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53°07′51″N 34°54′45″E / 53.13083°N 34.91250°E / 53.13083; 34.91250

Chayka pulse

Chayka (Russian: Чайка, lit. "gull") also known as Radiotekhnicheskaya Sistema Dal'ney Navigatsii abbreviated as RSDN (lit. Radio-technology System for Distant Navigation) is a Russian terrestrial radio navigation system, similar to Loran-C. It operates on similar frequencies around 100 kHz, and uses the same techniques of comparing both the envelope and the signal phase to accurately determine location. The systems differ primarily in details.

Chayka-Chains

[edit]
At the hill – RSDN-3/10, Crimea

Chayka, like LORAN-C, uses different pulse repetition frequencies (Group Repetition Intervals, or GRIs) to allow the identification of different stations operating on the same frequencies.

There are 5 Chayka chains in use:

  • GRI 8000 — Western (European) Russia Chayka Chain (1969, RSDN-3/10)
  • GRI 7950 — Eastern Russia Chayka Chain (1986, RSDN-4)
  • GRI 5980 — Russian-American Chayka Chain (1995)
  • GRI 5960 — Northern Chayka Chain (1996, RSDN-5)
  • GRI 4970 — North-Western Chayka Chain
  • And also North-Caucasian, South-Ural (GRI 5970), Siberian, Angarsk, Sayansk, Transbaikalian, Far East chains deployed on the basis of low-power mobile stations RSDN-10.

Chayka Transmitters

[edit]

The following Chayka transmitters work with very high power and may use very tall mast antennas (similar to LORAN-C transmitters). The masts at Dudinka and Taymylyr (demolished in 2009) were 460 metres high.

GRI 8000

[edit]
# Place Coordinates Emission delay, μs Coding delay, μs Transmission power, kW
M Karachev (44 km from Bryansk) 53°7′50.6″N 34°54′44.8″E / 53.130722°N 34.912444°E / 53.130722; 34.912444 450
W/1 Petrozavodsk 61°45′32.4″N 33°41′40.4″E / 61.759000°N 33.694556°E / 61.759000; 33.694556 13217.21 10000 700
X/2 Slonim (Belarus) 53°7′55.2″N 25°23′46″E / 53.132000°N 25.39611°E / 53.132000; 25.39611 27125.00 25000 450
Y/3 Simferopol 44°53′20.18″N 33°52′23.79″E / 44.8889389°N 33.8732750°E / 44.8889389; 33.8732750 53070.25 50000 550
Z/4 Syzran 53°17′17.6″N 48°6′53.4″E / 53.288222°N 48.114833°E / 53.288222; 48.114833 67941.60 65000 700

GRI 7950

[edit]
# Place Coordinates Emission delay, μs Coding delay, μs Transmission power, kW
M Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky 51°4′42.81″N 142°42′4.95″E / 51.0785583°N 142.7013750°E / 51.0785583; 142.7013750 700
W/1 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 53°7′48.26″N 157°41′49.1″E / 53.1300722°N 157.696972°E / 53.1300722; 157.696972 14506.5 11000 700
X/2 Ussuriysk 44°31′58.24″N 131°38′28.6″E / 44.5328444°N 131.641278°E / 44.5328444; 131.641278 33678.0 30000 700
Y/3 Tokachibuto (Japan) 42°44′37.2″N 143°43′10.5″E / 42.743667°N 143.719583°E / 42.743667; 143.719583 49104.15 46000 600
Z/4 Okhotsk 59°25′1.77″N 143°5′18.68″E / 59.4171583°N 143.0885222°E / 59.4171583; 143.0885222 64102.05 61000 10

