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European stonechat
European stonechat
European stonechat
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European stonechat
Stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) male, Beaulieu, Hampshire.jpg
Male S. r. hibernans
Hampshire, UK
Female S. r. rubicola
Belgium
Recorded in Surrey
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Muscicapidae
Genus: Saxicola
Species:
S. rubicola
Binomial name
Saxicola rubicola
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms
  • Motacilla rubicola Linnaeus, 1766
  • Saxicola torquatus rubicola (Linnaeus, 1766)
  • Pratincola rubicola (Linnaeus)[1]

The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a subspecies of the common stonechat. Long considered a member of the thrush family, Turdidae, genetic evidence has placed it and its relatives in the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae. It is found across Europe, as far east as Ukraine and the South Caucasus, and in parts of North Africa.[2]

Taxonomy and systematics

[edit]

The European stonechat was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Motacilla rubicola.[3] This species is now placed in the genus Saxicola that was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802.[4][5] The English name derives from its call, sounding like two stones knocked together. The scientific name Saxicola means "rock-dweller", from Latin saxum meaning "a rock" and incola meaning "dwelling in". The specific epithet combines the Latin rubus meaning "brambles" with incola.[6] The subspecies name hibernans refers to Ireland (Latin, Hibernia).

In the past, the European stonechat was generally considered conspecific with the Siberian stonechat and African stonechat, lumped together as common stonechat S. torquatus. A 2002 study using mtDNA cytochrome b sequences and nuclear DNA microsatellite fingerprinting evidence strongly supported their separation into distinct species.[7][8] Due to a misunderstanding of the rules of Zoological nomenclature, for a short time the name S. torquatus was erroneously used for the European stonechat rather than the African stonechat.[8]

Together with the Siberian stonechat and Canary Islands stonechat, the European stonechat constitutes eastern and western representatives of a Eurasian lineage; the Asian and European populations separated during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, roughly 1.5–2.5 mya, and Fuerteventura was colonised by western European or northwest African birds somewhat later in the Early Pleistocene, about 1–2 mya.[8]

Subspecies

[edit]

Two weakly defined subspecies are currently recognised:[5][7]

  • S. r. hibernans (Hartert, E, 1910) – Northwestern Europe in Atlantic coastal areas, in southwestern Norway, Great Britain, Ireland and northwestern France. Birds in coastal Portugal are also often listed as this subspecies,[7] but this is disputed.[9]
  • S. r. rubicola (Linnaeus, 1766) – In the south and east of its range, from Denmark southwest to Spain and Morocco, east to Poland and Ukraine, and southeast to Turkey. Winters in North Africa and the Middle East.

Description

[edit]
Juvenile in Spain

The stonechat is 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) long and weighs 13–17 g (0.46–0.60 oz), slightly smaller than the European robin. Both sexes have distinctively short wings, shorter than those of the more migratory whinchat and Siberian stonechat. The summer male has black upperparts, a black head, an orange throat and breast, and a white belly and vent. It also has a white half-collar on the sides of its neck, a small white scapular patch on the wings, and a very small white patch on the rump often streaked with black. The female has brown upperparts and head, and no white neck patches, rump or belly, these areas being streaked dark brown on paler brown, the only white being the scapular patch on the wings and even this often being buffy-white.[7]

The two subspecies differ in colour intensity following Gloger's rule, with S. r. rubicola paler and with larger white patches in the drier European continental and mediterranean climates, and S. r. hibernans darker brown with less white in the humid Atlantic oceanic climate. They intergrade broadly where their ranges meet, from southeastern England[10] south through France and Spain, and many individuals are not identifiable to subspecies. Extreme examples of S. r. rubicola from the driest southern areas of its range such as the Algarve and Sicily are particularly pale and with a large white rump, and can be very similar to Siberian stonechats in appearance.[9][11] nDNA microsatellite fingerprinting reveals a very small degree of separation between the two subspecies.[8]

A study of the size of the white wing patch and its components of variation in a Spanish population of S. r. rubicola found it to be a dynamic trait that changes throughout individuals' lives, but also a consistent trait at the individual level.[12] The white wing patch could convey information about the long-term quality and current state of individuals.[12]

The male's song is high and twittering like a dunnock. Both sexes have a clicking call like stones knocking together.

