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Diving platform
Diving platform
Diving platform
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A competitive diving platform at an outdoor swimming pool.

A diving platform or diving tower is a type of structure used for competitive diving. It consists of a vertical rigid "tower" with one or more horizontal platforms extending out over a deep pool of water. In platform diving, the diver jumps from a high stationary surface. The height of the platforms – 10 metres (33 ft), 7.5 metres (25 ft) and 5 metres (16 ft) – gives the diver enough time to perform the acrobatic movements of a particular dive. There are additional platforms set at 3 metres (9.8 ft) and 1 metre (3.3 ft). Diving platforms for FINA sanctioned meets must be at least 6 metres (20 ft) long and 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide. Most platforms are covered by some sort of matting or non-slip surface to prevent athletes from slipping.

All three levels of the platform are used in the NCAA competition. Each level offers a distinct degree of difficulty (DD) and therefore can yield different scores for divers.[1]

Ten-meter diving

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Diving began in the Olympics in 1904 for men, in what was called "fancy diving", which has been believed variously to have been off a platform or off a springboard.[2] The 10-meter dive began in the 1908 Olympics. Diving for women started in the 1912 Olympics, with the 10-meter dive.

In 2016, dives performed by competitors in 10-meter world competition included a 3-½ somersault tuck, a 3-½ somersault pike, a 2-½ somersault with 2½ twist, a forward 4-½ somersault, and a forward reverse 3½ somersault.[3][4]

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Diving platform

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from Grokipedia
A diving platform is a rigid, elevated structure used in the sport of competitive diving, consisting of a stationary tower with horizontal boards from which athletes perform acrobatic jumps, twists, and somersaults into a pool below. Standard platforms in senior international competitions are set at a height of 10 meters (approximately 33 feet), with the structure also incorporating lower levels at 3 meters, 5 meters, and 7.5 meters for training and junior events. The platform itself must be at least 6 meters long and 3 meters wide at the 10-meter level, constructed from durable materials like or and covered with a slip-resistant surface at least 6 mm thick to ensure safety and performance. Unlike springboard diving, which uses flexible, adjustable boards at lower heights of 1 meter or 3 meters to generate additional spring, platform diving relies on the diver's own power and from the fixed surface, allowing for more complex aerial maneuvers due to the greater height and speed of entry. Competitions, governed by (formerly FINA), require divers to complete a set number of dives—Men perform 6 dives and women 5 dives in both individual and 10m platform events—judged on execution, difficulty, and synchronization where applicable, with entries aimed at minimal splash for optimal scoring. Platform diving has been an Olympic sport since 1904, originating from 18th- and 19th-century practices in and where gymnasts adapted tumbling routines to water entries, evolving into a test of precision, strength, and aerial control. The associated pools must maintain a minimum depth of 5 meters, with mechanical agitation for clear visibility and water temperatures of not less than 26°C to support safe, high-level performance.

Overview

Definition and Purpose

A diving platform is a rigid, horizontal structure elevated above a , providing a stable, non-slip surface from which athletes perform acrobatic jumps and dives. Unlike flexible springboards, platforms offer no inherent bounce or flexion, requiring divers to rely on precise body positioning and explosive power to initiate movements. This fixed design ensures consistency in competitive environments, where the platform is typically mounted on a tower and projects over the pool edge for safe entry. The primary purpose of a diving platform is to facilitate platform diving, a discipline within aquatic sports that emphasizes aerial maneuvers such as somersaults, twists, and spins before a controlled water entry. In competitions, it enables high-difficulty dives from elevations like 10 meters, allowing athletes to showcase strength, flexibility, and coordination while judges evaluate execution and form. Beyond elite events, platforms support training regimens to build technical skills and are incorporated into recreational facilities for activities that promote and enjoyment. Key distinctions from springboards highlight the platform's role in developing pure aerial control, as its immobility demands that divers generate all rotational momentum through takeoff technique rather than mechanical assistance from board deformation. This contrast shapes approaches, with platforms fostering greater emphasis on in-air adjustments and entry precision.

