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BackTrack 5 R3
DeveloperOffensive Security[1]
  • Mati Aharoni
  • Devon Kearns
OS familyLinux (Unix-like)
Working stateDiscontinued
Source modelOpen source
Initial releaseMay 26, 2006; 19 years ago (2006-05-26)
Final release5 R3 / August 13, 2012; 13 years ago (2012-08-13)
Supported platformsi386 (x86), AMD64 (x86-64), ARM
Kernel typeMonolithic
Default
user interface		Bash, KDE Plasma Desktop, Fluxbox,[2][3] GNOME
LicenseVarious
Preceded by
  • WHAX
  • Auditor Security Collection
Succeeded byKali Linux
Official websitewww.backtrack-linux.org

BackTrack was a Linux distribution that focused on security, based on the Knoppix Linux distribution aimed at digital forensics and penetration testing use.[4] In March 2013, the Offensive Security team rebuilt BackTrack around the Debian distribution and released it under the name Kali Linux.[5]

History

[edit]

The BackTrack distribution originated from the merger of two formerly competing distributions which focused on penetration testing:

  • WHAX: a Slax-based Linux distribution developed by Mati Aharoni, a security consultant. Earlier versions of WHAX were called Whoppix and were based on Knoppix.[6]
  • Auditor Security Collection: a Live CD based on Knoppix developed by Max Moser which included over 300 tools organized in a user-friendly hierarchy.[7][8]

On January 9, 2010, BackTrack 4 improved hardware support, and added official FluxBox support.[4] The overlap with Auditor and WHAX in purpose and in collection of tools partly led to the merger. The overlap came about as Backtrack 5, released on May 10, 2011. This version also seen the base OS changed from Slackware to Ubuntu.[4][9]

Tools

[edit]

BackTrack provided users with easy access to a comprehensive and large collection of security-related tools ranging from port scanners to Security Audit.[10] Support for Live CD and Live USB functionality allowed users to boot BackTrack directly from portable media without requiring installation,[11] though permanent installation to hard disk and network was also an option.

BackTrack included many well known security tools including:[12]

BackTrack arranged tools into 12 categories:[12][13]

Releases

[edit]
Date Release
May 26, 2006 First stable release of BackTrack based on Slackware[9][14][15]
October 13, 2006 BackTrack 2 beta #1 released[16][17]
November 19, 2006 BackTrack 2 beta #2 released[18]
March 6, 2007 BackTrack 2 final released[9][19][20]
December 14, 2007 BackTrack 3 beta released[21][19]
June 19, 2008 BackTrack 3 final released (Linux kernel 2.6.21.5)[9][19]
February 11, 2009 BackTrack 4 beta released[22]
January 9, 2010 BackTrack 4 final release (Linux kernel 2.6.30.9 and base OS changed to Ubuntu)[9][23][24]
May 8, 2010 BackTrack 4 R1 release[25]
November 22, 2010 BackTrack 4 R2 release[26]
May 10, 2011 BackTrack 5 release (Linux kernel 2.6.38)[9][27]
August 18, 2011 BackTrack 5 R1 release (Linux kernel 2.6.39.5)[28]
March 1, 2012 BackTrack 5 R2 release (Linux kernel 3.2.6)[29]
August 13, 2012 BackTrack 5 R3 release[30]

Whenever a new version of BackTrack was released, older versions would lose their support and service from the BackTrack development team. There are currently no supported versions of BackTrack.[31]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

