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Bucket (machine part)
Bucket (machine part)
Bucket (machine part)
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A bucket (also called a scoop to qualify shallower designs of tools) is a specialized container attached to a machine, as compared to a bucket adapted for manual use by a human being. It is a bulk material handling component.

The bucket has an inner volume as compared to other types of machine attachments like blades or shovels.

The bucket could be attached to the lifting hook of a crane, at the end of the arm of an excavating machine, to the wires of a dragline excavator, to the arms of a power shovel or a tractor equipped with a backhoe loader or to a loader, or to a dredge.

The name "bucket" may have been coined from buckets used in water wheels, or used in water turbines or in similar-looking devices.

Purposes

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Buckets in mechanical engineering can have a distinct quality from the traditional bucket (pail) whose purpose is to contain things. Larger versions of this type of bucket equip bucket trucks to contain human beings, buckets in water-hauling systems in mines or, for instance, in helicopter buckets to hold water to combat fires.

Two other types of mechanical buckets can be distinguished according to the final destination of the device they equip: energy-consumer systems like excavators or energy-capturer systems like water bucket wheels or turbines.

Size and shape

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Buckets exist in a variety of sizes or shapes. They can be quite large like those equipping Hulett cranes, used to discharge ore out of cargo ships in harbours or very small such as those used by deep-sea exploration vehicles.

The shape of the bucket can vary from the truncated conical shape of an actual bucket to more scoop-like or spoon-like shapes akin to water turbines. The cross section can be round or square.

Three miners are extracted during the Farmington Mine disaster, in a bucket attached to a crane

Designs

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Simple design

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This is the same shape of a domestic form, the one-piece-standing single element, but often with an augmented size.

Mining

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In early developments of mining, a large simple bucket allowed easy insertion of both miners and construction materials such as pit props, and later extraction of miners and ore. Common terms used in various parts of the world include: Bowk; Kibble; Hoppit; Hoppet. Latterly they have been called sinking buckets, as they are now only used when sinking new mine shafts before insertion of the cage, or for emergency rescue.[1]

Concrete bucket

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Concrete bucket on a crane

A concrete bucket delivers concrete by means of a tower crane. It has a bottom opening to allow concrete to flow out when in-place. See also tremie.

Boom truck bucket

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A boom truck (or “bucket truck”) bucket is an aerial work platform placed at the end of an excavator-like arm which allows a man to be hoisted to do construction work, such as tree pruning and electrical line maintenance. When necessary the bucket is made out of a non-conductive material for safety. A construction site man lift is a similar apparatus. There may be a door on the side of the bucket in either.

Excavator bucket

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Excavator buckets are made of solid steel and generally present teeth protruding from the cutting edge, to disrupt hard material and avoid wear-and-tear of the bucket. Subsets of the excavator bucket are: the ditching bucket, trenching bucket, A ditching bucket is a wider bucket with no teeth, 5–6 feet (1.52–1.83 m) used for excavating larger excavations and grading stone. A trenching excavator bucket is normally 6 to 24 in (152 to 610 mm) wide and with protruding teeth.

Bucket crusher

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A bucket crusher or crusher bucket is a type of jaw crusher. It's an attached tool for excavators for built-in crushing construction waste and demolition materials.

Screening bucket

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The screening bucket is an attachment for the excavators, loaders, skid steers and backhoe loaders that helps the selection of natural material for different purposes at the jobsite.

Clamshell bucket

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Main article: Grab (tool)
Clamshell buckets from a retired coal-loading crane, now displayed at a dock re-development in Cardiff

The clamshell bucket is a more sophisticated articulated several-piece device, including two elementary buckets associated on a hinged structure forming a claws-like appendage with an internal volume.

Buckets-wheel

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In mining

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The design is used in bucket-wheel excavators. The buckets in the wheel have to be made of solid material to withstand the resistance of the material it cuts through.[citation needed]

In water hoisting

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In energy production

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The bucket wheel design is also used to capture the water energy in water-wheels or water turbines like Pelton wheels. The buckets also have to be made of solid material to withstand the force of the water flow. Their shape is optimized according to their purpose. Other designs include vertical shaft wind turbines designs like on the Savonius wind turbine. In this case, the buckets have to be made of a light material.