GRI 5980

[edit]
# Place Coordinates Emission delay, μs Coding delay, μs Transmission power, kW
M Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 53°7′48.26″N 157°41′49.1″E / 53.1300722°N 157.696972°E / 53.1300722; 157.696972 700
W/1 Attu Island (United States) 52°49′44″N 173°10′49.7″E / 52.82889°N 173.180472°E / 52.82889; 173.180472 14506.5 11000 400
X/2 Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky 51°4′42.80″N 142°42′4.95″E / 51.0785556°N 142.7013750°E / 51.0785556; 142.7013750 31506.5 28000 700

GRI 5960

[edit]

(No longer in service)

# Place Coordinates Emission delay, μs Coding delay, μs Transmission power, kW
M Dudinka 69°21′45.20″N 86°41′50.56″E / 69.3625556°N 86.6973778°E / 69.3625556; 86.6973778 1200
W/1 Taymylyr 72°34′48.92″N 122°06′40.29″E / 72.5802556°N 122.1111917°E / 72.5802556; 122.1111917 1200
X/2 Pankratiev Island 76°7′34″N 60°12′55″E / 76.12611°N 60.21528°E / 76.12611; 60.21528 250
Y/3 Inta 65°57′59.57″N 60°18′33.5″E / 65.9665472°N 60.309306°E / 65.9665472; 60.309306 1200

GRI 4970

[edit]
# Place Coordinates Emission delay, μs Coding delay, μs Transmission power, kW
M Inta 65°57′59.57″N 60°18′33.5″E / 65.9665472°N 60.309306°E / 65.9665472; 60.309306 1200
W/1 Tumanny 69°3′8.4″N 35°40′14.3″E / 69.052333°N 35.670639°E / 69.052333; 35.670639
X/2 Pankratiev Island 76°7′34″N 60°12′55″E / 76.12611°N 60.21528°E / 76.12611; 60.21528 250

GRI 5970

[edit]
# Place Coordinates Emission delay, μs Coding delay, μs Transmission power, kW
M Yuzhno-Uralsk 54°23.1′N 61°20.6′E / 54.3850°N 61.3433°E / 54.3850; 61.3433
W/1 Yekaterinburg 56°44.8′N 60°31.6′E / 56.7467°N 60.5267°E / 56.7467; 60.5267 15895,1 15000
X/2 Kurgan 55°22.2′N 65°22.6′E / 55.3700°N 65.3767°E / 55.3700; 65.3767 30939,5 30000

See also

[edit]


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CHAYKA

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Chayka (Russian: Чайка, meaning ""; RSDN-10) is a low-frequency terrestrial radionavigation system operated by the Government of the Russian Federation, similar in function to the Western system. It employs pulse-phase hyperbolic techniques on frequencies around 100 kHz to deliver positioning, , and timing (PNT) services with accuracies enhanced to under 20 meters through differential corrections in modernized implementations. Developed during the era in the , Chayka became operational in 1969 with the activation of its first chain (GRI 8000) in western , marking the USSR's response to global needs amid escalating geopolitical tensions. Subsequent expansions through the to established additional chains, including GRI 7950 in eastern (1986), GRI 5980 for Russian-American cooperation (1995), and GRI 5960 for northern coverage (1996), growing the network to 14 stations across four primary national chains by the early 2000s. These chains utilize master and slave transmitters with outputs ranging from 250 to 1,200 kW, enabling wide-area coverage that includes , , , the western , and parts of the northwestern Pacific, with joint international chains extending reach to regions like the Korean Peninsula and . In operation, Chayka stations transmit synchronized pulse bursts identifiable by unique group repetition intervals (GRIs), allowing receivers to compute positions via time-of-arrival differences, a method resilient to satellite disruptions like jamming or spoofing. Modernization since the 2000s has integrated GNSS synchronizers for emission control delays under 0.25 microseconds, solid-state transmitter upgrades for reliability, and differential GNSS (DGNSS) data transmission via Loran towers, achieving 2-DRMS accuracies below 20 meters in test areas near St. Petersburg. The system supports diverse applications, from maritime and aviation route navigation to urban and mountainous environments where GNSS signals falter, and serves as a backup to Russia's GLONASS constellation under the CIS Interstate Radio Navigation Programme for 2023-2026. As of 2023, Chayka remains fully operational with ongoing enhancements, including new stations like one in , , containerized mobile variants such as "Scorpio" for military use, and research into integrated Chayka//inertial solutions for consumer devices, ensuring its role in resilient PNT infrastructure amid evolving threats to satellite-based systems.