BackTrack

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
BackTrack was an open-source designed specifically for penetration testing, , and security auditing, first released in 2006 by , founded and led by Mati Aharoni. It originated as a merger of the WHAX distribution (a Slax-based security toolkit from 2005) and the Auditor Security Collection (a Knoppix-based forensics toolset), providing a bootable live environment that allowed users to perform ethical hacking tasks without installing the operating system on hardware. Early versions of BackTrack (1 through 3, released between 2006 and 2008) were based on Linux and distributed primarily as Live CDs, emphasizing portability for on-site security assessments with features like USB persistence introduced in BackTrack 3. Starting with BackTrack 4 in 2010, the distribution shifted to an base for improved stability and added a graphical installer, own domain (backtrack-linux.org), and enhanced support for live USB booting, culminating in BackTrack 5 (2011) on 10.04 LTS as its final major release. These versions included a curated collection of over 300 pre-installed tools, such as for exploit development, for network scanning, for wireless auditing, and for packet analysis, all optimized in a custom kernel for security tasks. BackTrack's design prioritized ease of use for cybersecurity professionals, with a focus on techniques while maintaining a lightweight footprint suitable for penetration testing engagements. However, limitations like infrequent updates (requiring full reinstalls for new tools) and dependency issues from its base prompted its discontinuation in 2013, leading directly to the development of —a Debian-based successor that addressed these shortcomings with rolling releases, better tool integration, and ongoing support from .

Overview

Description and Purpose

BackTrack was an open-source designed as a bootable or USB for penetration testing, , auditing, ethical hacking, and . It provided a pre-configured environment with hundreds of specialized tools, enabling users to conduct comprehensive evaluations without the need for extensive setup or individual software installations. The primary purpose of BackTrack was to equip security professionals with a ready-to-use platform for simulating real-world attacks and identifying system weaknesses in a controlled manner. This out-of-the-box accessibility supported tasks such as network scanning, exploitation, and forensic analysis, making it ideal for training and practical assessments. Its included cybersecurity experts, IT security teams, and educators or students focused on learning penetration testing techniques. As a portable system, BackTrack operated in a non-persistent mode by default, running entirely from the bootable media without modifying the host machine, which enhanced its utility for temporary or isolated testing scenarios. Users could optionally configure to save changes across sessions on USB drives, allowing for customized workflows while maintaining the distribution's and forensically clean profile. BackTrack served as the foundational model for its successor, .

Key Characteristics

BackTrack featured a that allowed users to customize the distribution by adding or removing modules, enabling the inclusion of personal scripts, additional tools, and modified kernels to suit specific penetration testing needs. This was built on its Slax-based foundation in early versions, facilitating easy extension and maintenance. The distribution came pre-installed with approximately 300 open-source tools, organized into 12 functional categories such as information gathering, , exploitation tools, , maintaining access, , RFID tools, , forensics, reporting tools, services, and miscellaneous, which streamlined workflows for professionals by grouping related utilities logically in the . It supported multiple architectures, starting with in initial releases and expanding to x86_64 in later versions like BackTrack 5 R3, alongside experimental support to accommodate diverse hardware environments. Boot modes emphasized portability and flexibility, including and options for non-persistent sessions, as well as full hard disk installation for persistent setups, with additional via PXE for cluster-based cracking tasks. Anonymity was a core emphasis, with built-in integration of Tor for routing traffic through the onion network to obscure user identity and location during assessments. Complementary tools like macchanger enabled spoofing to further evade local network detection, supporting stealthy operations in and wired environments. The custom evolved across versions, defaulting to in earlier iterations for its robust customization options, while BackTrack 5 introduced as an alternative, both optimized for security workflows with a structured by tool categories to facilitate quick access without clutter. As an open-source project developed by , BackTrack encouraged community contributions through its forums, where users submitted modules, reported issues, and shared enhancements, fostering a collaborative that drove ongoing improvements.