Buckets-ladders (buckets-chains)

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The buckets-ladders are used in bucket elevators or in the dredge design of some dredgers.

Images

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  • Helicopter bucket made of canvas
    Helicopter bucket made of canvas
  • An excavator bucket
    An excavator bucket
  • Hulett crane bucket
    Hulett crane bucket
  • Bucket wheel on a bucket-wheel excavator
    Bucket wheel on a bucket-wheel excavator
  • Bucket wheel detail showing actual buckets use
    Bucket wheel detail showing actual buckets use
  • Pelton wheel
    Pelton wheel
  • Savonius wind turbine with two scoops
    Savonius wind turbine with two scoops
  • Bucket ladder on a dredge
    Bucket ladder on a dredge
  • Truck with clamshell grab on arm, south Manchester, England, 27 July 2009
    Truck with clamshell grab on arm, south Manchester, England, 27 July 2009
  • Bobcat skid-steer bucket
    Bobcat skid-steer bucket

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Bucket (machine part)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A bucket is a scoop or used in various heavy machinery and excavating equipment to dig, lift, scoop, and transport bulk materials such as , rocks, , and . This component appears in diverse forms, including attachments mounted at the end of arms or booms on machines like excavators, skid steers, front-end loaders, and backhoes, as well as integrated parts in continuous systems such as bucket wheels and chains, operating via hydraulic or mechanical means to perform earthmoving tasks efficiently in , , and excavation projects, thereby reducing manual labor and operational costs. Buckets are engineered in diverse types to suit specific applications, with designs optimized for type, , and job precision.

Overview

Definition and Purposes

A bucket is a scoop-like attachment affixed to heavy machinery, including excavators, dredgers, and loaders, functioning as a specialized container for bulk . Unlike manual buckets, these mechanical variants are engineered to interface with hydraulic or mechanical systems, enabling precise control for tasks involving excavation, lifting, transportation, and deposition of materials such as , , , , or even liquids in operations. The primary purposes of machine buckets encompass digging and excavation in and projects, where they penetrate and loosen earth or rock; loading and unloading s during earthmoving activities to facilitate transport to trucks or stockpiles; and to maintain waterways by removing buildup. In industrial settings, buckets also support sorting and of aggregates or minerals, with designs optimized for specific densities and flow characteristics. Volume capacities vary widely to match scale, typically ranging from 0.1 m³ for compact excavators used in work to over 100 m³ for massive dredgers and draglines in large-scale . The functional evolution of buckets traces from rudimentary manual scoops employed in ancient and —such as those used by early civilizations for basic earth displacement—to sophisticated mechanized components integrated into modern , yielding dramatic improvements in operational speed, , and through and material advancements like high-strength .

Historical Development

The use of simple bucket-like scoops for dredging dates back to ancient Egypt around 2000 BCE, where manual tools were employed for maintaining irrigation canals along the Nile River to support agriculture and transportation. Early systems relied on human or animal power for mining and agricultural tasks, marking the foundational manual approaches to material excavation before mechanization. In the , steam-powered bucket dredgers emerged, replacing earlier mud mills that used rotating chains and wooden boards powered by humans or animals. These steam-driven machines, initially unreliable, improved efficiency for ports and rivers by the mid-1800s. By the late 1800s, bucket chain excavators had developed for large-scale , with the first mechanical version patented in 1827 and applied to projects like the construction. The early 20th century saw key innovations in hydraulic systems, with the first hydraulic excavator built in 1882 by Sir W.G. Armstrong & Company in , utilizing water and cables for operation in dockyard construction at Hull, though it proved unsuccessful commercially. Bucket-wheel excavators appeared in the 1920s for , enabling continuous operation to extract minerals like on a large scale. Post-World War II, hydraulic dipper buckets gained widespread adoption in the 1950s and 1960s alongside crawler excavators, revolutionizing construction with precise control and replacing cable-operated machines. Specialized attachments like clamshell buckets, first patented in , have been used since the late for precise material grabbing in and excavation. From the 1980s onward, advanced integrated with electronic controls enhanced bucket performance in excavators, improving efficiency and reducing energy use. Composites began appearing in bucket components for weight reduction and , as seen in modern designs incorporating wear-resistant layers. Bucket teeth evolved from riveted forged designs in the early 1900s, which were one-piece and prone to blunting, to interchangeable wear-resistant tips by the , featuring systems for easier replacement and longer life through improved .

