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Dan Hooper
Dan Hooper
Dan Hooper
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Daniel Wayne Hooper (born December 16, 1976) is an American cosmologist and particle physicist specializing in the areas of dark matter, cosmic rays, and neutrino astrophysics. He is a professor of physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison[1] and the director of the Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC).[2]

Key Information

Hooper is the author of several books, including Dark Cosmos: In Search of our Universe's Missing Mass and Energy (2006),[3] Nature's Blueprint: Supersymmetry and the Search for a Unified Theory of Matter and Force (2008),[4] and At the Edge of Time: Exploring the Mysteries of Our Universe's First Seconds (2019).[5]

Career

[edit]

Hooper received his PhD in physics in 2003 from the University of Wisconsin,[6] under the supervision of Francis Halzen. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford between 2003 and 2005, and the David Schramm Fellow at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) from 2005 until 2007.[7] He is currently a senior scientist at Fermilab[8] and a professor in the astronomy and astrophysics department at the University of Chicago.[6] He is also a member of the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics (KICP) at the University of Chicago.[9] Since 2017, he has been the head of Fermilab's Theoretical Astrophysics Group.[8]

Hooper has authored or co-authored over 200 articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.[10] The most highly cited of these papers includes a 2005 review of dark matter (co-authored by Gianfranco Bertone and Joseph Silk),[11] as well as a series of papers written between 2009 and 2014 on the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope's Galactic Center excess and its possible connection to annihilating dark matter.[12][13][14][15] In 2017 he was elected to become a fellow of the American Physical Society, "For pursuing the identity of dark matter by combining careful analysis of observational data with theoretical ideas from both particle physics and astrophysics."[16]

On September 9, 2024, Hooper will begin his role as the director of the Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC). He will hold a joint faculty appointment at the UW-Madison Department of Physics.[17]

[edit]

Hooper is the author of two books published by Smithsonian Books/HarperCollins. The first, Dark Cosmos: In Search of our Universe's Missing Mass and Energy (2006) was named a notable book by Seed Magazine.[18] His second book, Nature's Blueprint: Supersymmetry and the Search for a Unified Theory of Matter and Force (2008), was called "essential reading" by New Scientist.[4]

Hooper's third book is At the Edge of Time: Exploring the Mysteries of Our Universe's First Seconds (2019), published by Princeton University Press.[5]

Since 2020, Dan Hooper and Shalma Wegsman have run the physics podcast Why This Universe? which appears every other week.[19]

[edit]

Hooper has also written for popular magazines including Astronomy,[20] Sky and Telescope,[21] and New Scientist,[22] and appeared on television and radio programs including Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman (season 4), BBC's Horizon,[23] BBC World News, Space's Deepest Secrets,[23] and NPR's Science Friday.[24][25][26]

References

[edit]
[edit]
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Dan Hooper

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Dan Hooper is an American theoretical specializing in particle and cosmology, with a primary focus on , high-energy and , cosmic rays, and . He served as a Senior Scientist in the Theoretical Group at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory () from 2006 to 2024, where he was Head of the department from 2017 to 2023; as a Professor of Astronomy and at the ; and, since September 2024, as Professor of and Director of the Wisconsin IceCube Particle Center (WIPAC) at the . Hooper earned his B.S. in Physics with a minor in Mathematics from St. Cloud State University in 1999 and his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2003. Following his doctorate, he held postdoctoral positions at and the University of Chicago before joining as an Assistant Scientist in 2006, advancing to his senior role in 2015. His career has emphasized interdisciplinary work at the intersection of , , and cosmology, contributing to major experiments and theoretical models that probe the universe's fundamental components. Hooper's research has produced over 250 publications, amassing more than 25,000 citations and an of 73 as of 2023, with key contributions to understanding candidates, primordial black holes, and high-energy cosmic signals. He has been elected a of the in 2017 for his advancements in theoretical particle astrophysics, particularly in phenomenology and multi-messenger astronomy. In addition to his scholarly output, Hooper has authored several books, including Dark Cosmos: In Search of Our Universe's Missing Mass (2006), Nature's Blueprint: The Evolving Universe (2008), At the Edge of Time: Exploring the Mysteries of Our Universe's First Seconds (2019), and Particle Cosmology and Astrophysics (2024), which elucidate complex topics in cosmology for broader audiences.

