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Key Information

Edmund Ho
Traditional Chinese何厚鏵
Simplified Chinese何厚铧
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHé Hòuhuá
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingho4 hau5 waa4

Edmund Ho Hau Wah, GML, GCM, GOIH (born 13 March 1955) is a Macau politician who served as the first Chief Executive of the Macau Special Administrative Region from 1999 to 2009. He currently serves as a Vice-Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.[2]

Edmund Ho was made Chief Executive-elect on 15 May 1999 by the Selection Committee for the Chief Executive of the Macau SAR. He was appointed Chief Executive-designate on 20 May of the same year by the Premier of the State Council, Zhu Rongji, and was formally sworn in as Chief Executive at the special ceremony marking the establishment of the Macau SAR on 20 December 1999.

Biography

[edit]

Ho was born on 13 March 1955 in Portuguese Macau, to parents of Cantonese descent and origin with family roots in Panyu, Guangzhou, in neighbouring Guangdong. He is the son of the prominent Macau community leader and businessman Ho Yin and Chan Keng (陳瓊). He is married, with a son, Justin King Man (何敬民) and a daughter, Charmaine Mei-chee, joint president of the Hong Kong Society of the Academy for Performing Arts.[3][4] Some of his nephews occupy key political roles: Adrian Ho is a current Hong Kong Legislative Council member, Eric Ho King-fung is a committee member of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and Kevin Ho King-lun is a Macau representative at the National People’s Congress.[1]

Education

[edit]

After completing his primary education, Ho went to study in Canada in 1969. He went on to graduate with a degree in Bachelor of Business Administration from York University, Faculty of Administrative Studies (now known as Schulich School of Business) in 1978, and qualified as a chartered accountant and certified auditor in 1981. After working for a couple of years in an accounting firm in India, he was transferred to the United States in 1982.

Career in business

[edit]

Ho returned to Macau and started himself on a business and political career in 1983, undertaking social activities and community service. His business interests ranged from accounting, finance and banking, insurance, public transportation, mass media, technology, land development to public utilities and he assumed various positions as auditor with KPMG, executive director and general manager of Tai Fung Bank (大豐銀行), chairman of Transmac, vice-chairman of the board of directors of Macau International Airport Company (CAM), vice-chairman of the General Assembly of Air Macau, chairman of the board of the MASC Ogden Aviation Services, vice-president of the board of directors of Teledifusão de Macau (Macau Television) among others.

Politics

[edit]

Ho's political career began in 1986, when he became a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). Two years later, he was elected deputy to the National People's Congress (NPC). He was elected to the Standing Committee of both the eighth and ninth NPCs.

Ho then joined the local legislature in 1988, and was Vice-President of the Legislative Council of Macau for 11 consecutive years (1988–1999).

Ho had been involved in the preparatory work for Macau's return to the People's Republic of China ever since the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau came into effect. He was appointed Vice-President of the Drafting Committee of the Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region (MSAR) of the People's Republic of China in 1988. The following year, he became Vice-President of the Consultative Committee of the Basic Law of the MSAR. He was appointed Vice-President of the Preparatory Committee of the MSAR in 1998. Ho was also Convenor of the Land Fund Investment Commission of the MSAR of the PRC.

Over the years, Ho has been leader of a number of industrial, financial, educational, charity and sports institutions and associations. He was Chairman of the Macau Association of Banks from its foundation in 1985, Vice-President of the Macau Chamber of Commerce, Vice-Chairman of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, Vice-President of the Economic Council of the Macau Government, Vice-Chairman of the Kiang Wu Hospital Board of Charity, Vice-Chairman of the Tung Sin Tong Charitable Institution, chairman of the board of directors of the University of Macau, Vice-chairman of the board of directors of Jinan University, Guangzhou, President of the Executive Committee of the Macau Olympic Committee, and President of the Macau Golf Association.