Design and Construction

Size and Shape Factors

The size of a bucket in earthmoving machinery, such as excavators, is primarily determined by the operating weight of the host machine to ensure compatibility with hydraulic capacity and structural integrity. For mini and compact excavators weighing 1 to 10 tons, typical bucket capacities range from 0.01 to 0.5 cubic meters, while mid-size machines of 10 to 40 tons accommodate 0.5 to 2.5 cubic meters, and large units over 40 tons use buckets up to 5 cubic meters or more for heavy-duty applications. Material density also plays a critical role, as denser substances like wet clay (approximately 1,850 kg/m³) necessitate smaller buckets to prevent overloading the machine's lift capacity and maintain operational efficiency. Additionally, project-specific volume requirements and the desired fill factor—typically 80% to 95% for optimal loading in loose to medium materials—influence selection, allowing for balanced productivity without excessive spillage or incomplete fills. Bucket shapes vary to optimize performance across soil types and tasks, directly impacting digging force, material retention, and overall capacity. Open-top dipper designs with smooth, rounded profiles are suited for loose soils like or , facilitating easy penetration and high fill factors due to their straightforward geometry. In contrast, reinforced curved profiles with V-shaped cutting edges and sharp teeth are employed for rocky or abrasive materials, enhancing breakout force by concentrating pressure at the while distributing stress to withstand impacts. Width-to-depth ratios further tailor functionality; wider buckets (e.g., 60 to 84 inches for machines over 10 tons) promote efficient grading and surface leveling by increasing sweep area, whereas narrower profiles (12 to 36 inches) boost digging force for trenching by focusing hydraulic power on a smaller , though they may reduce per-cycle capacity. These geometric choices can improve capacity in matched applications while minimizing resistance during excavation. Bucket capacity is calculated using standardized methods to account for both geometric volume and practical loading conditions, with SAE J296 providing key guidelines for excavator attachments. The basic theoretical capacity incorporates a fill factor into the product of length, width, and height (Volume = Length × Width × Height × Fill Factor), but real-world assessments distinguish between struck capacity—the flat-filled volume up to the strike plane—and heaped capacity, which adds material piled at a 1:1 angle of repose above the edges. SAE standards define heaped capacity as the struck volume plus the pyramidal heap, ensuring consistent ratings across manufacturers and enabling accurate productivity estimates for tasks like excavation. Adaptations such as tilt or adjustable mechanisms enhance versatility by allowing dynamic shape modifications without swapping attachments, though true telescoping designs are more common in boom extensions than buckets themselves. These features enable angle adjustments up to 45 degrees for precise work or multi-directional loading, reducing repositioning cycles and improving adaptability across job sites. However, larger or mismatched sizes can compromise machine stability by shifting the center of outward, increasing tipping risk during lifts, and elevate fuel consumption due to higher hydraulic demands and slower cycle times. Proper sizing thus balances these effects to optimize efficiency and safety.