History

Origins and Merger

BackTrack originated from the merger of two prominent security-focused distributions: WHAX (formerly known as Whoppix), a Slax-based developed by security Mati Aharoni, and the Security Collection, a Knoppix-based created by Max Moser for wireless auditing and . On May 26, 2006, these projects combined under the leadership of the team, spearheaded by Mati Aharoni, to launch BackTrack 1.0 as a unified platform. The motivation stemmed from the growing need for a single, all-encompassing toolkit that addressed the fragmentation in environments, allowing professionals to perform penetration testing without relying on multiple disparate distributions. The primary goals of the merger were to integrate WHAX's intuitive live functionality and portability—enabling easy deployment from CDs or USB drives—with Auditor's extensive suite of specialized tools for analysis and forensic investigations, resulting in a cohesive, bootable system optimized for on-site assessments. This created a portable penetration testing platform that emphasized ease of use and comprehensive coverage for ethical hackers and auditors. Early development faced challenges in reconciling the differing architectural foundations: WHAX's Slackware-derived Slax base with Auditor's Debian-oriented structure, requiring careful tool integration to prevent conflicts and ensure seamless operation across hardware. These efforts laid the groundwork for BackTrack's evolution, including a later shift to an base in version 4 for enhanced stability.

Development Timeline

BackTrack's initial development phase from 2006 to 2008 focused on versions 1 through 3, which were built on a base, emphasizing lightweight and USB capabilities for penetration testing and auditing. Version 1, released in May 2006, introduced core features like live booting and a collection of over 300 open-source tools, providing a portable environment for on-site assessments. By version 2 in March 2007, updates included kernel 2.6.20 with patches for wireless cards and the addition of 2 and the Browser Exploitation Framework (), enhancing exploit development and web attack simulation. Version 3, launched in June 2008, upgraded to kernel 2.6.21.5 and incorporated tools like for vulnerability scanning and Maltego for gathering, further expanding reconnaissance and analysis functionalities. A significant shift occurred with the release of version 4 in January 2010, transitioning to an Ubuntu Intrepid base to leverage its superior stability, broader package management via APT, and easier integration with mainstream repositories. This change addressed limitations in the Slax base, such as dependency issues, and introduced official support for the Fluxbox desktop environment alongside options for GNOME, improving user interface customization and resource efficiency for prolonged sessions. The version also featured kernel 2.6.30 with massively enhanced hardware detection, including better wireless drivers for injection attacks and a dedicated forensics mode to preserve disk integrity during investigations. These updates marked a maturation in BackTrack's architecture, prioritizing reliability for professional use. Version 5, released in May 2011 and based on 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx), continued this evolution with kernel 2.6.38 and expanded support for both 32-bit and 64-bit s. Key milestones included initial compatibility, demonstrated through adaptations for devices like the , enabling mobile penetration testing scenarios. integration was deepened with seamless MySQL backend support in subsequent revisions, streamlining database-driven exploit workflows. Across revisions, capabilities advanced with applied injection patches for broader card support, while forensics tools evolved to include automated imaging and analysis scripts, reducing manual configuration. Community involvement played a pivotal role in BackTrack's growth, driven by Offensive Security's training programs such as Penetration Testing with BackTrack (PWB), which introduced thousands to the distribution through hands-on labs and influenced tool updates based on practitioner feedback. This ecosystem fostered scripting automation enhancements, like customizable payloads in tools such as the Social Engineering Toolkit (SET), added in later revisions to simplify complex attack chains. By 2012, these developments solidified BackTrack as a cornerstone for ethical hacking education and real-world security assessments.

Discontinuation and Legacy

In March 2013, announced the discontinuation of BackTrack after seven years of development, introducing as its direct successor and a complete rebuild of the penetration testing distribution. The transition shifted the base from to , enabling adherence to Debian development standards, improved package management, and a more sustainable architecture for integrating security tools. This change addressed limitations in the prior model, creating a platform described as more advanced, robust, stable, and enterprise-ready to better serve penetration testers and security auditors. BackTrack established foundational standards for penetration testing distributions by bundling hundreds of pre-installed tools into a live environment, democratizing access to ethical hacking resources and influencing the design of subsequent platforms like . It prominently featured and promoted tools such as , integrating it deeply into workflows for vulnerability exploitation and assessment, which became a benchmark for tool ecosystems in cybersecurity. Additionally, BackTrack underpinned Offensive Security's training ecosystem, powering the Penetration Testing with BackTrack (PWB) course that evolved into the Penetration Testing with (PWK) program, supporting certifications like OSCP and shaping professional ethical hacking education. As of 2025, BackTrack receives no official support or updates from , with all development resources allocated to . Archival versions remain available via project mirrors and the original website for historical reference, while community-maintained forks address legacy compatibility needs in specialized environments. Its primary contemporary use is educational, serving as a historical benchmark in cybersecurity courses and labs focused on penetration testing fundamentals. BackTrack's enduring impact lies in pioneering a modular, tool-rich for assessments that informed modern distributions and practices, with its structured approach to ethical hacking still referenced in global curricula and standards as of 2025.