Honours

[edit]

Election results

[edit]

Legislative Assembly

[edit]
Year Candidate Hare quota Mandate List Votes List Pct
1988 Edmund Ho uncontested FC uncontested ∅
1992 Edmund Ho walkover FC walkover ∅
1996 Edmund Ho walkover FC walkover ∅

Chief Executive

[edit]
Year Candidate Votes Pct
1999 Edmund Ho 163 81.90%
2004 Edmund Ho 296 98.67%


References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Edmund Ho

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Edmund Ho Hau Wah (born 13 March 1955) is a Macanese politician and businessman who served as the first Chief Executive of the Macau Special Administrative Region from 20 December 1999 to 20 December 2009. The son of Ho Yin, a influential community leader and businessman in Macau, Ho graduated with a degree in business administration from York University in Canada in 1978 after studying there from 1969. Prior to his political career, he worked in banking and business, building on his family's longstanding ties to Macau's commercial sector. Elected unopposed as Chief Executive in May 1999 following Macau's handover from Portuguese to Chinese administration, Ho guided the territory through its early years as a special administrative region, implementing policies that fostered economic diversification and stability under the "one country, two systems" framework. Re-elected in 2004, his decade-long tenure coincided with rapid growth in Macau's gaming and tourism industries, transforming it into a major economic hub. After stepping down, Ho continued in national roles, including as vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He has received high honors, such as the Grand Lotus Medal of Honour, Macau's highest decoration, in recognition of his contributions.

Early Life and Education

Family and Upbringing

Edmund Ho Hau Wah was born on 13 March 1955 in to Ho Yin, a prominent businessman, , and supporter of Chinese patriotic causes, and Chan Keng. Ho Yin's family had roots in , province, where he began his career as an apprentice in a grocer's shop before establishing businesses in , including trading and shipping enterprises that contributed to the territory's economic landscape. Raised in a family deeply embedded in Macau's Chinese merchant and political circles, Ho grew up amid his father's extensive involvement in local labor unions, charitable organizations, and pro-Beijing initiatives, which positioned the Ho family as influential figures bridging colonial administration and the Chinese community. Ho Yin's reputation as a key advisor on Macau's future integration with , earned through decades of advocacy, likely shaped the household's emphasis on and economic stability, though specific details of Ho's childhood experiences remain limited in public records. Ho's mother, Chan Keng, managed family affairs until her death in 2016 at age 93 following a prolonged illness. Ho later married and had two children, a son and a daughter, continuing the family tradition of involvement in Macau's civic and business spheres.

Academic Background

Edmund Ho completed his primary education in Macau before departing for Canada in 1969 at the age of 13 to pursue further studies. Ho enrolled at in , where he studied . He graduated in 1978 with a (BBA) degree from the university's Faculty of Administrative Studies. Following his undergraduate studies, Ho qualified as a and certified in 1981, enhancing his expertise in financial and accounting practices relevant to his subsequent banking career.

Business Career

Banking and Financial Roles

Edmund Ho entered the family banking business following the death of his father, Ho Yin, in 1983, assuming the position of director and general manager of Tai Fung Bank in 1984. This role involved overseeing operations at the institution founded by his father, which focused on commercial banking services in . Ho's management of Tai Fung Bank established his early prominence in the local financial sector, where he navigated the institution through Macau's pre-handover economic landscape dominated by family-owned enterprises. In 1985, Ho co-founded and served as the inaugural chairman of the Macau Association of Banks (Associação de Bancos de Macau, ABM), an organization representing local financial institutions and promoting banking standards. He retained this leadership position until relinquishing it upon his election as Chief Executive in 1999, during which time the ABM expanded its influence amid Macau's integration with mainland China's financial systems. As chairman, Ho advocated for regulatory alignment and stability in Macau's banking sector, which at the time comprised around 10 licensed banks handling deposits exceeding 50 billion patacas by the late 1990s. Ho's financial portfolio extended beyond Tai Fung Bank to include directorships and interests in accounting firms and insurance entities, reflecting a broader engagement with Macau's fiscal infrastructure. These positions honed his expertise in financial auditing and , informed by his qualification as a in 1981, prior to his full immersion in Macau's business environment. His tenure in these roles positioned him as a key figure in sustaining and availability during periods of economic uncertainty leading up to the 1999 handover.