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

European stonechats breed in heathland, coastal dunes and rough grassland with scattered small shrubs and bramble, open gorse, tussocks or heather. They are short-distance migrants or non-migratory, with part of the population (particularly from northeastern parts of the range, where winters are colder) moving south to winter further south in Europe and more widely in north Africa.[7]

Behaviour and ecology

[edit]
Eggs

Breeding

[edit]

European stonechats first breed when they are one year old. They are monogamous during the breeding season but do not pair for life. The nest is built entirely by the female and is placed in dense vegetation close to the ground. It is a loose unwoven cup of dried grass lined with hair and feathers. The eggs are laid in early morning at daily intervals. The clutch is typically 4–6 eggs, which are pale blue to greenish-blue with red-brown freckles that are more numerous at the larger end. The average size of an egg is 18.7 mm × 14.4 mm (0.74 in × 0.57 in) with a weight of 2.0 g (0.071 oz). They are incubated for 13–14 days by the female beginning after the last egg is laid. Both parents care for and feed the chicks. They are brooded by the female. The nestlings fledge 12–16 days after hatching but continue to be fed by both parents for a further 4–5 days after which the female begins building a new nest for another brood while the male continues to feed the young for another 5–10 days. The parents raise two or three broods in a season.[13][14]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

European stonechat

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola), formerly considered a of the common stonechat, is a small, striking belonging to the family Muscicapidae, measuring 11.5–13 cm in length with a of 18–21 cm and an average adult weight of about 16 g. It exhibits pronounced in : males feature a glossy black head and upperparts, a prominent white half-collar on the neck, an orange-red throat and breast, a white belly, and conspicuous white patches on the rump and wings, while females are duller with mottled brown upperparts, a pale , and a less vivid pale orange breast without bold white markings. Juveniles resemble females but have more speckled underparts. This species inhabits open, shrubby landscapes such as heathlands, coastal dunes, rough grasslands, moorlands, and early-stage plantations with scattered gorse, bramble, heather, or tussocks, where it perches conspicuously on elevated vantage points to hunt. Its distribution spans western, central, and —from the British Isles and Ireland eastward to western , northern , and —as well as northwestern , with two recognized : the nominate S. r. rubicola in the continental range and S. r. hibernans in the northwestern Atlantic fringe. It is partially migratory, with northern and eastern populations wintering in and , while western birds often remain resident year-round. In the , it supports around 65,000 breeding pairs, with populations showing a 391% increase between 1995 and 2024 and an expanding range. Behaviorally, the European stonechat is lively and territorial, frequently flicking its tail and wings while emitting a sharp "tac-tac" call that resembles stones being knocked together, complemented by a varied, scratchy from perches to defend breeding territories. It forages primarily as an , capturing like beetles, flies, , and spiders through perch-and-pounce techniques, though it supplements its diet with berries and seeds during autumn and winter; nestlings are fed a high-protein mix of insects. Breeding occurs from March to June in monogamous pairs, typically producing 2–3 per season with clutches of 5–6 pale blue-green eggs incubated by the female for about 14 days, and fledging after another 14–15 days; nests are constructed on or near the ground in dense vegetation or low shrubs by the female, with both parents provisioning the young. Classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, it faces threats from habitat loss due to agricultural intensification and , though its adaptable nature supports stable populations in suitable areas.

