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Hanoverian Army
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Hanoverian Army
The Hanoverian Army (German: Hannoversche Armee) was the standing army of the Electorate of Hanover from the seventeenth century onwards. From 1692 to 1803 it acted in defence of the electorate. Following the Hanoverian Succession of 1714, this was in conjunction with the British Army with which it shared a monarch. Hanoverian troops fought in the War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years' War and American War of Independence during the eighteenth century.
After Napoleon's invasion and incorporation of Hanover into the Confederation of the Rhine in 1803, many exiled members of the army served in Britain's King's German Legion. In 1813 the Hanoverian Army was reformed under Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge and took part in the final defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. Following the Congress of Vienna, Hanover was elevated into a kingdom. It continued to be directly tied to Britain until 1837 when, after the death of William IV, Hanover's Salic Law led it to crown Ernest Augustus in preference to his niece Queen Victoria. The Hanoverian Army was defeated in 1866 during the Austro-Prussian War and Hanover's independence ended. Hanoverian troops were subsequently incorporated into the Imperial German Army.
The symbol of the army, incorporated into many of its uniforms and banners, was the White Horse of Hanover. The term "Hanoverian Army" is also sometimes used after 1714 to refer to British forces supportive of the House of Hanover against their Jacobite opponents, particularly during the 1715 and 1745 Jacobite Risings. The term Army of Hanover may refer to a French military formation centred on Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars.
The Guelph family had a long history in the Holy Roman Empire. By the seventeenth century a branch of the family reigned over territories in Northern Germany centred around the city of Hanover, at a lesser level to the Electors who elected the Emperors.
From Hanover the ambitious Ernest Augustus incorporated various hereditary possessions into a larger, single state. Through his wife Sophia his children also acquired a distant claim to the English, Scottish and Irish thrones as descendants of James VI and I. The family further consolidated their possessions when Ernest Augustus's son George married his cousin Sophia Dorothea in 1682. The following year George commanded Hanoverian troops that took part in the successful defeat of Turkish forces at the Siege of Vienna. In these years an increasing professionalism marked out the Hanoverian troops, alongside those of another northern Protestant state Brandenburg-Prussia.
The military support given by Ernest Augustus to the Emperor Leopold I saw Hanover promoted to effective electoral status in 1692, although this was not fully confirmed by the Imperial Diet until 1708. From 1689 Hanover was a significant part of the Grand Alliance formed to check the expansion of Louis XIV, which fought French armies to a standstill in a series of campaigns leading to the Treaty of Ryswick. In 1698 Ernest Augustus died, and his son George succeeded him. As well as his multiple German family alliances, George also had a now strong claim to the British throne through his mother due to his Protestant religion which excluded rival Jacobite claimants.
In 1701, the Act of Settlement passed in the Parliament of England backing the House of Hanover, and from 1702 they were considered direct successors of Queen Anne. This brought the Hanoverian forces closer to their British allies, particularly after the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1702 where they both fought against Louis XIV's French forces. During the war, an estimated 16,000 troops raised by Hanover were paid for subsidies by Britain and the Dutch Republic.
Early in the war George oversaw an invasion of Brunswick a smaller, pro-French neighbouring state. Hanover despatched a contingent to serve in the Allied Army under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, taking part in numerous campaigns including the decisive victory at Blenheim. Hanoverian hopes that George might become commander of the Allied coalition were unfulfilled. In 1707 he was promoted to Imperial Field Marshal and given command of the Imperial forces along the Rhine, having been praised for his actions against Marshal Villars at the head of his Hanoverian forces.
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Hanoverian Army
The Hanoverian Army (German: Hannoversche Armee) was the standing army of the Electorate of Hanover from the seventeenth century onwards. From 1692 to 1803 it acted in defence of the electorate. Following the Hanoverian Succession of 1714, this was in conjunction with the British Army with which it shared a monarch. Hanoverian troops fought in the War of the Austrian Succession, Seven Years' War and American War of Independence during the eighteenth century.
After Napoleon's invasion and incorporation of Hanover into the Confederation of the Rhine in 1803, many exiled members of the army served in Britain's King's German Legion. In 1813 the Hanoverian Army was reformed under Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge and took part in the final defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. Following the Congress of Vienna, Hanover was elevated into a kingdom. It continued to be directly tied to Britain until 1837 when, after the death of William IV, Hanover's Salic Law led it to crown Ernest Augustus in preference to his niece Queen Victoria. The Hanoverian Army was defeated in 1866 during the Austro-Prussian War and Hanover's independence ended. Hanoverian troops were subsequently incorporated into the Imperial German Army.
The symbol of the army, incorporated into many of its uniforms and banners, was the White Horse of Hanover. The term "Hanoverian Army" is also sometimes used after 1714 to refer to British forces supportive of the House of Hanover against their Jacobite opponents, particularly during the 1715 and 1745 Jacobite Risings. The term Army of Hanover may refer to a French military formation centred on Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars.
The Guelph family had a long history in the Holy Roman Empire. By the seventeenth century a branch of the family reigned over territories in Northern Germany centred around the city of Hanover, at a lesser level to the Electors who elected the Emperors.
From Hanover the ambitious Ernest Augustus incorporated various hereditary possessions into a larger, single state. Through his wife Sophia his children also acquired a distant claim to the English, Scottish and Irish thrones as descendants of James VI and I. The family further consolidated their possessions when Ernest Augustus's son George married his cousin Sophia Dorothea in 1682. The following year George commanded Hanoverian troops that took part in the successful defeat of Turkish forces at the Siege of Vienna. In these years an increasing professionalism marked out the Hanoverian troops, alongside those of another northern Protestant state Brandenburg-Prussia.
The military support given by Ernest Augustus to the Emperor Leopold I saw Hanover promoted to effective electoral status in 1692, although this was not fully confirmed by the Imperial Diet until 1708. From 1689 Hanover was a significant part of the Grand Alliance formed to check the expansion of Louis XIV, which fought French armies to a standstill in a series of campaigns leading to the Treaty of Ryswick. In 1698 Ernest Augustus died, and his son George succeeded him. As well as his multiple German family alliances, George also had a now strong claim to the British throne through his mother due to his Protestant religion which excluded rival Jacobite claimants.
In 1701, the Act of Settlement passed in the Parliament of England backing the House of Hanover, and from 1702 they were considered direct successors of Queen Anne. This brought the Hanoverian forces closer to their British allies, particularly after the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1702 where they both fought against Louis XIV's French forces. During the war, an estimated 16,000 troops raised by Hanover were paid for subsidies by Britain and the Dutch Republic.
Early in the war George oversaw an invasion of Brunswick a smaller, pro-French neighbouring state. Hanover despatched a contingent to serve in the Allied Army under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, taking part in numerous campaigns including the decisive victory at Blenheim. Hanoverian hopes that George might become commander of the Allied coalition were unfulfilled. In 1707 he was promoted to Imperial Field Marshal and given command of the Imperial forces along the Rhine, having been praised for his actions against Marshal Villars at the head of his Hanoverian forces.
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