC 2025), 200 for Intermediate (FAI), 320 for Advanced (FAI), and 450 for Unlimited (FAI) in known programs. Balance across Aresti is mandatory to prevent over-reliance on any maneuver type, requiring at least one figure from specified families such as lines ( 1), loops ( 7), and rolls ( 9) in lower categories, with more stringent sub-family distributions in Unlimited. Prohibitions include no repetition of identical catalog numbers within a sequence or across certain programs, alongside bans on excessive spins or snaps to maintain variety and safety; transitions between figures must be smooth, with alignment to wind conditions considered during planning but not adjusted in execution. Pilots design sequences using manual sketching from the Aresti Catalog or digital tools that generate notation diagrams and verify compliance, ensuring logical flow from level flight entry to exit while optimizing for aircraft performance and box positioning. For instance, software like PC-AeroDesign or official CIVA/IAC forms automates K-factor calculations and family checks, facilitating iterative refinement for seamless connections. Category differences scale complexity progressively from novice to elite levels. Sportsman sequences cap at 12 figures and lower K-factors (115 as of 2025 IAC), restricting advanced elements like unlinked rolls or , while Intermediate adds up to 200 K (FAI) with broader family requirements. Advanced and Unlimited permit higher K (320–450 FAI), including intricate combinations like 540-degree rolls on 45-degree lines, with Unlimited offering the most freedom in unknown programs (minimum 22 K, no maximum). Glider aerobatics, flown without power, use a modified Aresti Glider Catalog with adjusted K-factors (e.g., 175 for known programs in Advanced Gliders as of 2025) and prohibitions on engine-dependent maneuvers like full negative loops; designs emphasize due to altitude loss, with harmony criteria rewarding efficient height management over . Powered sequences, by contrast, leverage for sharper entries and recoveries, allowing more aggressive family 9 and .

Judging and Scoring

In aerobatic competitions governed by the (FAI), figures from the Aresti Catalog are scored based on their execution quality, with each figure assigned a difficulty coefficient known as the K-factor, which is multiplied by a judge's mark ranging from 0.0 (complete failure) to 10.0 (perfect execution) in 0.5-point increments. The raw score for a figure is thus the product of its K-factor and the execution mark, and the total sequence score is calculated as a of the maximum possible K-value for that program, enabling fair comparison across varying difficulties. For example, in the Unlimited category, a known program might have a maximum K of 450, while lower categories like Intermediate cap at 200. Judging criteria emphasize precision in geometry and execution as defined by the Aresti Catalog, including axis accuracy where the aircraft's longitudinal axis must align with the aerobatic box's primary or secondary axes, with deductions of 1 point per 5° deviation. Additional assessments cover flight path symmetry, consistent application (such as maintaining a constant radius in loops, penalized by 2 points per quadrant for variations), and adherence to notation specifics like exact roll fractions or rates, where inconsistencies result in 1-point deductions per error. Major deviations, such as incorrect roll types or pauses, trigger a Hard Zero (0.0 mark) if objectively verifiable, or a Zero if subjectively perceived as fundamentally flawed. The judging process involves an International Board of 7–10 certified judges for Unlimited and Advanced categories (5–7 for Intermediate), positioned 150–250 meters from the box edge and spaced 15 meters apart to ensure optimal visibility, who score each figure independently and simultaneously during the flight. Scores are averaged after excluding the highest and lowest marks to mitigate bias, with the Chief Judge overseeing the process and resolving disputes through official video recordings that allow frame-by-frame review for objective verification of errors like zone infringements or height violations. Penalties are applied post-flight, such as 30 points per zone infringement exceeding 50 meters in Unlimited or 250 points for flying below minimum height, further reducing the total score. The Aresti Catalog serves as the definitive FAI standard for validating figures, specifying permitted maneuvers across its nine families, assigning K-factors, and outlining tolerances for execution, ensuring judges evaluate against a universal benchmark rather than subjective interpretations. This role extends to providing the cryptographic notation that judges reference during scoring to confirm adherence to the intended geometry and transitions.

Modern Developments

Software Tools

Several software tools have been developed to digitize and facilitate the use of the Aresti Catalog in aerobatic sequence design and validation. One prominent free and open-source option is OpenAero, a web-based application that enables users to create, edit, and validate aerobatic sequences based on Aresti notation. It remains actively updated, with support for sequences through 2025 and beyond. In addition, the official Aresti System software, originally developed in the early 1990s by Alan Cassidy, integrates with to provide graphical rendering and logic for Aresti figures, serving as a standard tool for catalog access and sequence construction. These tools incorporate key features such as automatic calculation of K-factors for difficulty scoring, automated generation of diagrammatic representations of figures, compatibility verification against (FAI) rules, and export options for printable sequence sheets. The notation system is digitized within these applications, allowing users to input symbolic codes directly for . OpenAero and similar tools are widely adopted by aerobatic pilots for training purposes, judges for verification, and competition organizers for developing schedules, including the P-25 known for the 2024–2025 season. Despite these advancements, the software serves as an aid rather than a complete substitute; users still require the physical Aresti Catalog for detailed reference and verification, and no tool can replace the skills needed for actual aerobatic flying.

Recent Updates and Versions

Since the 2010s, the Aresti Catalogue has undergone annual updates coordinated by the FAI's Commission (CIVA) and the Aresti Committee to incorporate approved rule changes and maintain relevance for international competitions. These evolutions include a major reorganization in , introducing a four-part numbering system for all figures to enhance clarity and precision in notation. Further refinements occurred in , with corrections to known errors in figure descriptions and coefficients approved at the CIVA plenary for implementation starting that year. The 2025 editions maintain separate volumes for powered aircraft (Power Catalogue) and gliders (Glider Catalogue), reflecting distinct rules for each category while preserving the core family structure. Key changes include the continued designation of Family 4 () as obsolete and not in use, eliminating outdated elements to streamline the catalog. Safety enhancements feature refined depictions of spin recoveries within the positive and negative , emphasizing proper entry and exit attitudes. Adjustments to K-factors, which measure figure difficulty, ensure balanced scoring across sequences, with values assigned based on logical base derivations. Management of the catalogue remains with Aresti System S.L. under a 2005 agreement with the FAI, establishing a permanent liaison committee for oversight and updates. While the FAI guarantees free access to the Aresti System for all affiliated pilots, full digital PDFs of the 2025 versions are available for purchase at €21 each from Aresti System S.L., with excerpts and annual amendment records provided in competition documents. For 2024–2025, the catalogue integrates into updated competition schedules, including new sets of five master figures for Free Known Programme-1 sequences in both power and glider categories, selected at the 2024 CIVA Plenary Conference in , .

References

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