Technical Features

Base System

BackTrack's foundational operating system components underwent significant evolution to balance portability, tool integration, and hardware compatibility. The initial versions, from BackTrack Final () through version 3, were built on Slax, a modular live distribution derived from . This choice emphasized a lightweight, customizable base that facilitated easy boot from without requiring extensive resources. Slax's structure allowed for efficient module loading, making it ideal for security-focused live environments where rapid deployment was essential. With the release of BackTrack 4 in 2010, the base shifted to , a derivative, which introduced the APT package management system for streamlined updates and dependency resolution. This transition enhanced overall stability and broadened hardware support, addressing limitations in the Slax-based releases such as inconsistent driver availability. The foundation persisted through version 5, enabling better integration with mainstream ecosystems while maintaining the distribution's specialized security orientation. At the core of BackTrack's base system was the , which evolved from version 2.6.15.6 in the inaugural release to 3.2.6 in BackTrack 5 R3. Early kernels, such as 2.6.20 in version 2 and 2.6.21.5 in version 3, prioritized compatibility with security tools through custom patches, particularly for interfaces enabling and . Later iterations, including 2.6.30.9 in version 4 and 2.6.38 in version 5, incorporated additional optimizations for performance and driver support, with the final 3.2.6 kernel in 5 R3 featuring enhanced capabilities and stability fixes tailored for penetration testing workflows. BackTrack primarily targeted x86 architectures, supporting both 32-bit () and 64-bit (AMD64) variants to ensure broad compatibility with desktop and server hardware prevalent during its development era. Experimental support emerged in later releases, particularly around BackTrack 5, allowing limited deployment on mobile devices like tablets for on-the-go security assessments, though it remained unofficial and device-specific. For storage and boot mechanisms, BackTrack employed as the default compressed filesystem in live mode, enabling the entire distribution to fit on compact media like CDs or USB drives while preserving read-only for the core system. Persistence options allowed users to overlay changes using or filesystems on dedicated partitions, facilitating data retention and customization without altering the base image.

Installation and Usage

BackTrack can be deployed in two primary modes: as a live system booted from optical media or USB for non-persistent sessions, or as a full installation on a hard drive. The live mode allows users to run BackTrack directly from a or bootable USB drive without altering the host system's storage, providing immediate access to its tools for temporary testing environments. This approach is ideal for portability and avoids permanent changes to hardware. For persistent installations, later versions such as BackTrack 5 introduced a graphical installer based on Ubiquity, enabling users to partition and install the distribution onto a hard drive by selecting options for disk preparation, user setup, and package selection during a process that typically takes 10-45 minutes. To enable data persistence in live USB sessions, users can configure encrypted storage on the drive, allowing changes, files, and configurations to be saved across reboots. This involves creating a persistent partition (often labeled as "") using tools like btfs for mounting and the BackTrack customization scripts, followed by selecting the persistence option at boot time from the GRUB menu. The process requires at least 4 GB of USB space for the live image and additional capacity for the persistent volume, ensuring security through to protect sensitive penetration testing data. Once booted, BackTrack typically starts in text mode for efficiency, from which users enter the command startx to launch the graphical environment, such as GNOME in BackTrack 5. Tools and applications are accessible via the categorized menu system or directly through the console terminal, supporting workflows for network scanning, vulnerability assessment, and exploitation. Basic customization includes updating the package repositories with commands like apt-get update and apt-get upgrade to fetch the latest security tools and patches, or installing guest additions in virtualized setups for improved performance. Hardware requirements for BackTrack are modest, with a minimum of 512 MB RAM and support for USB 2.0 ports to ensure reliable from live media. Recommended specifications for smooth operation, particularly in virtual machines like , include 1 GB RAM and a 30 GB virtual disk to handle resource-intensive tasks without performance degradation.