Taxonomy

Classification

The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) is classified in the order Passeriformes and the family Muscicapidae, which encompasses the flycatchers and chats. The was first described by in 1766 under the protonym Motacilla rubicola, with the type locality in , later restricted to northern . It resides within the Saxicola, a group of small birds adapted to open, scrubby environments across the ; the genus name derives from the Latin saxum (rock) and incola (inhabitant or dweller), alluding to the birds' affinity for rocky or stone-strewn habitats. Historically, the European stonechat was treated as a subspecies of the broader common stonechat complex (Saxicola torquatus sensu lato), which included forms distributed across , , and . This classification persisted until 2002, when molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed significant , leading to its recognition as a distinct separate from the (S. maurus) and Stejneger's stonechat (S. stejnegeri). The split was supported by evidence of consistent morphological, genetic, and ecological differences, with limited interbreeding observed in areas of . Post-2002 taxonomy has remained stable, with subsequent research affirming the species boundaries within the Eurasian stonechat complex. A 2018 study on northern Eurasian taxa, incorporating , plumage, vocalizations, and genetic data, endorsed the separation of S. rubicola as a full while clarifying distinctions from eastern forms like S. maurus and S. stejnegeri. The European stonechat forms part of a superspecies complex alongside the African stonechat (S. torquatus) and Siberian variants, yet it exhibits unique vocal repertoires and characteristics that reinforce its specific status.

Subspecies

The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) is currently recognized as comprising two subspecies, distinguished primarily by subtle differences in plumage coloration and geographic distribution. The nominal subspecies, S. r. rubicola, breeds across western, central, and southern Europe, extending eastward to southwestern Russia (along the River Don) and northern Turkey, with breeding also occurring in northwestern Africa; its non-breeding range includes northern Africa eastward to the Middle East. This subspecies exhibits paler plumage overall, with larger white patches on the face and sides of the rump, consistent with adaptations to drier continental climates. In contrast, the northwestern subspecies S. r. hibernans breeds in Ireland, Britain, northwestern France (particularly ), and the western , with occasional breeding records in southwestern . It displays darker brown with reduced white markings, reflecting Gloger's rule whereby birds in more humid, Atlantic-influenced oceanic climates develop deeper pigmentation for better and . These plumage variations follow clinal patterns, with birds in intermediate regions showing broad intergradation rather than distinct hybridization zones. Subspecies recognition relies on plumage tone, with hibernans males typically showing more extensive dark brown on the upperparts and breast, though overlap occurs, particularly in worn plumage; subtle size differences may also exist, with hibernans averaging slightly larger in some measurements. Genetic studies indicate minimal divergence, supporting their status as rather than full species, based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers that show continuity across ranges.

Description

Morphology

The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) is a small bird measuring 11.5–13 cm in length, with a of 18–21 cm and a body mass of 13–17 g. These dimensions contribute to its agile, upright posture, often observed while perching on vegetation. Adult males exhibit striking in , featuring a black head, a white half-collar on the sides of the neck, an orange-red throat and breast, black upperparts with a white rump patch, and dark legs. The wings include prominent white patches, which are more conspicuous during display. In contrast, adult females have duller brown upperparts, a pale throat, and a buff breast with fine streaks, resulting in less overall contrast compared to males. Juveniles display a speckled plumage overall, with buff streaking on the upperparts and dark streaks on the underparts, providing in open habitats; they undergo a post-juvenile molt in their first autumn to acquire adult-like feathers. The species typically undergoes a complete post-breeding molt, replacing all feathers after the nesting season, while some populations exhibit a partial pre-breeding molt limited to body feathers. Recent research on the nominate indicates that the size of white wing patches in males serves as an indicator of genetic quality and health, with patch dimensions showing individual consistency but no significant variation across ; larger patches in males molting after warmer periods correlate with improved condition due to enhanced food availability.