Materials and Manufacturing

Buckets are primarily constructed from high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, such as ASTM A572 Grade 50, for the main body to provide structural integrity while minimizing weight. For components exposed to severe wear, like cutting edges and side liners, abrasion-resistant steels such as AR400 or Hardox 450 are employed, offering Brinell hardness levels of 400-450 HB to withstand abrasive materials. Wear-resistant alloys, including high-chromium cast irons or for teeth and liners, further enhance durability in high-impact zones. Key material properties include yield strengths of at least 50 ksi and tensile strengths of at least 65 ksi for structural elements like ASTM A572 Grade 50, enabling buckets to handle heavy loads without deformation. Impact resistance is critical for applications involving rocky terrains, where AR steels like Hardox 450 maintain toughness alongside hardness to prevent cracking under dynamic loads. For buckets operating in corrosive environments, protection is achieved through zinc-based coatings or , forming a sacrificial barrier that extends by sealing the from moisture and salts. Manufacturing begins with precision cutting and forming of plates using plasma or techniques to achieve accurate shapes and minimize waste. Heavy plates are joined via welding methods like , which ensures strong, deep penetration bonds suitable for thick sections. Edges and wear-prone areas undergo , such as and tempering, to increase and improve resistance to abrasion. Final assembly incorporates forged pins, bushings, and adapters, often secured with high-strength bolting or pinning to allow for and replacement. Since the 2000s, advancements have included the integration of composite liners and tungsten carbide inserts in wear surfaces, which can extend bucket life several times compared to traditional steels by combining high hardness with reduced brittleness. Steel recycling in production has also become standard to lower energy consumption and environmental footprint during fabrication.

Types of Buckets

Fixed Dipper Buckets

Fixed dipper buckets, also known as general-purpose or buckets, feature a rigid attachment to the stick or boom of hydraulic excavators and loaders, ensuring a fixed orientation during operation. This design includes a straight or curved cutting edge, often equipped with replaceable teeth for enhanced penetration and durability. The bucket's structure typically incorporates high-strength plates with reinforced side cutters and plates to withstand abrasion, while capacities vary from approximately 0.2 m³ for mini-excavators to 5 m³ for large models, allowing to size and task requirements. These buckets find primary applications in general excavation tasks within , such as trenching and foundation , where they efficiently handle and loose materials. In operations, they are used for loading, particularly in selective scenarios on uneven . Subtypes include general-purpose (GP) buckets optimized for and clay, featuring a balanced profile for versatile loading, and heavy-duty rock buckets with reinforced heels and additional shrouds to manage harder, materials like rock and . Operation relies on hydraulic actuation through a dedicated that controls the bucket's curl for scooping and dumping, integrated with the machine's primary circuits for boom and movements. The digging cycle consists of motion to extend the into the material, hoist to lift the load, and retract to pull back, enabling efficient material extraction. Wear patterns primarily affect the and teeth due to constant ground contact, necessitating periodic replacement of teeth to maintain performance and extend bucket life. Fixed dipper buckets provide high breakout force, ideal for penetrating and loosening compacted soils or materials, contributing to faster cycle times in bulk excavation. However, their fixed design limits precision in grabbing or handling loose, piled materials, making them less suitable compared to hinged mechanisms like clamshells for such tasks.

Clamshell and Grab Buckets

Clamshell and grab buckets are specialized parts featuring two hinged shells that pivot to open and close, enabling them to grip and lift loose or irregular materials such as , , or . These buckets are typically suspended from cranes, excavators, or dredgers and actuated by hydraulic cylinders for powered closing or cables and ropes for mechanical operation. The design includes a central pivot point at the top or middle of the shells, forming a claw-like that ensures secure handling of submerged or scattered loads. Capacities generally range from 0.5 to 20 m³, depending on the application and . Subtypes of these buckets include orange-peel grabs, which feature multiple petal-like shells ideal for like metal or minerals, and four-rope clamshells, which use separate ropes for opening and closing to provide precise control during operations. These variations allow for adaptability in material density and handling requirements. Historically, clamshell buckets have been employed in steam-powered dredgers since the early 1900s, revolutionizing waterway maintenance by enabling efficient removal. In applications, clamshell and grab buckets excel in dredging operations within ports and rivers, where they remove and to maintain navigable depths. They are also used for waste handling in facilities, capturing and transporting or sorted materials. Additionally, these buckets support pile driving and foundation work by gripping and positioning heavy components like poles or forms in sites. Operation involves opening the shells via suspension ropes or hydraulic retraction, followed by closing through load , hydraulic , or cable tension to secure the . Cycle times are influenced by hoist speed and material flow, with shell angles typically set at 30-45 degrees to optimize grip and penetration. The primary advantages of clamshell and grab buckets lie in their effectiveness for underwater dredging and vertical lifts, where they minimize spillage and handle submerged loads without requiring constant repositioning. However, they require higher compared to fixed buckets due to hinge wear from repeated opening and closing cycles, necessitating regular lubrication and inspections of pivots and linkages.