Overview and History

System Overview

Chayka is a Soviet- and later Russian-developed hyperbolic radio navigation system that operates in the low-frequency (LF) band centered around 100 kHz, relying on ground-wave to enable long-range positioning over continental and maritime distances. The system determines a user's position by measuring the time differences of radio signals received from multiple synchronized transmitting stations, forming hyperbolas of position that intersect to yield coordinates. The primary purpose of Chayka is to deliver reliable position fixes for maritime, , and terrestrial navigation applications, particularly as a robust to satellite-based systems like GPS and in environments where global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) may be unavailable or jammed. It supports a wide range of users, including commercial shipping, military operations, and , by providing independent, terrestrial-based positioning that is resilient to space-based vulnerabilities. Chayka shares key technical similarities with the Western system, including a pulse-phase comparison methodology, a master-slave station architecture within regional chains, and positional accuracy typically ranging from 200 to 500 meters under standard conditions. The system's core components consist of a network of high-power ground-based transmitters arranged into operational "chains," where each chain is uniquely identified by its Group Repetition Interval (GRI), a parameter that dictates the timing cycle for signal groups and allows receivers to distinguish between different chains. In terms of emissions, Chayka transmitters broadcast groups of 10 pulses per cycle on the 100 kHz carrier, with integrated phase coding—such as tri-state on select pulses—to enhance and enable error correction, ensuring precise time-of-arrival measurements even in the presence of anomalies. This design facilitates compatibility with receivers in shared coverage areas and supports potential integration with GNSS for hybrid navigation solutions.

Historical Development

The development of the Chayka radio navigation system originated in the as part of Soviet efforts to create an independent, long-range hyperbolic aid to meet and requirements, serving as a domestic counterpart to Western systems like amid intensifying rivalries. Driven by the need for reliable positioning over vast territories without reliance on foreign technology, the system was designed to support , maritime, and terrestrial operations in a geopolitically tense era. The first operational chain, designated GRI 8000 and known as RSDN-3/10, was established in western in 1969, marking Chayka's initial deployment and providing coverage for European parts of the . This chain laid the foundation for subsequent expansions, reflecting the system's growing strategic importance. By 1986, the GRI 7950 chain (RSDN-4) was launched in eastern to extend coverage across and the . Further growth occurred in the post-Cold War period, with the introduction of the GRI 5980 chain in 1995 as a Russian-American collaborative effort, incorporating stations in (such as Attu) to enhance trans-Pacific navigation interoperability. This partnership exemplified early post-Soviet integration with global standards, building on 1992 agreements where Russian engineers adapted Chayka signals for compatibility with receivers through minor modifications. In 1996, the GRI 5960 chain (RSDN-5) was activated for northern regions, followed by the GRI 4970 chain in north-western areas and the GRI 5970 chain serving the South Ural and other regional zones as part of late-1990s expansions, broadening national coverage. During the 1990s, Chayka underwent modernization to improve compatibility, facilitating joint operations and alignment with international norms amid the Soviet Union's dissolution. However, by the , some faced decommissioning due to maintenance challenges and shifting priorities; notably, the 460-meter mast, part of the system's high-power transmission network, was demolished in 2009. These events underscored the system's evolution from a Cold War-era strategic asset to a component of Russia's integrated framework.