Early Life and Education

Early Years

Dan Hooper was born in Cold Spring, , on December 16, 1976. He grew up in this rural community in , a setting that offered limited exposure to advanced scientific concepts during his childhood. Instead, Hooper's early interests leaned toward music; he began playing guitar at the age of 15 as "a furious act of rebellion" and formed a metal band in Cold Spring by age 16, performing on a regular circuit in bars around the state. Local schools in the area provided his initial encounters with and basic physics, though his passion for the field emerged during his transition to higher education at . Little is publicly known about his family background or specific parental influences on his path toward academia.

Academic Background

Dan Hooper completed his undergraduate education at , where he earned a B.S. in Physics with a minor in in May 1999. He continued his studies at the , obtaining a Ph.D. in Physics in March 2003. His was Dr. Francis Halzen, a prominent known for work in high-energy . Hooper's Ph.D. thesis centered on particle astrophysics, with a focus on topics related to cosmic rays and their connections to high-energy . No specific academic honors from his undergraduate or graduate periods are documented in available records.

Professional Career

Early Positions

Following his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2003, Dan Hooper began his professional career with a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship at the from August 2003 to July 2005. During this period, he concentrated on theoretical astrophysics, developing models to explore connections between and cosmological phenomena. In July 2005, Hooper transitioned to the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) as the David Schramm Fellow, a prestigious postdoctoral position in the Theoretical Astrophysics Group, which he held until April 2007. This role allowed him to engage in advanced theoretical modeling of and cosmology, while initiating collaborations with experimental teams at Fermilab to bridge theoretical predictions with observational data. Hooper's appointment advanced in April 2007 when he became an Associate Scientist at , serving until July 2011. In this capacity, he continued theoretical work, overseeing modeling efforts and fostering interdisciplinary partnerships within the laboratory's astrophysics community. Concurrently, starting in April 2008, he took on the role of of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the , a position he maintained until February 2012. This dual affiliation enabled him to integrate teaching responsibilities with research, emphasizing theoretical frameworks and collaborative projects in particle astrophysics.

Senior Roles and Leadership

In July 2011, Dan Hooper was promoted to Staff Scientist at , a position he held until July 2015. He advanced to Senior Scientist at in July 2015, continuing in that role as of 2025 while maintaining significant contributions to theoretical research. Concurrently, at the , Hooper was elevated to Associate Professor of Astronomy and in February 2012, serving until March 2018, after which he became Full Professor, a title he has retained as of 2025. From March 2017 to May 2023, Hooper served as Head of the Theoretical Department at , leading a of researchers focused on high-energy astrophysics and providing theoretical guidance for major experimental efforts. In this capacity, he oversaw interdisciplinary collaborations, including theoretical support for the project, which involves multinational teams analyzing gamma-ray data for insights into cosmic phenomena. In July 2024, Hooper was appointed Director of the IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC) at the University of -Madison, along with a professorship in the Department of Physics, beginning his appointment in September 2024. As of November 2025, he remains in this leadership position, directing operations for the , an international collaboration involving over 50 institutions that detects high-energy neutrinos to probe astrophysical sources.