Standard Heights and Dimensions

Diving platforms are standardized by (formerly FINA) to ensure safety and consistency in competitive and training environments. The primary height for elite-level platform diving is 10 meters, with additional standard heights including 7.5 meters, 5 meters, 3 meters, and 1 meter, all measured from the water surface with a tolerance of ±0.05 meters and no negative variation allowed. These heights accommodate a range of dives, from introductory levels at lower platforms to high-difficulty somersaults and twists at the 10-meter level. For sanctioned meets, platforms must meet minimum dimensions to provide sufficient space for takeoff and approach. The length is at least 6 meters for heights of 5 meters and above, while widths vary by height: 1.00 m for 1 m and 3 m platforms, 2.90 m for 5 m, 2.00 m for 7.5 m, and 3.00 m for 10 m. Platforms must overhang the pool edge by specific minimum distances: 1.5 meters for the 10-meter platform, 1.25 meters for 7.5-meter, 5-meter, and 3-meter platforms, and 0.75 meters for the 1-meter platform. The front edge thickness ranges from 0.2 to 0.3 meters, often with an optional incline of up to 10 degrees for smoother takeoff. Detailed dimensions for each standard platform height are as follows:
Platform HeightWidth (m)Length (m)
1 m1.005.00
3 m1.005.00
5 m2.906.00
7.5 m2.006.00
10 m3.006.00
These specifications apply to resilient, slip-resistant surfaces with a minimum thickness of 6 mm (tolerance -0/+1 mm), typically featuring non-slip matting or to prevent accidents during wet conditions. Integration with the pool requires positioning platforms over sufficient water depth at the plummet point directly below the front edge. For the 10-meter platform, the minimum depth is 5.0 meters; 7.5 meters requires 5.0 meters; 5 meters needs 4.5 meters; 3 meters requires 3.5 meters; and 1 meter needs 3.5 meters. The overall pool depth must not fall below 1.8 meters at any point, with the bottom slope limited to 2% in the full-depth area to maintain during entry. These depth requirements scale with height to absorb impact forces from higher-velocity entries in competition.

History

Early Origins and Development

The practice of high diving from natural structures, such as cliffs, traces its roots to ancient civilizations, though direct evidence remains limited to later historical records. In the , organized forms of emerged in , particularly in , where gymnasts constructed wooden towers and up to 10 meters high at lakes and beaches to perform acrobatic displays and tumbling routines over water, providing a safer alternative to land-based . This innovation, widely regarded as the precursor to modern diving platforms, allowed practitioners to refine skills with reduced from hard surfaces, while similar practices in involved somersaults from bridges into rivers during summer months. These temporary structures marked a shift toward structured aquatic , blending physical prowess with entertainment in public exhibitions. By the , purpose-built platforms proliferated in , with temporary wooden scaffolds becoming common in and for increasingly elaborate dives, culminating in the first competitive events during exhibitions in the and , such as the 1871 plunging contest off . Swedish pioneers like Otto Hagborg played a pivotal role in the and 1890s, promoting platform diving as a formalized through demonstrations of fancy dives—incorporating twists and somersaults—and influencing its spread beyond . This era facilitated the transition from hazardous natural sites to artificial structures, enhancing safety through consistent heights and stable footing, while enabling greater precision and spectacle in performances that laid the groundwork for international competition.

Standardization and Olympic Introduction

The standardization of diving platforms began in the late with the adoption of the first formal diving rules by the Deutscher Schwimm-Bund, the German Swimming Federation, in 1891. These rules, developed by swimming associations in , established initial standards for platform heights and dive classifications, marking a transition from informal acrobatic displays to a structured competitive . The following year, 1892, saw the publication of the first diving tables in , which detailed dive types and assigned difficulty values, further solidifying these early regulations. The formation of international governing bodies accelerated this formalization. In 1908, the Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA), now known as , was established in , , to oversee aquatic sports including diving. FINA quickly incorporated diving into its framework, promoting unified rules across nations and facilitating the sport's global growth. This international coordination was pivotal for integrating diving platforms into major competitions. Diving platforms debuted at the 1904 Games with the men's 10-meter platform event. Women's platform diving followed at the 1912 Olympics, initially limited to plain dives without twists or somersaults to accommodate emerging participation. By the , the events evolved to incorporate multiple platform heights, such as 5-meter options alongside the 10-meter, allowing for varied competition formats and broader athlete development. Key milestones in the 20th century further entrenched these standards. The 1928 Amsterdam Olympics marked a significant , designating the 10-meter platform as the elite height for both men and women, paired with the 3-meter , a format that persisted through subsequent Games until expansions in the 1990s. Post-World War II, FINA expanded its facility rules in the 1950s, emphasizing the use of permanent structures for platforms to ensure consistency, safety, and durability in international competitions, reflecting the sport's growing infrastructure demands.