Tools

Categories of Tools

BackTrack organizes its penetration testing tools into 12 primary categories, designed to align with the phases of a typical assessment workflow, from initial to final reporting. These categories are accessible through a structured desktop under the "BackTrack" section and mirrored in the filesystem via the /pentest/ directory, facilitating efficient for users during assessments. The core philosophy behind these categories emphasizes comprehensive coverage of the full attack lifecycle, incorporating open-source, community-vetted tools that support , exploitation, and post-exploitation activities while prioritizing ethical penetration testing practices. This structure draws from established methodologies like the Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM), ensuring tools are grouped by functional role rather than tool type alone. Subcategories within main groups, such as network analysis under Information Gathering or web scanners under , allow for more granular organization. The main categories include:
  • Information Gathering: Focuses on and tools for collecting data on targets, including , DNS interrogation, and web application fingerprinting (e.g., tools for identifying services and potential entry points).
  • Vulnerability Assessment: Encompasses scanning utilities to identify weaknesses in systems, networks, and applications, such as port scanners and automated detectors.
  • Exploitation Tools: Provides frameworks and modules for actively exploiting identified to gain unauthorized access.
  • Privilege Escalation: Includes utilities for elevating access levels on compromised systems, targeting local exploits and kernel vulnerabilities.
  • Maintaining Access: Offers backdoor and trojan tools to ensure persistent presence on targets post-exploitation.
  • Reverse Engineering: Contains disassemblers, debuggers, and decompilers for analyzing binaries and .
  • RFID Tools: Specializes in assessment, including and sniffing capabilities for proximity-based systems.
  • Stress Testing: Features denial-of-service simulation and performance load tools to evaluate system resilience.
  • Forensics: Supports collection, recovery, and analysis, with modes for non-destructive imaging.
  • Reporting Tools: Aids in generating assessment reports, logs, and visualizations for and compliance.
  • Services: Manages background services like databases and proxies essential for tool operation during tests.
  • Miscellaneous: Covers ancillary utilities, including fuzzers, sniffers, spoofers, and social engineering aids not fitting neatly into other groups.

Notable Examples

The Metasploit Framework is a Ruby-based, modular penetration testing platform that enables users to write, test, and execute exploit code against remote targets, featuring extensive modules for payloads, encoders, auxiliary tasks, and post-exploitation activities. It serves as a central tool in the exploitation category for simulating advanced attacks, allowing professionals to assess vulnerabilities in networks and applications. Nmap, short for Network Mapper, is an open-source utility designed for network discovery and security auditing, supporting host discovery, port scanning, service version detection, operating system fingerprinting, and vulnerability scripting through its Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE). These capabilities make it essential for mapping network topologies and identifying potential entry points in phases of penetration testing. The Aircrack-ng suite comprises a collection of command-line tools for assessing , including packet capture and injection (via airmon-ng and aireplay-ng), monitoring (airodump-ng), and cracking WEP and WPA-PSK keys (). It is particularly significant for wireless auditing, enabling testers to evaluate encryption strength and detect unauthorized access in 802.11 networks. Wireshark functions as an open-source network protocol analyzer that captures live packet data from a network interface and provides detailed dissection of protocols for inspection and analysis. In , it excels at identifying anomalies, troubleshooting issues, and reconstructing sessions, making it a cornerstone for in security assessments. John the Ripper is an open-source tool that supports auditing and recovery across multiple operating systems, handling hundreds of hash types through modes like attacks, brute-force, and hybrid incremental cracking. Its versatility in testing underscores its role in identifying weak credentials during vulnerability assessments. is a comprehensive toolkit for , incorporating a proxy for intercepting and modifying HTTP/S traffic, a for site mapping, an intruder for automated , and a scanner for detecting vulnerabilities like SQL injection and XSS. As a key asset in web penetration testing, it facilitates manual and automated intrusion to uncover application flaws.