Bucket Wheel Systems

Bucket wheel systems consist of a large rotating equipped with a series of 10 to 20 buckets arranged peripherally, typically on a ranging from 10 to 25 meters, designed for continuous excavation in and . The buckets, with capacities typically ranging from 0.25 to 7 m³ each depending on model size, are mounted on an adjustable boom supported by a slewable and crawler undercarriage, enabling the system to traverse benches up to 50 meters high. These machines are driven by powerful electric motors, allowing 24/7 operation, and integrate directly with conveyor belts or transfer booms to discharge excavated material efficiently without intermediate handling. In applications, bucket wheel systems are primarily deployed for large-scale of soft materials like , , clay, , and , as well as in for extraction in rivers, ports, and marine environments. A prominent example is the , built by TAKRAF in 1995 and operational in Germany's Garzweiler mine, where it removes to access deposits for production. These systems also support and material reclamation at power stations and ports, handling volumes from 200 to 10,000 cubic meters per hour depending on the model. Operation involves continuous rotation of the bucket wheel at speeds of 0.5 to 2 RPM for large models, enabling excavation depths up to 50 meters while the machine advances slowly on crawlers at 0.1 to 0.6 km/h. Giant variants, such as the with its 21.6-meter-diameter wheel and 18 buckets each holding 6.6 m³, require 16.56 MW of external electrical power and can process up to 240,000 cubic meters per day, with material transferred via integrated conveyors. To mitigate environmental impacts, modern designs incorporate suppression systems, such as high-pressure mist nozzles around the excavation and discharge areas, ensuring compliance with operational safety standards. The primary advantages of bucket wheel systems include exceptionally high throughput—up to 19,000 cubic meters per hour in advanced configurations—and reduced reliance on haul trucks, which lowers operational costs and enhances safety by minimizing personnel exposure. Their continuous operation and energy-efficient electric drives make them ideal for 24/7 mining cycles in suitable terrains. However, limitations arise in handling , as they are optimized for soft-to-medium unconsolidated materials, requiring pre-blasting or alternative equipment for rocky deposits; additionally, their massive size demands flat, stable benches and significant infrastructure for setup and maintenance.

Bucket Chain Systems

Bucket chain systems utilize an endless or ladder frame fitted with multiple interconnected buckets to enable continuous vertical or inclined hoisting of bulk materials, distinguishing them from rotational mechanisms by their linear chain-driven motion. These systems are integral to operations requiring steady material extraction and elevation, such as in for sediment removal and in for transport. Typically comprising 50 to 100 buckets, each with a capacity of 0.05 to 0.5 m³, the setup is driven by sprockets powered by electric or diesel motors, with chain lengths extending up to 100 m to accommodate deep excavations. In design, the buckets are linked via a robust , often forged from high-strength alloys, forming a continuous loop that operates within a supporting or structure for stability during hoisting. Tensioning mechanisms, such as winches applying up to 700 kN of force per 100 liters of bucket capacity, maintain chain tautness and prevent slack, particularly under load in environments. Adaptations for amphibious applications include pontoon-mounted frames for shallow-water mobility, allowing deployment in rivers or lakes without fixed anchoring. Primary applications encompass underwater for harbor and waterway maintenance, where systems excavate accumulated sediments in ports and rivers; mining hoists that elevate vertically using chain-driven elevators for processing; and bucket ladder excavators (BCEs) employed since the for continuous removal of soft in operations. In and tin mining, for instance, these systems integrate with beneficiation circuits to handle , , and directly from the or pit face. Operation involves the chain moving at speeds of 0.1 to 0.5 m/s, where buckets scoop material at the lower end—such as from a riverbed or mine face—before ascending to discharge contents at the upper into , barges, or conveyors. The system swings or pivots via winches around anchors to cover a work area, with material flow rates reaching 500 to 3,000 m³/h depending on bucket size and depth, up to 30 m in challenging wet conditions. Tensioning and alignment adjustments ensure reliable performance, though adaptations like double-chain setups enhance durability in high-wear scenarios. These systems offer advantages in efficiency for deep, wet excavations across varied soils from to , providing consistent production without the need for intermittent repositioning and enabling in-situ density preservation for environmental projects. However, they are vulnerable to breakage in highly conditions, incur high maintenance costs due to on buckets and links, and require skilled operators for optimal tension and alignment management.