Construction and Design

Materials and Structural Requirements

Diving platforms and their supporting towers are engineered to withstand the rigorous demands of high-impact activities in aquatic environments, prioritizing durability, stability, and safety. The primary materials for the tower framework include galvanized or for prefabricated structures and for permanent installations, selected for their high strength-to-weight ratios and ability to support multi-level configurations up to 10 meters. components are typically primed and coated with anti-corrosion treatments, such as or marine-grade paints, to resist moisture-induced degradation in humid poolside conditions. The platforms themselves feature a flat, rigid surface made of resilient, slip-resistant with a minimum thickness of 6 mm and a tread to ensure secure footing and facilitate easy cleaning, often overlaid on a supportive aluminum or composite base for reduced weight and improved drainage. Structurally, these installations must accommodate dynamic loads from divers, with a minimum design load of 350 kiloponds (approximately 350 kg force) per linear meter to handle impacts from multiple users simultaneously, including vibrations and oscillations limited to ±2 mm at the platform edge. Height tolerances are strictly controlled to ±5 cm from specified levels to maintain precise dive trajectories and comply with international competition standards. Additional requirements include a fundamental vibration frequency of at least 3.5 Hz for the tower and 10-20 Hz for the 10 m platform to minimize unwanted resonance during use, ensuring overall stability under repeated high-force entries. Key design elements enhance functionality and adaptability, such as cantilevered overhangs extending at least 1.5 m beyond the pool edge for the 10 m platform (and 1.25 m for 7.5-3 m levels) to provide unobstructed dive space. Integrated systems deliver a minimum of 600 at 1 m above the water surface, increasing to 1,500 for Olympic or events, to support visibility during competitions or training. Modular assembly options, particularly with frameworks, enable disassembly and transport for temporary venues, while all permanent structures must adhere to local building codes, including the International Building Code (IBC) provisions for seismic stability and wind resistance in high-exposure areas.

Safety Features and Regulations

Diving platforms are equipped with essential safety features to reduce the risk of slips, falls, and impacts. The surface and front edge must be covered with a resilient, slip-resistant material featuring a tread pattern, typically vulcanized rubber matting at least 6 mm thick, to provide traction even when wet. Handrails surround the back and sides of platforms higher than 1 meter, with a minimum height of 1 meter and at least two horizontal crossbars for secure grip during movement. Access stairs, required instead of ladders, include protective railings to prevent collisions, while contrasting colors on edges and surfaces improve visibility and mark boundaries. Additionally, the water beneath 10 m platforms must maintain a minimum depth of 5 meters at the plummet to allow safe entry and reduce collision risks with the pool bottom. Regulations from , the international governing body formerly known as FINA, enforce strict standards for platform safety and maintenance. Platforms must undergo certification by approved surveyors, including structural reports to confirm rigidity, horizontality, and compliance with frequency and oscillation limits, with inspections required prior to competitions. These rules mandate unobstructed space around platforms and prohibit any protrusions that could cause . For recreational facilities, local regulations such as those in require impact-resistant edges, non-slip surfaces, and guardrails for platforms over 1 meter. To further prevent injuries, platforms feature a fulcrum-free, that eliminates trip hazards present in setups, ensuring a uniform walking surface. standards require a minimum of 600 for overall visibility in diving areas, with even distribution to illuminate platforms, , and surfaces effectively.

Competition and Use

International Standards and Events

serves as the international for platform diving, establishing comprehensive rules that outline dive classifications, judging criteria, and competition formats. Dives are organized into six groups (I through VI), encompassing forward dives and twists (Group I), backward dives and twists (Group II), reverse dives and twists (Group III), inward dives and twists (Group IV), armstand dives and twists (Group V), and free position dives (Group VI). Execution is evaluated by a panel of judges on a scale from 0 to 10, where 10 denotes an excellent dive and 0 indicates a complete failure, focusing on approach, takeoff, flight, and entry without regard to difficulty. Each dive receives a rating, with multipliers typically ranging from 1.2 to 4.0 (and up to 4.8 for highly complex maneuvers), calculated based on somersaults, twists, and positioning. Major international events featuring platform diving include the , held every four years since men's 10-meter platform debuted in 1904 at the Games, with women's events added in 1912 at ; the 10-meter platform remains a mandatory discipline for both individual and synchronized formats in the Olympics. Synchronized platform diving was introduced at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, adding men's and women's 10-meter pairs events that emphasize simultaneous execution. The , conducted biennially since 1973, incorporate 10-meter platform individual and synchronized competitions as core components, serving as a premier non-Olympic showcase; at the 2025 Championships in , dominated with gold in both men's and women's 10m platform events. At the collegiate level, the NCAA hosts annual men's and women's swimming and diving championships, including 10-meter platform events, which qualify athletes through zone competitions and contribute to national titles. Event hosts must adhere to strict facility standards, requiring certification of 10-meter platforms that project at least 1.5 meters beyond the pool edge, measure 3 meters wide by 6 meters long, and feature slip-resistant surfaces over a minimum 5-meter pool depth; venues undergo up to 120 days in advance to ensure compliance with technical rules. Scoring in platform events integrates execution averages—derived from judges' scores after discarding the highest and lowest (e.g., from seven judges)—multiplied by the dive's difficulty rating to determine total points, with medals awarded to the top three finishers in finals.