Research Focus and Contributions

Dark Matter Studies

Dan Hooper has made significant contributions to the theoretical development of particle candidates, particularly weakly interacting massive particles (s), by exploring their properties and potential detection signatures in various astrophysical environments. In models where WIMPs annihilate into particles, Hooper has investigated annihilation channels such as those producing quarks, leptons, or photons, which generate observable signals in gamma rays, antiprotons, and positrons. For instance, in a 2011 paper, he examined how WIMP annihilation in the could produce detectable by radio telescopes, providing complementary constraints to gamma-ray observations. These studies emphasize the importance of multi-messenger approaches to distinguish WIMP signals from astrophysical backgrounds. Hooper's work on indirect detection methods has prominently featured analyses of gamma-ray data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi LAT), where he has developed techniques to isolate potential signals amid diffuse emissions and point sources. He contributed to early interpretations of Fermi LAT observations by modeling the expected gamma-ray flux from annihilation and comparing it to measured spectra. A key aspect of his research involves robust statistical methods to account for uncertainties in interstellar emission models, ensuring stringent limits on properties even under conservative assumptions. For example, in a 2013 publication, Hooper derived model-independent upper limits on annihilation cross sections using Fermi LAT data from the inner , excluding certain scenarios with masses below 100 GeV. In analyzing potential dark matter annihilation signals, Hooper has focused on dense regions like dwarf spheroidal galaxies and the center, where signal-to-noise ratios are enhanced due to high dark matter densities. For the center, he co-authored a seminal 2011 paper using initial Fermi LAT data to report an excess of GeV-scale gamma rays consistent with ~10 GeV s annihilating primarily to leptons, with over 680 citations influencing subsequent searches. Extending this to dwarf galaxies, a 2015 study by Hooper examined gamma-ray emission from Reticulum II, finding a spectral excess compatible with the signal but attributing it potentially to millisecond pulsars rather than dark matter, thereby refining exclusion limits for models in these systems. Beyond WIMPs, Hooper has explored exotic dark matter candidates, including , through over 100 publications in dark matter physics amassing more than 10,000 citations as of 2023. In a 2016 paper, he proposed an axion-assisted production mechanism for keV-scale , alleviating tensions between observations and cosmological bounds by enhancing production rates without fine-tuning. More recently, in 2023, he introduced a "twin sterile neutrino" model within mirror twin Higgs frameworks, where sterile neutrinos in a hidden sector constitute while stabilizing the Higgs mass. Hooper has also played a key role in interpreting null results from direct detection experiments, such as those from the series, to constrain and refine model building. In a 2013 analysis, he revisited XENON100's low-mass constraints, demonstrating how uncertainties in energy calibration and background modeling could weaken limits on sub-GeV WIMPs, opening parameter space for light candidates. These interpretations highlight how null results motivate shifts toward asymmetric dark matter or hidden sector models, guiding future experimental designs.

Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology

Dan Hooper has made significant contributions to particle astrophysics and cosmology through his investigations into high-energy cosmic rays, leveraging data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory to probe their origins and acceleration mechanisms in astrophysical sources such as active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts. His analyses have explored how cosmic ray interactions produce neutrinos detectable by IceCube, providing insights into the sites of particle acceleration and the composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays beyond 10^18 eV. These studies emphasize the role of IceCube in identifying flaring blazars as potential neutrino emitters, linking cosmic ray propagation to observable high-energy signals. In theoretical modeling, Hooper has developed frameworks for neutrino oscillations, particularly incorporating sterile neutrinos and their implications for cosmological evolution. His work on axion-assisted production mechanisms demonstrates how sterile neutrinos could be efficiently generated in the early via oscillations with active neutrinos, influencing the effective number of relativistic during recombination and potentially resolving tensions in data. Additionally, he has examined flavor ratios in high-energy astrophysical neutrinos under active-sterile mixing scenarios, predicting deviations observable by IceCube that could distinguish sterile neutrino contributions from standard three-flavor oscillations. Hooper's research extends to (BBN) and the dynamics of the universe's first seconds, where he has constrained exotic physics through its impacts on light element abundances. In particular, his studies on primordial black holes and non-thermal relics have shown how such components could alter expansion histories during BBN, leading to bounds on their fractional energy density from and observations, with ΔN_eff < 0.2 limits from Planck data. He has also proposed using interactions as a modern analog to BBN predictions, forecasting how sub-GeV dark matter could modify lithium-7 yields and provide complementary cosmological probes. Hooper has over 260 publications at the interface of and cosmology, reflecting his broad impact in these fields, with an of 73 as measured in 2023. His collaborations in multi-messenger astronomy integrate IceCube detections with events from /Virgo, exploring coincident signals to uncover joint emissions from mergers or binaries. These efforts have advanced the search for counterparts to transients, enhancing our understanding of extreme astrophysical environments.