Technical Principles

Signal Transmission and Coding

The Chayka navigation system operates in the low-frequency band of 90-110 kHz, with primary transmissions centered at 100 kHz, enabling ground-wave propagation over distances up to 3,000 km due to the efficient coupling of signals to the Earth's surface at these wavelengths. This frequency range supports long-range coverage while minimizing sky-wave interference during daytime operations, though nighttime sky-wave effects require phase coding for mitigation. Transmissions consist of pulses of a 100 kHz , forming the basis for both envelope and phase measurements in receivers. Transmissions consist of pulse groups containing 8 pulses from slave stations and 9 from the master station, where the first eight serve primary functions and the ninth identifies the master station. Each has a duration of 200 μs, with 1 ms spacing between pulses within the group to allow separation from multipath arrivals. The Group Repetition Interval (GRI) is unique to each chain, such as 8000 μs for the Western European chain, corresponding to repetition rates between 83 and 125 groups per second; this interval ensures chain identification and prevents overlap with other transmissions. Coding and emission delays are integral to signal integrity and synchronization. Emission delays represent the time offset of secondary stations from the master transmission, typically ranging from 1000 to 7000 μs to avoid pulse overlap across the coverage area. Coding delays introduce phase shifts (advanced, prompt, or delayed by ±1 μs) applied to specific pulses for error correction and sky-wave rejection, using techniques like nine-phase coding on pulses 3 through 8. Master stations achieve effective radiated power (ERP) up to 1200 kW, supported by antenna systems featuring tall guyed masts reaching heights of 460 m or more to optimize vertical radiation patterns for ground-wave efficiency. Modulation techniques emphasize robustness for hyperbolic positioning. Envelope detection of the leading edge provides coarse time-of-arrival measurements, while phase comparison of the carrier cycle (typically the third zero-crossing at ~30 μs) enables fine accuracy down to tens of meters. The EUROFIX protocol overlays corrections via three-state (PPM) on the last six pulses, transmitting 56 bits over 30 GRIs using Reed-Solomon for integrity monitoring. These GRIs distinguish chains, facilitating receiver lock-on to specific hyperbolic lanes for position fixes. The CHAYKA navigation system employs a hyperbolic positioning principle, where a receiver determines its by measuring the time difference of arrival (TDOA) of synchronized radio pulses transmitted from a master station and one or more slave stations within a . The constant TDOA value defines a with foci at the positions of the master and slave stations, and the of two such hyperbolae from different master-slave pairs yields the two-dimensional position fix. Mathematically, the TDOA Δt\Delta t is given by Δt=ds−dmc,\Delta t = \frac{d_s - d_m}{c}, where dsd_s is the distance from the receiver to the slave station, dmd_m is the distance to the master station, and cc is the speed of light (approximately 299,792 km/s); this difference corresponds to a specific hyperbolic locus after propagation corrections. In chain operation, the master station transmits pulses that synchronize the slave stations via global navigation satellite system (GNSS) timing references, ensuring precise time-of-transmission (TOT) control with envelope cycle difference (ECD) better than 0.25 μs and ensemble tolerance under 0.009 μs. The receiver locks onto the pulse trains, identified by unique group repetition intervals (GRIs), and measures phase differences—typically at the third positive zero crossing of the pulse envelope—to compute the TDOA for each master-slave pair. These measurements are then converted to latitude and longitude coordinates using precomputed lookup tables or algorithmic models that account for signal propagation characteristics. Typical positioning accuracy for CHAYKA ranges from 200 to 500 (2-DRMS) under standard conditions, influenced by factors such as groundwave propagation over varying terrain conductivity, which introduces additional secondary factors (ASF) of up to several microseconds, and interference that degrades signals particularly at night. Differential modes, employing reference receivers to broadcast corrections, enhance accuracy to approximately 20 near monitoring stations. CHAYKA receivers must support pulse detection with a of at least 1:3, automatic phase locking to track carrier cycles, and GRI identification to select the appropriate chain; advanced models integrate differential GNSS corrections and output position data in standard formats like latitude/longitude. To mitigate errors from contamination and noise, the system incorporates phase coding delays in the pulse structure, which allow receivers to reject multipath signals by verifying code alignment, and GNSS-synchronized TOT adjustments that reduce propagation-induced timing errors.