Contributions to Macau's Economy

Edmund Ho's early business endeavors focused on the financial sector, where he managed family-owned Tai Fung Bank following his return to Macau in 1983 after his father Ho Yin's death. Appointed director and general manager in 1984, Ho oversaw operations of the institution founded by his father in 1950, providing credit and banking services critical to local enterprises during a period of economic uncertainty preceding the 1999 handover to . This role positioned him as a prominent banker, helping sustain for small and medium-sized businesses reliant on domestic lending amid Macau's and trade-dependent . As founding chairman of the Macau Association of Banks, established to foster cooperation among local financial entities, Ho advanced regulatory alignment and sector coordination in the pre-handover era. The association's formation under his leadership supported joint initiatives for and , bolstering the banking system's capacity to infrastructure and commercial activities. Ho's diversified holdings extended to transportation, where he chaired the Macao Urban Transport Company (Transmac), enhancing public mobility and logistics efficiency that indirectly facilitated and inflows integral to Macau's service-oriented growth. These positions collectively reinforced the financial and logistical underpinnings of the territory's economy, laying groundwork for post-handover expansion.

Political Involvement

Initial Appointments and Legislative Service

Edmund Ho Hau-wah entered Macau's legislative service in 1988, when he became a member of the 23-member under Portuguese administration. He concurrently served as vice-president of the assembly from that year onward, a role that positioned him prominently in local governance during the transition period leading to the 1999 handover to . Throughout his legislative tenure, Ho focused on economic and community matters, leveraging his banking background to advocate for amid Macau's preparations for sovereignty transfer. The assembly, which included both directly elected, indirectly elected, and appointed members, played a key role in drafting laws for the impending (SAR). Ho's service ended with his resignation on May 29, 1999, following his as Chief Executive-designate on May 15, 1999, by a 200-member with 138 votes (82% support). Prior to and alongside his assembly role, Ho held initial appointments in advisory capacities, including initiatives starting in 1983 upon his return from studies abroad, which built his profile for higher political involvement. These early engagements emphasized social and economic development, aligning with Macau's needs during the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration implementation phase from 1987 onward.

Rise to Chief Executive

Edmund Ho's political ascent culminated in his selection as Macau's first Chief Executive following the territory's from to . Prior to 1999, Ho had established himself as a key figure in Macau's governance through his roles in the , where he served as vice-president from 1988 to 1999, and in various preparatory bodies for the . His involvement in the Preparatory Committee for the Macau , appointed by , positioned him as a trusted intermediary between local elites and central authorities. The selection process for the inaugural Chief Executive was managed by a 200-member committee formed in 1999, comprising prominent Macau residents loyal to Beijing's vision for the SAR. On May 15, 1999, at the committee's third , Ho secured 163 votes, emerging as the consensus candidate amid a process designed to ensure stability during the transition. This outcome reflected his business acumen, family legacy—stemming from his father Ho Yin, a influential pro-Beijing leader—and alignment with China's "" framework, rather than broad electoral competition. Ho was formally appointed by PRC President and sworn in on December 20, 1999, coinciding with the handover ceremony. His elevation underscored Beijing's preference for continuity with Portuguese-era elites who supported integration, bypassing more democratic mechanisms to prioritize administrative expertise and loyalty. This appointment marked the end of colonial rule and the beginning of SAR governance under Ho's leadership.

Chief Executive Tenure

1999 Election and First Term

Edmund Ho Hau-wah was elected as the first Chief Executive of the Macau Special Administrative Region on May 15, 1999, by a 200-member Selection Committee composed of prominent local figures from business, professional, and social sectors. As the sole candidate nominated with broad support from Beijing and Macau's elite, Ho secured 81.9 percent of the votes, reflecting strong consensus for his leadership amid the impending handover from Portuguese rule. The election process, outlined in the Basic Law, emphasized selection by committee rather than popular vote to ensure stability during the transition to Chinese sovereignty. Ho was formally appointed by President of the and inaugurated on December 20, 1999, coinciding with the handover ceremony that marked the end of 442 years of administration. His first term, spanning December 20, 1999, to December 20, 2004, focused on implementing the "one country, two systems" principle, stabilizing governance, and addressing pre-handover challenges such as and economic stagnation from the . A cornerstone policy of Ho's initial tenure was the of Macau's gaming industry in , which dismantled the long-standing monopoly held by local consortia and introduced competitive concessions to international operators. This reform, enacted through Law No. 16/2001, awarded three gaming licenses—initially to Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM), Sociedade de Jogos de Macau (SJM), and Galaxy Entertainment—while paving the way for foreign entrants like and in subsequent rounds, catalyzing rapid economic diversification and tourism growth. The policy addressed fiscal deficits and unemployment, with gaming revenue surging from approximately MOP 28.2 billion in 2000 to over MOP 44 billion by 2004. Ho's administration also prioritized public security, launching operations to curb triad influence that had contributed to violence and in the late , resulting in hundreds of arrests and enhanced cooperation with mainland Chinese authorities. Administrative reforms streamlined bureaucracy, promoted anti- measures via the Commission Against Corruption established pre-handover but empowered under SAR governance, and invested in infrastructure to bolster investor confidence. These efforts contributed to macroeconomic recovery, with GDP growth averaging around 8 percent annually by the term's end, though challenges like the 2003 outbreak tested resilience.