Releases

Major Versions

BackTrack's major versions evolved from its inception as a merger of existing security-focused distributions into a mature penetration testing platform, with each release introducing foundational improvements in tool integration, hardware compatibility, and . BackTrack 1.0, released in May 2006, represented the initial merger of the Security Collection and Whax projects into a unified distribution. Built on Slax (a derivative), it provided a basic toolset for security auditing and , emphasizing functionality for bootable, non-persistent environments that required no installation. BackTrack 2.0, released in early 2007, expanded the core capabilities by incorporating additional forensics tools alongside the existing security suite, while enhancing USB support to enable persistent storage and easier deployment on portable media. This version maintained the Slax base but refined the tool collection for broader applicability in incident response scenarios. BackTrack 3.0, released in 2008, introduced the 3.5 for improved graphical usability and integrated an expanded array of auditing tools, supporting advanced network penetration testing with better driver compatibility for common wireless hardware. The release focused on stabilizing the live environment while growing the repository to include more specialized utilities for . BackTrack 4.0, released in January 2010, marked a significant architectural shift by adopting 8.10 as its base system and switching to desktop for a more familiar interface, while expanding the toolset to over 300 pre-installed applications covering , exploitation, and post-exploitation phases. This Ubuntu foundation enabled better package management and community compatibility, reducing custom scripting needs. BackTrack 5.0, released in May 2011, updated to an Ubuntu 10.04 base with Linux kernel 2.6.38 for enhanced stability and hardware support, including deeper integration with the Metasploit Framework to streamline exploit development and execution workflows. The version emphasized customization options and forensic readiness, solidifying BackTrack as a comprehensive platform before its transition to Kali Linux.

Revision Updates

BackTrack's revision updates provided targeted improvements to existing major versions, primarily through bug fixes, tool updates, and hardware compatibility enhancements without introducing major architectural changes. The first revision for BackTrack 4, designated R1 and released on August 5, 2010, focused on refining the distribution's usability for penetration testing. It incorporated updates to core tools such as , addressed USB boot issues that affected live session persistence, and integrated new exploits to expand capabilities. These changes built upon the Ubuntu-based foundation introduced in BackTrack 4.0, ensuring better stability for security professionals deploying the distribution in field operations. BackTrack 4 R2 followed in November 2010, emphasizing hardware advancements with the adoption of 2.6.35. This update significantly improved compatibility with newer hardware, including support for interfaces and an enhanced mac80211 wireless stack for better injection capabilities on modern adapters. Additional refinements included faster desktop performance via optimized integration and broader wireless card support, making it more suitable for on-the-go testing scenarios. Shifting to the BackTrack 5 series, R1 arrived in August 2011 with Linux kernel 2.6.39 at its core. Key enhancements involved updated wireless drivers to resolve compatibility gaps with emerging chipsets, alongside the addition of new forensics tools like updated versions of autopsy and sleuth kit for digital evidence analysis. Over 120 bug fixes and 70 tool updates were applied, streamlining workflows for incident response and vulnerability scanning. BackTrack 5 R2, released in March 2012, upgraded to Linux kernel 3.2.6 and introduced enhanced support for ARM architectures, enabling deployment on mobile devices like tablets for remote penetration testing. It also included targeted bug fixes for Metasploit Framework, improving exploit reliability and database integration, along with 42 new tools and numerous package upgrades to bolster overall performance. The final revision, BackTrack 5 R3 in August 2012, maintained kernel 3.2.6 while prioritizing stability improvements through over 60 bug fixes and the addition of more than 60 new tools, including a dedicated category for physical exploitation devices. This update served as the last official revision before the transition to , refining the distribution's reliability for enterprise-grade security assessments.

References

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