Techniques and Notable Dives

Platform diving techniques emphasize precise takeoffs, controlled s in the air, and a streamlined entry into the water to achieve high scores based on form, synchronization, and minimal disturbance upon impact. For the standard 10 m platform, divers commonly employ a standing takeoff for forward and inward dives, positioning feet together at the edge before pressing off with legs and arms extended overhead to initiate rotation. Armstand takeoffs, unique to platform events, are used for the armstand group of dives, where the diver balances in a position before kicking legs upward and pushing off the hands to generate height and . On lower platforms such as 5 m or 7.5 m, a running approach with a hurdle step is often utilized to build momentum, involving a series of steps culminating in a preparatory jump that loads the platform for a powerful takeoff. During the flight phase, divers execute somersaults—rotations around a horizontal axis through the hips—and twists around a vertical axis, categorized into forward, backward, reverse, inward, and armstand groups depending on direction relative to the takeoff. The number of somersaults (e.g., half, full, or multiple) and twists (in half or full increments) determines the dive's (DD), with more complex combinations yielding higher ratings up to 4.5 or more. Body positions during rotation include straight (extended), (bent at hips with legs straight), tuck (knees and hips flexed), or free (variable for optimal control). The dive concludes with an entry focused on a near-vertical —ideally to the surface—to minimize , achieved by aligning the body in a streamlined position with hands cupped together, arms overhead, and toes pointed. This reduces water resistance and surface disruption, key criteria in judging. Notable dives showcase the pinnacle of these techniques, often featuring high-difficulty maneuvers performed under pressure in major competitions. The forward 4½ somersaults in position (dive code 107B), with a DD of 3.1 as of 2025 from the 10 m platform, exemplifies rotational precision and requires exceptional air control to complete multiple flips within the approximately 2-second flight time; American legend incorporated similar high-somersault forward s into his routines during the 1988 Olympics, contributing to his in the men's 10 m platform event. Another iconic example is the inward 3½ somersaults in pike (407B, DD 3.4), which demands a rotation toward the platform while facing away, often highlighted in Olympic finals for its technical demands on twist initiation and entry alignment; this dive was masterfully executed by divers like China's Qiu Bo in the 2012 London Olympics men's 10 m platform semifinals. In terms of scoring records, British diver Tom Daley's 2021 performance at the FINA Diving World Cup featured a near-perfect backward 2½ somersaults with 2½ twists (207C, DD 3.6 at the time), earning 104.40 points—one of the highest single-dive scores in recent elite competition—demonstrating flawless execution from the 10 m platform. Training for platform diving follows a progressive structure to build confidence, technique, and spatial awareness, starting from lower heights to acclimate athletes to increasing velocities and air time. Beginners typically master basic dives on the 1 platform or 3 springboard, focusing on form and entry before advancing to 5 and 7.5 platforms for approach practice. Progression to the 10 height emphasizes "air awareness"—the ability to sense body position and rotation speed mid-flight—through drills like dryland somersaults and lower-height repetitions to prepare for the extended hang time of about 2 seconds. Water entry speeds from the 10 platform can reach up to 20 /s due to and takeoff velocity, requiring divers to train for streamlined penetration to avoid injury and maximize scores. This buildup ensures safe adaptation to the physical demands, with elite athletes logging thousands of repetitions across heights.