2004 Re-election and Second Term

Edmund Ho Hau Wah, the incumbent Chief Executive, was the sole candidate in the 2004 election for the position, having obtained 297 endorsements from the 300-member Election Committee required for nomination. The election took place on August 29, 2004, via among the members, who were selected based on their representation of various sectors including business, professional, and social groups in . Ho secured 296 votes in favor out of 299 cast, with three abstentions and no votes against, as announced by José , chairman of the Electoral Affairs Committee. This unanimous support reflected broad elite consensus on his amid Macau's post-handover stabilization and early economic recovery. Following the election, the State Council of the formally reappointed Ho on September 20, 2004, through Decree No. 414 signed by Premier . Ho's second term officially commenced on December 20, 2004, coinciding with the fifth anniversary of Macau's handover from . On December 15, 2004, he appointed the members of the Executive Council for the second term, maintaining continuity with key figures from his first administration to ensure policy stability. Ho's second term, spanning December 20, 2004, to December 19, 2009, built on the foundations of the first by emphasizing sustained economic liberalization and infrastructure development, while addressing emerging challenges such as public health crises including SARS recovery and the 2008 global financial downturn's ripple effects. The period saw accelerated growth in Macau's gross domestic product, driven by the maturation of casino concessions awarded in 2002, though diversification efforts into non-gaming sectors remained limited. Ho prioritized administrative reforms to enhance governance efficiency under the "one country, two systems" framework, including judicial independence measures and anti-corruption initiatives, amid criticisms of insufficient progress toward broader electoral reforms.

Major Policy Initiatives

Ho's administration prioritized administrative reforms to enhance governance efficiency and combat in the post-handover period. In August 2000, legislation strengthened the Commission Against Corruption, expanding its powers to investigate and prosecute graft more effectively. Similarly, January 2001 laws unified the and forces, aiming to streamline and reduce overlaps inherited from rule. These measures contributed to a decline in reported cases and improved public trust, with Ho's approval ratings consistently above 70% through 2004. Fiscal policies emphasized tax relief to support economic recovery and job retention amid manufacturing outflows. In November 2003, Ho's policy address extended a tax package featuring a 25% reduction in income taxes, modest property tax cuts, and exemptions for manufacturers and restaurants, initially implemented to cushion industrial decline. This was paired with a planned US$230 million infrastructure investment in 2004, projected to generate 8,000 jobs through projects like airport expansions and land reclamation at Taipa-Coloane. Such initiatives helped maintain budget surpluses and bolster foreign exchange reserves by 13.8% that year. Intellectual property protection saw targeted enforcement to align with international standards. The , established in late 1999, led raids that reduced seized pirated goods from 1.3 million discs in 1998 to under 100,000 by 2000. A dedicated , announced in July 2000, further improved border controls and export oversight, addressing smuggling vulnerabilities. Telecommunications reforms included issuing mobile operator licenses to Hutchison and in October 2000, fostering competition and service improvements. Social welfare initiatives focused on elevating residents' quality of life, particularly after Ho's 2004 re-election pledge to prioritize this area. In his 2007 policy address, Ho directed surplus fiscal resources toward a community welfare fund to mitigate rising social pressures from rapid and inequality. Education policies promoted , integrating , , and reading habits into broader development strategies outlined in early policy addresses. These efforts, while incremental, supported steady social stability without major overhauls.