Vocalizations

The European stonechat produces a variety of vocalizations that serve primarily for territory defense and mate attraction. The territorial call is a sharp, loud "tac-tac" or "stane-chat," resembling the sound of stones being tapped together, and is often repeated by males from prominent perches to assert dominance over their area. The , delivered mainly by males from exposed sites, consists of a high-pitched, scratchy warble lasting approximately 2–3 seconds, frequently incorporating of other bird species to enhance its complexity and appeal during . Alarm calls are varied and context-specific, including a dry "tchak" or rising "weet" for general alerts, and a rattling "churr" directed at ground-based threats such as predators. Vocal activity exhibits clear seasonal variations, with song intensity peaking during the breeding season from to , when males use it most frequently in displays to attract mates and defend territories, while vocalizations become quieter and less elaborate in winter.

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) has a breeding range spanning the Western Palearctic, extending from eastward to and western , with a southern limit in from to . Within this range, the nominate S. r. rubicola occupies western, central, and , northwestern , and extends east to the R. Don in southwestern and northern . The S. r. hibernans is found in northwestern regions, including Britain, , southwestern , northwestern (Brittany), and the western Iberian coast. During winter, the species primarily occupies , from to , though some populations remain resident in milder areas of , such as coastal regions of the . The European breeding population is estimated at 5.8–9.3 million pairs, remaining stable through the . Vagrant records occur occasionally outside the core ranges, including sightings in such as and Newfoundland, as well as the . Recent ringing recoveries indicate short-distance movements, with individuals traveling up to 2,000 km, primarily within and to .

Habitat preferences

The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) primarily inhabits open, low-vegetation landscapes that offer a mix of sparse ground cover for foraging and denser low shrubs for protection. Preferred environments include heathlands dominated by heather (Calluna vulgaris) and gorse (Ulex spp.), coastal dunes with scrubby vegetation, rough grasslands, and scrubby marshes featuring scattered bushes such as Rosa and Crataegus. These sites typically provide elevated perches like gorse bushes, fences, or isolated shrubs, which the bird uses to scan for prey and defend territories. The species occupies a broad elevation range from sea level to approximately 1,500 m, though it is most common in lowlands and reaches higher altitudes (up to 2,550 m) in mountainous areas like the Caucasus and Italian Apennines. Vegetation structure plays a key role in site selection, with nests concealed in dense low cover such as heather, brambles, or tall herbaceous plants (e.g., Rumex confertus, Artemisia spp.), while open patches of grass or bare ground facilitate insect hunting. In early-successional habitats like clear-cut forest patches or young coniferous plantations, it favors complex understories with grasses, dead bracken, and scrubby growth up to 2 m tall. Adapted to temperate zones, the European stonechat tolerates mild winters and diverse conditions from xerophytic steppes to wetter subalpine zones but avoids dense forests and intensive agricultural fields that lack structural diversity. Its flexibility in using novel anthropogenic habitats, such as plantations and railway embankments, supports population stability amid ongoing habitat alterations, including reductions in open areas from and .

Behavior and ecology

Foraging and diet

The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) is primarily insectivorous, with comprising the bulk of its diet, typically accounting for around 80% of biomass intake during the breeding season based on analyses of prey delivered to nests. Key prey items include orthopterans such as grasshoppers (around 30–32% of diet), lepidopteran larvae like caterpillars (27–36%), and coleopterans including beetles (12–23%), alongside flies, , and other small . Spiders and occasionally small snails supplement the diet, providing additional nutrients like calcium. Foraging occurs mainly through perch-hunting, where individuals select elevated vantage points such as low bushes, fence posts, or tall grass stems to scan for prey, followed by brief aerial sallies (up to 5–10 meters) or short dashes to capture on the ground or in low vegetation. This sit-and-wait strategy allows efficient detection of movement in open habitats, with birds often returning to the same after a successful capture; gleaning from foliage is less common but observed for spiders and small arthropods. Prey selection favors larger items, particularly for provisioning juveniles, which receive bigger to support rapid growth. Seasonal shifts in diet reflect prey availability, with consumption dominating in spring and summer, while berries and become more prominent in autumn and winter to compensate for reduced abundance. Early in the breeding season, caterpillars form a higher proportion of captures, transitioning to more orthopterans like grasshoppers by mid-summer. The stonechat competes with other insectivorous birds, such as whinchats (Saxicola rubetra), for shared prey resources in overlapping habitats, though no significant has been documented.