Variations and Facilities

Training and Recreational Platforms

Training platforms are typically designed with lower heights ranging from 1 to 5 meters to accommodate beginners and facilitate skill development in club facilities. These heights allow novices to practice fundamental techniques such as approach, takeoff, and entry without the risks associated with higher elevations, enabling gradual confidence building. For instance, club programs often incorporate 1-meter and 3-meter platforms alongside 5-meter options for introductory progression, as seen in facilities like those used by regional diving associations. In settings, multi-level diving towers provide a structured progression for drills, allowing athletes to advance from lower platforms (1-3 ) to intermediate heights (5 ) as they master somersaults, twists, and aerial control. These setups support repetitive practice of entry angles and body positioning, often integrated into broader training regimens that emphasize technique refinement over intensity. Such facilities enable coaches to tailor sessions to individual skill levels, promoting safe advancement through height increments. Dryland training towers complement water-based platforms by simulating in a controlled environment, often featuring foam pits with integrated 1-meter platforms or adjustable dryboards for impact-free repetition. This integration enhances and reduces risk during water sessions, with facilities incorporating elements like trampolines and spotting harnesses adjacent to platform access points. Aquatic experts recommend such hybrid setups to accelerate proficiency in beginners while maintaining structural safety standards. Recreational platforms in public pools commonly feature 3- to 5-meter heights to offer casual experiences, providing thrill without requiring competitive expertise. These installations, found in community aquatic centers, allow general users to experiment with basic dives during open swim times, fostering leisure activity while adhering to depth requirements of at least 3.7 meters for safe entries, per standards (e.g., minimum 3.6 meters for 3-meter platforms and 3.8 meters for 5-meter platforms as of ). Examples include municipal pools equipped with 3-meter towers for family-oriented use, emphasizing over performance. In resort settings, setups serve as controlled alternatives to natural , enabling organized recreational events with standardized measures. Events inspired by series such as Cliff Diving utilize temporary platforms to promote as a pursuit, often in tropical destinations for tourist engagement. Safety adaptations for users include softer, non-slip matting on platform surfaces to falls and improve traction, reducing slip risks during approaches. These materials, such as textured rubber composites, provide a compliant yet grippy underfoot compared to rigid .

Global Facilities and Innovations

Diving platforms have been integrated into prominent global facilities, showcasing architectural and functional advancements tailored to international standards. The Tokyo Aquatics Centre, constructed for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Japan, features a sleek diving platform structure integrated with a dedicated diving pool, designed to comply with Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) specifications for high-performance events. This venue supported competitions including the men's and women's 10m platform events, emphasizing precision engineering with tight construction tolerances of 0 to 10 mm for optimal diver safety and performance. Similarly, China's Beijing National Aquatics Center, known as the Water Cube and built for the 2008 Olympics, houses a 10-meter-deep diving pool equipped with platforms at 10 m, 7.5 m, and 5 m heights, accommodating both individual and synchronized diving disciplines. Historic examples include the Coate Water Diving Platform in Swindon, UK, a 1935 reinforced concrete Art Deco structure designed by local architect JBL Thompson, featuring a curved tower with five platforms for springboards and fixed dives; it was officially opened that year and later granted Grade II listed status in 2013 for its rarity and cultural significance in interwar leisure architecture. Recent innovations in diving platform design prioritize , adaptability, and enhanced monitoring to meet evolving and environmental demands. Post-2020 developments have incorporated eco-friendly elements, such as the use of timber in major venues like the Aquatics Centre for the 2024 Olympics, where sustainable materials reduce the while maintaining structural integrity for diving events. Height-adjustable systems represent a key advancement for versatile training, exemplified by the 2024 facility's three-level lift mechanism that positions practice platforms at 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m, allowing seamless transitions for warm-up routines in multi-sport environments. Hybrid designs combining fixed and adjustable heights have emerged in facilities like the Fort Lauderdale Aquatic Center in the , which features a 27-meter tower with nine integrated levels supporting both springboard and platform diving, optimizing space in shared aquatic complexes. has advanced through smart sensors, including string potentiometers in hydraulic diving towers that provide real-time displacement detection to verify exact height positioning and prevent misalignment under load. Worldwide, (formerly FINA) oversees the certification of diving facilities to ensure compliance with international competition rules, with significant growth in installations across and driven by Olympic preparations and development programs. In , particularly and , expansions have bolstered high-profile centers like those in and , supporting the region's dominance in diving events; for instance, 11% of ' 2024 support initiatives focused on diving and in . has seen similar investments, with historic sites like Swindon preserved alongside modern upgrades in Olympic host cities. In developing regions, challenges persist due to limitations, prompting explorations of portable platform units for temporary setups, as discussed in forums for adaptable, lightweight fiberglass designs that could facilitate events like regional Olympics without permanent builds. ' development efforts, including financial to over 180 national federations, aim to address these gaps by promoting accessible facilities globally.

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