Specialized Buckets

Specialized buckets are attachments engineered with integrated mechanisms for on-site material processing, extending beyond basic excavation to include crushing, screening, and sorting functions. These modifications typically incorporate jaws, rotors, or grids into the structure, allowing operators to process materials directly at the source while mounted on the host machine's boom. Common examples include hydraulic crushers and skeleton screening buckets, which enhance efficiency in resource-intensive environments by combining digging with immediate refinement. Design features of hydraulic bucket crushers often include robust jaws or rotating drums powered by the excavator's , with adjustable settings for output . For instance, models like the ALLU Crusher Bucket feature interchangeable crushing plates and an adjustable pin system that enables particle size control in steps from approximately 15 to 150 mm, suitable for in the 8-35 ton range. Similarly, skeleton buckets employ a grid of reinforced tines or bars with gaps typically ranging from 50 to 100 mm to facilitate separation, constructed from heavy-duty for in conditions; custom configurations allow for varied rib spacing to match specific material types. These designs prioritize wear resistance and quick attachment via quick-coupling systems, adding significant weight—up to 3.5 tons for mid-sized units—to the excavator. In applications, these buckets support on-site of and debris, reducing the need for off-site in and projects. Screening variants are widely used in quarries for aggregate separation, sifting fines from larger rocks to produce usable materials immediately. In , specialized screening buckets aid pre-processing by grading materials at extraction sites, separating waste rock from valuable aggregates in remote operations. Boom truck-mounted variants, adapted for urban lifting, enable precise handling of processed loads in confined environments, such as debris sorting during . Operationally, these buckets draw power from the host machine's hydraulic system, with crushers employing jaw or drum mechanisms to reduce input materials like concrete or stone to output sizes of 15-150 mm, adjustable via plate settings or speed controls. Screening models function by loading mixed materials into the bucket, where vibration or agitation—often at frequencies exceeding 24 Hz—allows fines to pass through the gaps while retaining larger particles for reloading or disposal. For example, high-frequency screening buckets in mining use hydraulic timing belts to generate rapid oscillations, enabling efficient on-site sorting without additional equipment. The primary advantages of specialized buckets lie in their multifunctionality, which minimizes material transport requirements and lowers operational costs through in-situ processing, with reported savings of up to 30% in specific applications. However, they introduce limitations such as increased overall weight (adding 1-3.5 tons depending on model and size), higher initial acquisition costs compared to standard buckets, and potential reductions in digging force due to the added mass and complexity.

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  67. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/384401-heaviest-land-vehicle
  68. https://relongdredger.com/product/bucket_chain_dredger_rlbcd100
  69. https://dredging.org/media/ceda/org/documents/resources/othersonline/vlasblom6-the-bucket-or-ladder-dredger.pdf
  70. https://ocw.tudelft.nl/wp-content/uploads/Reading-6.pdf
  71. https://www.leaderdredger.com/bucket-chain-dredger/
  72. https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/bucket-elevator/
  73. https://www.takraf.com/product/bucket-chain-excavators/
  74. https://allu.net/products/allu-crushing-buckets/
  75. https://www.stnd-machinery.com/knowledge/excavator-high-frequency-screening-bucket-vs-standard-grid-bucket
  76. https://allu.net/wp-content/uploads/ALLU_Product_Catalog2016_optim.pdf
  77. https://www.directindustry.com/prod/allu-finland-oy-ltd/product-64182-2599265.html
  78. https://www.mbcrusher.com/us/us/comunicazione/news/why-choose-the-mb-crusher-bucket
  79. https://www.mbcrusher.com/us/us/rassegna-stampa/mb-crusher-nets-30-percent-saving-for-culver-city-demolition-contractor
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