Breeding

The European stonechat exhibits a seasonally monogamous , with pairs forming for the duration of the breeding but not maintaining lifelong bonds. Males establish and defend territories primarily through persistent , which serves to attract females and deter rivals, particularly during the early stages of pair formation. The breeding varies latitudinally, typically spanning March to July in , while commencing as early as February in southern regions such as the . Pairs often raise two to three broods per year, allowing for multiple reproductive attempts within the favorable period. The female constructs the nest alone, forming a cup-shaped structure from grass, rootlets, and stems in dense low vegetation like grass tussocks or at the base of shrubs; it is lined with softer materials such as , , or feathers for insulation. Clutches consist of 4–6 eggs, which are pale blue to greenish-blue and marked with reddish-brown spots or , concentrated toward the larger end. Incubation lasts 13–14 days and is performed solely by the female, who is provisioned with food by the male during this period. The altricial chicks hatch and remain in the nest for 12–16 days before fledging, after which both parents continue to feed them for an additional 2–3 weeks until independence. Nesting success rates, from egg to fledging, typically range from 50% to 70%, influenced by predation and weather conditions. Research on hormonal influences has shown that male testosterone levels peak during territory establishment in the early breeding phase, correlating with heightened aggression and territorial defense, as documented in a 2005 study on a multiple-brooded population. This endocrine pattern underscores the role of testosterone in modulating reproductive behaviors specific to the mating period.

Migration

The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) exhibits partial migration, with northern populations undertaking seasonal southward movements while southern populations, particularly in western and , remain largely resident year-round. In Britain and , for instance, many individuals in milder western areas stay on breeding territories through winter, whereas those from colder northern regions, including and , relocate to avoid harsh conditions. This strategy reflects an adaptation to variable , with full residency common in Mediterranean populations and more extensive migration in central and eastern ones. Autumn migration generally begins in September and peaks through November, allowing birds to reach wintering sites by October, while spring return migration occurs from February onward, with most individuals back by March to April. These timings align with ringing recoveries showing foreign encounters during November–February in winter and March–April in spring. Flights are typically short-distance, with average migration lengths of 500–1,000 km, though medians vary by origin—such as 1,139 km for British birds and up to 1,774 km for those from the region. Primary routes follow overland western flyways across toward the Mediterranean, with many birds crossing to via the ; recoveries document wintering along the northern coasts of and . Ringing data from the British Trust for Ornithology reveal that about 42% of ringed stonechats winter abroad, primarily in , , and , underscoring the partial nature of migration in this population. Juveniles often migrate independently of adults, contributing to the species' flexible movement patterns.

Conservation

Population status

The European stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) is classified as Least Concern by the as of 2025, reflecting a stable global population. The species' wide distribution across , , and western supports this status, with no evidence of rapid decline meeting threatened criteria. In , the breeding population comprises approximately 5.8–9.3 million pairs as of 2021 (), accounting for the bulk of the global total and showing overall stability or modest increases since the late . Regional trends vary, with increases in some areas—such as the overall 258% from 1995 to 2023—contrasted by declines in others. For instance, Hungary's population halved from around 400,000 pairs in 1999 to 195,000–210,000 pairs by 2018, while populations have grown in restored habitats elsewhere, such as certain UK heathlands. Population monitoring occurs primarily through initiatives like the European Breeding Bird Atlas (EBBA), which tracks distribution and abundance via standardized surveys across the continent. The subspecies S. r. hibernans, restricted to northwest including Britain and , remains stable but faces regional vulnerabilities tied to localized habitat pressures. Ringing studies indicate an average lifespan of 2–3 years for adults, reflecting high annual mortality typical of small passerines, though the oldest recorded individual reached 6 years.