Economic Development and Casino Liberalization

During Edmund Ho's tenure as Chief Executive, Macau's economy, previously stagnant and overly reliant on a gaming monopoly held by Stanley Ho's interests since , underwent significant to spur growth and attract foreign investment. Gaming contributed less than 26% to GDP in 1999, with gross gaming revenue at US$1.6 billion amid high around 6-7% and limited diversification. Ho's administration, prioritizing economic stability post-handover, enacted Law No. 16/2001 in 2001 to create a competitive framework, limiting concessions to three primary operators while allowing sub-concessions. On February 8, 2002, the government awarded concessions to Sociedade de Jogos de Macau (SJM, continuing local operations), , and , formally ending the monopoly and opening the sector to international competition. Contracts, such as with , were signed in June 2002 for 20-year terms, obligating operators to meet investment projections in hotels, , and infrastructure. This policy facilitated entry by U.S. firms, including via a sub-concession, which opened Sands Macao in May 2004 as the first foreign-operated . The liberalization catalyzed explosive growth: gross gaming revenue rose from MOP 22.8 billion () in 2002 to approximately MOP 108 billion by 2009, fueling average annual GDP expansion exceeding 10% and transforming Macau into the world's top gaming revenue market by surpassing around 2006. Gaming taxes, comprising over 70% of by mid-decade, funded like expanded links and public services, reduced to under 2%, and supported tourism via the Individual Visit Scheme for visitors. While fostering rapid development, the model heightened economic dependence on gaming, with limited success in non-gaming diversification despite incentives.

Challenges and Criticisms

Handling of Organized Crime

During the lead-up to Macau's 1999 handover to , groups, particularly triads, engaged in heightened violence, including bombings, assassinations of officials, and turf wars that resulted in at least 15 deaths and dozens of injuries in early 1999 alone, amid fears of losing influence post-transition. Incoming Chief Executive Edmund Ho pledged a robust crackdown, emphasizing collaboration with to dismantle criminal networks, with his administration appointing security officials committed to suppressing triad activities. Ho's government intensified police operations against triads, imposing stricter bail restrictions and limits on suspended sentences for offenses, while leveraging mainland Chinese support for intelligence and extraditions to target cross-border elements. This included joint efforts that reportedly aided in neutralizing major gangs, contributing to a sharp decline in public violence by the early 2000s, as triad leaders anticipated severe repercussions under PRC . Ho publicly affirmed using "all possible legal means to smash criminal gangs," focusing on , , and casino-related rackets that had previously eroded public confidence. Despite these measures, underground triad influence persisted in gambling operations, such as VIP rooms and junkets, though overt confrontations diminished, marking a shift from Portuguese-era tolerance to post-handover enforcement aligned with priorities. Critics noted occasional overlaps between official drives and triad suppression, but Ho's tenure saw no resurgence of the pre-1999 scale of bombings or assassinations, with increasingly contained through legal and extralegal pressures from .

Governance and Democratic Concerns

The is selected by a small rather than through , a structure that has drawn criticism for limiting democratic accountability. Edmund Ho was elected unopposed in May 1999 by a 199-member preparatory dominated by pro-Beijing and social elites, and re-elected in July 2004 by a 300-member with near-unanimous support (296 votes), reflecting the system's emphasis on elite consensus over broad public input. This process, enshrined in the , prioritizes stability and alignment with central government priorities, but pro-democracy activists argued it perpetuated a model insulated from popular pressures, hindering genuine political pluralism. The , while including directly elected seats (12 out of 29 total during Ho's tenure), wields limited influence, with executive-led decision-making dominating policy formulation and functional constituencies favoring establishment interests. Critics, including local opposition figures, contended that this setup fostered a "consultative authoritarianism" where legislative input served more as than constraint on executive power, exacerbating perceptions of democratic deficits amid rapid economic changes. Ho's administration responded by promoting incremental administrative reforms and consultations to build legitimacy, yet these were viewed by reformers as insufficient substitutes for electoral expansion, with slow progress toward the Basic Law's vague promise of eventual for the Chief Executive. Freedom of expression faced practical constraints despite constitutional protections, with media outlets practicing on topics sensitive to , such as independence movements or historical events like . During Ho's second term, the government's 2008 public consultation on a National Security Law—aimed at implementing Article 23—elicited concerns from groups that it could criminalize under broad definitions of or , potentially chilling speech; Ho assured stakeholders that freedoms of speech, press, and publication would remain intact, but the legislation's eventual passage highlighted tensions between security imperatives and . International assessments, such as those from , rated Macau as "partly free" throughout Ho's tenure, attributing limitations to executive dominance and indirect Chinese influence rather than overt repression. Pro-democracy lawmakers, securing only a handful of direct seats in legislative elections (e.g., two in 2005), used platforms to advocate for greater transparency and anti-corruption measures as proxies for broader reform, but faced marginalization in a system favoring pro-establishment majorities.