System Architecture

Chain Configurations

In the Chayka navigation system, a is defined as a coordinated group of three or more ground-based radio stations that transmit synchronized signals on the same , typically comprising one master station and two or more secondary (slave) stations, all assigned to a unique Group Repetition Interval (GRI) measured in tenths of microseconds to allow receivers to distinguish signals from different chains and prevent interference. Synchronization across stations in a chain is achieved using atomic clocks at the master stations to maintain precise timing, ensuring the pulse emissions align within microseconds for accurate hyperbolic position fixing. Active Chayka chains provide coverage across key regions of and adjacent areas, with configurations tailored to regional needs; for instance, the western chain supports , while the eastern chain covers the Pacific seaboard. These chains operate with GRIs selected to avoid overlap with international systems, enabling seamless integration where compatible receivers are used. Transmitter configurations in these chains deliver sufficient power to achieve long-range coverage, often exceeding 1,000 kilometers over water. The following table summarizes the active chains, including their GRI, approximate number of stations, primary regions served, and initial activation year:
GRINumber of StationsPrimary RegionsActivation Year
800051969
795051986
598021995
497031990s
5970Multiple (regional)1990s
One chain has been decommissioned: the GRI 5960 northern chain, which served regions and was activated in 1996 but shut down in the post-2000s period following reduced demand after the . To extend coverage in remote or underdeveloped areas, mobile RSDN-10 stations are deployed temporarily, such as in , Sayansk, Transbaikalia, and the , operating within existing chains like GRI 5970 to provide supplemental signals without permanent .

Transmitter Details

The CHAYKA navigation system employs multiple chains of transmitters operating at 100 kHz, with each chain featuring a master station and several secondary stations configured for specific emission and coding delays to facilitate chain synchronization and signal identification. Transmission powers typically range from 10 kW for low-power secondaries to 1200 kW for masters, though some stations have seen power reductions since 2010 for operational efficiency. Antenna infrastructure generally consists of guyed masts 250-300 m in height, often with multiple masts forming a ground plane for omnidirectional radiation. International cooperation has led to unique sites, such as the secondary station on Tokachibuto in Japan (GRI 7950).

GRI 8000 Chain (European Russia)

This chain covers western Russia and parts of , with the master at Karachev and secondaries including , , , , and others. The master transmits at full power without delays, while secondaries have offsets for .
StationPlace NameCoordinatesEmission Delay (μs)Coding Delay (μs)Transmission Power (kW)
MasterKarachev53°07′51″N 34°54′45″E001150
Secondary W61°45′32″N 33°41′00″E1321710000800
Secondary X53°07′55″N 25°23′46″E2712525000450
Secondary Y53°17′18″N 48°06′53″E6794265000650
Secondary Z44°53′20″N 33°52′24″EUnknownUnknown550
Antenna details include a 300 m central at Karachev and 250 m masts at and , supporting high-power broadcasts over 1500 km range.

GRI 7950 Chain (Eastern )

This chain serves the , with the master at Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky and secondaries across and . Powers are generally 600-700 kW, with one low-power station at .
StationPlace NameCoordinatesEmission Delay (μs)Coding Delay (μs)Transmission Power (kW)
MasterAlexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky51°04′43″N 142°42′05″E00700
Secondary W53°07′48″N 157°41′43″E1450711000700
Secondary X44°32′00″N 131°38′23″E3367830000700
Secondary YTokachibuto (, )42°44′37″N 143°43′10″E4910446000600
Secondary Z59°25′02″N 143°05′23″E641026100010
The chain uses 350 m masts at key sites for extended coverage up to 2200 km.