Threats and protection

The European stonechat faces several anthropogenic threats, primarily habitat loss driven by , , and , which fragment and degrade its preferred open scrub and habitats. practices, including conversion and early mechanized mowing, reduce nesting sites and foraging areas, leading to localized population declines, particularly in . Urban expansion further encroaches on marginal lands, while of heathlands and moors replaces suitable open terrain with dense unsuitable for the species. Pesticides exacerbate these pressures by diminishing the availability of prey, a staple of the stonechat's diet, especially during breeding when nestlings rely exclusively on . Other risks include , which can disrupt breeding by altering emergence timing and weather patterns, potentially desynchronizing food availability with chick-rearing needs. In suburban areas, predation by domestic cats poses an additional localized threat to adults and fledglings, contributing to higher mortality in human-modified landscapes. Regionally, declines are most pronounced in due to widespread conversion of grasslands to arable fields and intensified livestock management. The receives general protection under the EU Birds Directive, which mandates conservation of all wild and their habitats, though it is not listed in Annex I or II for special measures or hunting. Conservation efforts focus on habitat restoration through agri-environment schemes, such as the UK's former Higher Level Stewardship program, which incentivized farmers to maintain field margins, delay mowing, and create scrubby patches to support breeding pairs. Monitoring occurs within the network, where sites designated for protection help track population trends and enforce habitat management. These interventions have led to successes, including population stabilization or increases in protected heathlands, where controlled grazing and rotational scrub clearance preserve suitable conditions without subspecies-specific recovery plans. Looking ahead, ongoing declines in agricultural landscapes due to pesticides and changes could heighten vulnerability, underscoring the need for sustained mitigation of agricultural impacts.

References

  1. https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/stonechat
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  5. https://app.birda.org/species-guide/31214/European_Stonechat
  6. https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/bbs-official-statistics/
  7. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=0EA8F8B905405FB3
  8. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Saxicola
  9. http://www.putni.lv/pdf/Svensson_etal_2012.pdf
  10. https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/31606/
  11. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.stonec4.01
  12. https://dokumen.pub/stonechats-a-guide-to-the-genus-quotsaxicolaquot-0300099703-9780300099706.html
  13. http://aladdin.st/bird-watching/europe/european_stonechat.html
  14. https://journals.lub.lu.se/os/article/view/19691
  15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26236014_Taxonomic_status_and_evolutionary_history_of_the_Saxicola_torquata_complex
  16. https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/stonec4/cur/introduction
  17. http://blascozumeta.com/specie_files/11393_ENG_Saxicola_rubicola_aranzadi.pdf
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  19. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ibi.13252
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  21. https://dokumen.pub/rspb-handbook-of-scottish-birds-2nbsped-9781472927286-9781472927293.html
  22. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow-on.100332
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  27. https://www.birds-of-north-america.net/European_Stonechat.html
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  29. https://www.zin.ru/journals/zsr/content/2020/zr_2020_29_1_loskot.pdf
  30. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00063657709476561
  31. https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-european-stonechat.html
  32. https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/324089/1/Gailly_2024_Thesis_Ecological_novelties_and_breeding_habitat_use_in_birds.pdf
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  34. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/shared_documents/publications/research-reports/2015/rr663.pdf
  35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0269-3
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  39. https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/european.stonechat.html
  40. https://animalia.bio/european-stonechat
  41. https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/62554106/a94_033_044.pdf
  42. https://migrationatlas.org/node/1741
  43. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22709675/155596185
  44. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/730077-Saxicola-rubicola-hibernans
  45. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00063657.2014.962482
  46. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/06/pesticides-fertilizers-loss-of-500-million-birds/
  47. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263094018_Changes_in_Stonechat_Saxicola_torquata_morphology_A_response_to_climate_change
  48. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11884926/
  49. https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/101090
  50. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230066036_The_provision_of_winter_bird_food_by_the_English_Environmental_Stewardship_Scheme
  51. https://ec.europa.eu/enrd/evaluation/publications/monitoring-populations-selected-target-bird-species-natura-2000-sites-year_en.html
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