Legacy and Later Activities

Long-Term Impact on Macau

Ho's liberalization of the gaming industry in 2002 marked a pivotal shift, ending the long-standing monopoly held by Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau and opening the market to international operators such as and MGM Mirage. This policy catalyzed an influx of foreign capital, resort developments, and visitor arrivals, primarily from , transforming Macau from a peripheral economy into the world's largest destination by gross gaming revenue surpassing in 2006. Annual GDP growth averaged over 15% from 2002 to 2008, elevating per capita GDP from approximately MOP 104,000 in 1999 to MOP 278,000 by 2009, while fell from 6.8% to 1.9%. The ensuing economic boom entrenched gaming as the dominant sector, contributing 48% of GDP by 2009 and funding expansions, public welfare enhancements, and fiscal reserves exceeding MOP 100 billion. Ho's administration positioned Macau as a entrepôt, fostering integration with neighboring Province and laying groundwork for its role in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area initiative. These efforts sustained post-handover stability, with Ho's approval ratings peaking at 75% amid growth, prioritizing economic legitimacy over political reforms to maintain social harmony under the "one country, two systems" framework. Long-term, however, the gaming-centric model Ho entrenched has exposed structural vulnerabilities, including over-dependence on tourism (vulnerable to policy shifts in and global events like the ), labor shortages in skilled sectors, and rising income inequality despite wealth gains. Diversification attempts during his tenure, such as incentives for non-gaming industries, yielded limited success, with gaming still comprising over 50% of GDP into the 2020s and constraining broader economic resilience. Critics attribute persistent challenges in development and democratic institutions to Ho's growth-first approach, which deferred political in favor of Beijing-aligned stability.

Post-2009 Roles and Influence

Following the end of his second term as Chief Executive on December 20, 2009, Edmund Ho was elected vice-chairman of the 11th National Committee of the (CPPCC) in 2010. He retained this position through re-elections for the 12th, 13th, and 14th National Committees, with the most recent confirmation in March 2023 for the 14th term. As vice-chairman, Ho participates in advisory sessions on , representing Macau's interests in consultations with the , including discussions on and integration. Ho has maintained significant influence in Macau's political landscape post-tenure, leveraging his stature as the region's founding Chief Executive to endorse key figures and initiatives. In August 2024, he publicly declared "sincere support" for Sam Hou Fai's candidacy in the sixth-term Chief Executive election, emphasizing full agreement with Hou Fai's policy directions for economic diversification and alignment with national strategies. This endorsement, reported alongside backing from other prominent Macau leaders, underscored Ho's role in shaping elite consensus on leadership transitions. His activities have included high-level engagements promoting priorities. In September 2022, Ho met with a delegation from the International Federation of Chinese Entrepreneurs (IFCE) to discuss economic cooperation and Macau's role in the Greater Bay Area. By March 2025, he highlighted the central authorities' supportive measures for Macau's development during CPPCC-related commentary, reinforcing his function as a conduit for Beijing-Macau dialogue. These efforts reflect Ho's ongoing advisory impact without formal executive authority, focusing on stability, , and patriotic alignment rather than direct .

Personal Life

Family and Personal Interests

Edmund Ho Hau-wah was born on 13 March 1955 in to Ho Yin, a prominent local businessman, community leader, and advisor to the colonial administration, who fathered six sons and seven daughters across five wives, with Edmund as the fifth son. Ho married Tatiana Lau Vai Cheng, with whom he had one son and one daughter. Tatiana Lau passed away on 7 August 2016 at a after a prolonged illness.

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