GRI 5980 Chain (Russian-American)

This trans-Pacific chain includes international stations for North Pacific coverage, with the master in ; the secondary on (, ) was decommissioned in 2010 as part of the U.S. shutdown.
StationPlace NameCoordinatesEmission Delay (μs)Coding Delay (μs)Transmission Power (kW)
Master53°07′48″N 157°41′43″E00700
Secondary X (, )52°49′44″N 173°10′50″E~20000~17000200 (decommissioned 2010)
Secondary YAlexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky51°04′43″N 142°42′05″E1450011000700
Powers are lower for the remote Attu site to suit its role in chain extension.

GRI 4970 and 5970 Chains

These northern chains cover regions, with stations at , Inta, and Taimyr for GRI 4970, and similar configurations for GRI 5970 including Pankratyev Island. Typical powers are 200-800 kW, with emission delays offset by 10,000-60,000 μs and 250 m masts; specific coordinates and delays vary but follow standard CHAYKA . Post-2010 efficiency measures reduced some powers by 20-30%.

Operations and Applications

Coverage Areas

The Chayka navigation system provides primary coverage over vast expanses of Russia and adjacent regions, encompassing approximately 20 million square kilometers through its network of chains. This includes , , , and extends westward into parts of , eastward to the northwestern Pacific including areas near and via joint configurations, and northward into Arctic zones along the . The system's east-west span reaches about 10,000 kilometers, enabled by strategically placed transmitters that form overlapping zones for enhanced reliability. Propagation characteristics of Chayka signals rely predominantly on ground waves, offering a reliable daytime range of 1,200 to 2,200 kilometers per station, suitable for marine, , and terrestrial applications within line-of-sight and over-water paths. At night, propagation can extend coverage further but introduces multipath interference, reducing positional accuracy as signals reflect off the . Chain-specific zones include the European chain serving western regions like and , the Eastern chain covering and the , and the Northern chain focusing on areas, with deliberate overlaps in central and transitional zones to provide redundancy and improved hyperbolic fixes. Limitations in coverage include notable gaps in southern and due to the northern orientation of stations, as well as signal degradation from urban interference, mountainous terrain, and ionospheric disturbances that affect reception beyond 2,000 kilometers. Accuracy, typically 0.5 to 2 kilometers in standard conditions, diminishes in extended scenarios or high-interference environments. Mapping efforts emphasize overlap regions for robust positioning, with brief integration alongside systems like Alpha enhancing polar coverage through complementary low-frequency signals.

Usage and Integration

Chayka serves as a primary navigation aid for maritime applications, particularly for ship positioning in Russian coastal waters, where it provides accuracies ranging from 60 to 1,500 meters depending on the chain configuration. In aviation, it functions as a backup system for instrument flight rules (IFR) operations in GNSS-denied environments, supporting en-route navigation with accuracies of 0.5 to 2 kilometers across key chains. Military applications include submarine navigation and troop positioning in high-mobility scenarios, leveraging its resistance to interference for secure operations in contested areas. On land, it aids rail and vehicle navigation in remote regions, enhancing transport reliability where satellite signals may be unreliable. Dedicated Chayka receivers, such as the aviation models A-711, A-720, and A-723, along with maritime units like the KPI-5f and land-based "" systems, enable standalone operation for these uses. Hybrid receivers integrating Chayka with GPS and provide differential corrections through the EUROFIX protocol, broadcasting enhancements via Chayka transmitters to achieve sub-100-meter accuracies in supported areas. In modern navigation ecosystems, Chayka integrates with and GPS to form resilient positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) solutions, particularly in regions prone to jamming or spoofing. Russian military doctrine anticipates using Chayka in GNSS-denied environments, and it was expected to support operations during the 2022 invasion of amid reported GNSS disruptions. Civilian access to Chayka remains limited but supports sectors like and , where hybrid receivers facilitate precise positioning in remote or offshore settings. Accuracy enhancements, akin to wide-area augmentation systems, are achieved through differential modes like EUROFIX, improving overall PNT integrity without relying solely on satellite signals. As of 2025, Chayka remains operational and designated as a mandated backup in Russian standards to ensure continuity during outages.