Science Outreach

Authored Books

Dan Hooper has authored several books that bridge complex topics in , cosmology, and with accessible explanations for general and academic audiences. His works range from popular science explorations of , , and the early universe to a graduate-level textbook on the intersections of and cosmology. These publications, spanning nearly two decades, reflect his expertise as a theoretical astrophysicist at and the . His debut book, Dark Cosmos: In Search of Our Universe's Missing Mass and Energy, published in 2006 by Smithsonian Books (an imprint of ), delves into the evidence for and , which together constitute about 96% of the universe's mass-energy content. Hooper explains how astronomical observations, such as galaxy rotation curves and data, reveal these invisible components, while ruling out simpler candidates like neutrinos and proposing more exotic ones like supersymmetric particles or extra-dimensional matter. The book employs straightforward, jargon-free prose to engage young science enthusiasts and general readers, tracing the historical discoveries that reshaped cosmology. praised its clarity in demystifying these forces that shape the cosmos's structure and expansion. No updated editions have been released as of 2025. In 2008, Hooper followed with Nature's Blueprint: Supersymmetry and the Search for a Unified Theory, also from Smithsonian Books/, which introduces (SUSY) as a potential framework to unify the fundamental forces and particles of the . The narrative explores how SUSY posits partner particles for every known one, potentially resolving inconsistencies between gravity and , and its implications for experiments at particle accelerators like the . described it as an enthusiastic and mostly comprehensible account of this speculative theory, highlighting its appeal amid ongoing searches for SUSY signatures. called it a delightful and highly readable explanation of why SUSY has captivated physicists for decades. The book received positive reception for making advanced concepts approachable, though some critics noted its despite the lack of at the time. No revisions or new editions appeared by 2025. At the Edge of Time: Exploring the Mysteries of Our Universe's First Seconds, released in 2019 by , examines the Big Bang's initial moments, from to the formation of fundamental particles, and how modern experiments like the recreate those conditions to test theories of and the universe's origins. Hooper discusses paradigm shifts from Newtonian physics to and relativity, emphasizing unresolved questions about the universe's flatness and uniformity. Kirkus Reviews commended his excited tone in covering and energy discoveries that underscore the early universe's enigmas. Foreword Reviews awarded it , appreciating its reminder of relativity's revolutionary impact. The Space Review highlighted its tour of humanity's knowledge gaps in cosmology. With 478 Goodreads ratings averaging 4.14 out of 5, it garnered strong acclaim for balancing technical depth with narrative accessibility. No 2025 updates were issued. In 2024, Hooper published Particle Cosmology and Astrophysics through , a graduate-level synthesizing advances in cosmology, high-energy , and since earlier works like Kolb and Turner's The Early Universe. Structured modularly for coursework or reference, it covers preliminaries like and the , then delves into cosmic microwave background anisotropies, , candidates, cosmic rays, gamma rays, and neutrinos. CERN Courier lauded it as a much-needed update reflecting 30 years of progress, ideal for advanced undergraduates and junior researchers despite its concise treatment of some topics like experimental techniques. Recommended as an accessible introduction, it fills a gap for students bridging these fields, with no editions updated by late 2025. Hooper also contributed What Einstein Got Wrong in 2017, a companion to his 12-lecture series for The Great Courses (Teaching Company), which critiques common misconceptions about Einstein's theories of relativity while reviewing their triumphs in explaining space-time and atomic behavior. The work explores Einstein's errors, such as his initial rejection of ' probabilistic nature and flawed cosmological constant introduction, using them to illuminate his . Averaging 4.8 out of 5 stars from 95 reviews on The Great Courses platform and 4.6 out of 5 on Audible from 283 ratings, it was praised for Hooper's engaging delivery and expertise in contextualizing relativity's limitations. The transcript-based book format extends its reach beyond video and audio. No subsequent editions emerged by 2025.