Current Status

Active Systems

As of the early 2020s, the Chayka system operates several key chains that provide reliable long-range navigation coverage across and adjacent regions. The GRI 8000 (Western European Russia chain), GRI 7950 (Eastern Russia chain), GRI 5980 (Russian-American chain), GRI 4970 (North-Western chain), and GRI 5970 chains are reported as active, undergoing regular maintenance to ensure signal integrity and coverage. These chains transmit at power levels reported between 200 and 800 kW, supporting both and applications with effective ranges exceeding 1000 km. Post-2022 developments have focused on enhancing the system's resilience for use, particularly in response to GNSS jamming incidents in during the Ukraine conflict, where Chayka served as a robust backup to . All active stations are monitored by the on , integrating Chayka signals with broader Russian positioning infrastructure for real-time oversight. The GRI 5960 (Northern chain) has been offline since approximately , following the decommissioning of supporting . Secondary elements, such as the 460-meter mast at , were removed in 2009 as part of site rationalization efforts. Real-time operational status is tracked by Russian navigation authorities, including the Interstate Council on Radio Navigation. Internationally, stations associated with the GRI 5980 chain in the were decommissioned in along with the broader shutdown, while Russian segments of the chain remain operational.

Modernization and Future Prospects

In the , initiated modernization efforts for the Chayka system to enhance its compatibility with eLoran standards, including improvements in and digital modulation techniques to support more precise timing and positioning signals. These upgrades aimed to align Chayka with international terrestrial advancements, enabling better with global systems while maintaining its role as a robust alternative to satellite-based , though progress stalled after 2014 due to . Integration with Russian GNSS, particularly , has advanced through the development of hybrid receivers that combine Chayka signals with satellite data for improved accuracy and reliability in GNSS-denied environments. By the , these efforts have included enhanced applications, where Chayka serves as a primary under Russian that anticipates GNSS disruptions during conflicts, such as jamming or spoofing attacks observed in . Increased emphasis on anti-jamming resilience is evident in Russia's 2019–2024 plan, which prioritized terrestrial systems like Chayka to counter electronic warfare threats; the plan's implementation through 2024 was reported in early 2025, confirming continued operation but with limited public details on specific outcomes. Looking ahead, Chayka's prospects center on its role as a positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) backup in GNSS-vulnerable scenarios, including wartime operations, solar storms, and high-latitude regions like the where satellite signals degrade. Potential developments include further evolution toward an eChayka variant, similar to eLoran, to achieve enhanced accuracy through modernized infrastructure. However, challenges persist with aging transmitter stations and shifting funding priorities toward space-based systems, which could strain maintenance without sustained investment. Under the concluded 2019–2024 CIS plan, Chayka's retention was prioritized for national security, with potential for regional cooperation depending on future strategies.

References

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  29. https://rntfnd.org/2022/04/12/chayka-eloran-compensates-armada-international/
  30. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_former_Soviet_Union
  31. https://vpk.gov.by/en/news/sami-representative-reported-on-the-activities-of-the-radio-navigation-interstate-council-at-a-meeti.html
  32. https://rntfnd.org/2018/06/06/russia-china-upgrading-loran-eloran-systems/
  33. https://www.gpsworld.com/alt-pnt-receivers-emphasize-low-power-requirements/
  34. https://www.c4isrnet.com/opinion/2020/04/20/russias-new-navigation-plan-reveals-a-fear-of-jamming/
  35. https://vpk.gov.by/en/news/the-results-of-the-implementation-of-the-main-directions-for-the-development-of-radio-navigation-in-.html
  36. https://stig.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/stig/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Resilient_PNT_Policy_Report_FINAL_ONLINE.pdf
  37. https://insidegnss.com/lawmaker-presses-dod-on-elorans-gps-backup-role/
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