Podcast and Public Lectures

Hooper co-hosts the science podcast Why This Universe? with Shalma Wegsman, a science communicator, which premiered in 2020 as part of the University of Chicago Podcast Network. The show features discussions on fundamental physics concepts, including , black holes, , the origins of the , and , presented in an accessible format for non-expert audiences through question-and-answer segments and expert interviews. By late 2025, the had produced 113 episodes, released biweekly, reflecting consistent output and growing listener engagement. The podcast's reach has expanded significantly, achieving approximately 37,000 monthly listeners by September 2025, with high ratings such as 4.7 out of 5 on major platforms, indicating strong audience reception and sustained growth since its launch. Collaborations with institutions like have enhanced its production, allowing Hooper to blend his expertise with public on topics like the universe's and unresolved cosmological puzzles. In addition to hosting, Hooper has contributed to audio lecture series, notably delivering the 12-part course What Einstein Got Wrong in 2017 for The Great Courses, later available on Wondrium. This series, consisting of half-hour lectures, examines limitations in Einstein's theories of relativity and , highlighting areas where subsequent science corrected or expanded his ideas, aimed at broadening public understanding of . Hooper has made guest appearances on other podcasts, including an episode of the University of Chicago's Big Brains in 2021, where he explored the of and its role in unraveling cosmic mysteries. He has also delivered public lectures at science festivals, such as a 2020 presentation at the titled "Exploring the Mysteries of Our Universe's First Seconds," which delved into the earliest moments post-Big Bang and gaps in current knowledge. These oral efforts complement themes from his written works, emphasizing clear explanations of complex astrophysical phenomena.

Recognition and Influence

Awards and Fellowships

Dan Hooper received the David Schramm Fellowship at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory from July 2005 to April 2007, an advanced postdoctoral position designed to support exceptional early-career researchers in theoretical astrophysics, cosmology, and particle astrophysics. This competitive fellowship, named after the pioneering cosmologist David N. Schramm, targets recent PhD recipients with demonstrated research promise and prior experience in relevant fields, selected through a rigorous application and peer review process emphasizing innovative potential in astroparticle physics. The award recognized Hooper's emerging contributions during his postdoctoral phase, providing resources for independent research at a leading national laboratory. In , Hooper was elected a Fellow of the (APS), one of the society's highest honors, limited to no more than 0.5% of its membership annually. This distinction acknowledges outstanding contributions to the advancement of physics through original research, application of physics, or service to the community, with nominees evaluated by divisional committees based on nominations from active APS members. Hooper's election specifically highlighted his work in theory, particularly for integrating observational with theoretical modeling to probe dark matter's nature. Hooper has also earned additional recognitions for his influence in the field, including serving as Head of the International Advisory Committee for the TeV Particle Astrophysics conference series since 2020, a role that underscores leadership in high-energy . He has delivered numerous invited plenary talks at major international events, such as the Nobel Symposium on in (2023) and PASCOS 2022 in , reflecting his status as a key figure in cosmology and studies. These honors, awarded during his mid-career at and the , affirm his sustained impact without further formal fellowships noted through 2025.

Media and Cultural Impact

Dan Hooper has been featured in prominent scientific publications, where his expertise on and cosmology is frequently highlighted. In a 2018 Scientific American article on the persistence of a potential signal detected by the DAMA experiment, Hooper was quoted expressing skepticism about its interpretation, noting, "I’m a very creative model builder (if I do say so myself) and I cannot come up with a viable model that can produce this signal." Similarly, in coverage of the 2019 awarded for contributions to cosmology, Hooper contributed an analysis praising the recognition of theoretical work on and cosmic . Hooper has appeared in various interviews across digital platforms and news outlets, discussing the implications of his research for public understanding of the universe. In a 2023 interview on the "Into the Impossible" podcast hosted by , he explored themes from his work on the universe's earliest moments, including dark matter's role in cosmic . A 2021 feature in News profiled Hooper's efforts to unravel cosmic mysteries through particle , emphasizing his leadership in theoretical investigations at the intersection of cosmology and experimentation. That same year, published an interview with him titled "What happened at the ?", where he addressed key questions about cosmic origins and dark matter's elusive nature. Hooper's ideas have permeated through references in science documentaries and books by other authors, amplifying discussions on beyond academic circles. For instance, his analyses of gamma-ray signals as potential indicators have been cited in documentaries like those produced by NOVA on , which reference his Fermilab-based research in broader narratives about the universe's hidden components. In literature, Hooper has commented on the influential work of peers in research. As of 2025, Hooper's contributions continue to shape public discourse on and cosmology, particularly through media engagements that bridge scientific findings with societal interest. In an April 2025 article in The Badger Herald, he commented on IceCube Observatory results advancing searches, underscoring the multifaceted approaches needed to probe this cosmic puzzle. His perspectives have also informed non-academic contexts, including policy-oriented discussions on funding; for example, in a 2022 Guardian contribution, Hooper critiqued in high-energy physics, advocating for sustained investment in detection amid evolving experimental priorities. These engagements highlight his role in fostering informed debate on the societal value of cosmological research.

References

  1. https://wipac.wisc.edu/people/faculty/dan-hooper/
  2. https://www.physics.wisc.edu/directory/hooper-dan/
  3. https://wipac.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Hooper_CV_June2024-1.pdf
  4. https://kavlicosmo.uchicago.edu/news/article/dan-hooper-named-director-of-wipac/
  5. https://astro.fnal.gov/people/alumni/
  6. https://research.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/03/Dan-Hooper-CV.pdf
  7. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0204527
  8. https://www.fnal.gov/pub/forphysicists/fellowships/david_schramm/theoretical/past.html
  9. https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12372
  10. https://www.chicagohumanities.org/events/attend/life-beyond-earth/
  11. https://inspirehep.net/authors/1019394
  12. https://research.wisc.edu/uncategorized/2024/07/26/uw-madison-alum-and-theoretical-physicist-named-wipac-director/
  13. https://astrophysics.uchicago.edu/news/article/dan-hooper-named-director-of-wipac/
  14. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1475-7516/2016/09/002
  15. https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.03849
  16. https://inspirehep.net/literature/788650
  17. https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.16182
  18. https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03608
  19. https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07339
  20. https://press.princeton.edu/our-authors/hooper-dan
  21. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-06-113032-8
  22. https://www.harpercollins.com/products/dark-cosmos-dan-hooper
  23. https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/dan-hooper/natures-blueprint/
  24. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20026766-100-review-natures-blueprint-by-dan-hooper/
  25. https://www.harpercollins.com/products/natures-blueprint-dan-hooper
  26. https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/dan-hooper/at-the-edge-of-time/
  27. https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/at-the-edge-of-time/
  28. https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3831/1
  29. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691183565/at-the-edge-of-time
  30. https://cerncourier.com/particle-cosmology-and-astrophysics/
  31. https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691235042/particle-cosmology-and-astrophysics
  32. https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/what-einstein-got-wrong
  33. https://www.audible.com/pd/What-Einstein-Got-Wrong-Audiobook/B077MPB9R6
  34. https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/why-this-universe/id1523312400
  35. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbfIVYxgDnR3dicM18TwS8w
  36. https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/why-this-universe-1340088
  37. https://podscan.fm/charts/us/apple/physics
  38. https://astro.fnal.gov/19702-2/
  39. https://news.uchicago.edu/big-brains-podcast-solving-biggest-mysteries-our-universe
  40. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=to3Dexg3RCI
  41. https://www.fnal.gov/pub/forphysicists/fellowships/david_schramm/theoretical/index.html
  42. https://www.fnal.gov/pub/forphysicists/fellowships/david_schramm/experimental/index.html
  43. https://www.aps.org/funding-recognition/all-fellowships
  44. https://www.aps.org/about/governance/policies-procedures/guidelines-for-fellowship-nominations
  45. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/beguiling-dark-matter-signal-persists-20-years-on1/
  46. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/a-well-deserved-physics-nobel/
  47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWuYhkTj73o
  48. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/solving-biggest-mysteries-our-universe-dan-hooper
  49. https://badgerherald.com/news/science-news/uw-research/2025/04/30/cosmic-discovery-sheds-light-on-missing-matter/
  50. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/sep/30/particle-physics-a-brief-history-of-time-wasting
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