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Hooded crow
The hooded crow (Corvus cornix), also colloquially called just hoodie, is a Eurasian bird species in the genus Corvus. Widely distributed, it is found across Northern, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, as well as parts of the Middle East. It is an ashy grey bird with black head, throat, wings, tail, and thigh feathers, as well as a black bill, eyes, and feet. Like other corvids, it is an omnivorous and opportunistic forager and feeder.
The hooded crow is so similar in morphology and habits to the carrion crow (Corvus corone) that for many years they were considered by most authorities to be geographical subcategories of one species. Extensive but geographically restricted hybridisation observed where their ranges met added weight to this view. However, since 2002, the hooded crow has been elevated to full species status after closer observation; the hybridisation was less than expected and hybrids had decreased vigour. Within the species, four subspecies are accepted.
The hooded crow was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae; he gave it the binomial name Corvus cornix. Linnaeus specified the type locality as "Europa", but this was restricted to Sweden by the German ornithologist Ernst Hartert in 1903. The genus name Corvus is Latin for "raven" while the specific epithet cornix is Latin for "crow". The hooded crow was subsequently considered a subspecies of the carrion crow for many years, hence known as Corvus corone cornix, due to similarities in structure and habits.
The name hooded crow, first known from Scotland in the early 16th century, was established as the standard name by use in Robert Sibbald's Scotia Illustrata in 1684 and Thomas Pennant's British Zoology in 1776, and was formally adopted by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC) when it was split as a separate species from the carrion crow. It is locally known as a 'hoodie craw' or simply 'hoodie' in Scotland and as a grey crow in Northern Ireland. Its status as a scarce winter visitor from Scandinavia in eastern England has led to a number of historical local names, including "Coatham crow" (from Coatham in North Yorkshire), "Royston crow" (from Royston in Hertfordshire), "Scremerston crow" (from Scremerston in Northumberland), "Danish crow"[citation needed] and "winter crow". In Irish, it is called caróg liath and in Welsh brân lwyd, or the "grey crow", as its name also means in Danish, Swedish, Italian, Spanish, and several Slavic languages. It is referred to as the "pied crow" (bonte kraai) in Dutch and "fog crow" (Nebelkrähe) in German, and the "dolman crow" (dolmányos varjú) in Hungarian.
Four subspecies of hooded crow are now accepted; previously, all were considered subspecies of Corvus corone. A fifth subspecies, C. c. sardonius (Kleinschmidt, 1903) has been listed, although it has been alternately partitioned between C. c. sharpii (most populations), C. c. cornix (Corsican population), and the Middle Eastern C. c. pallescens.[citation needed]
The hooded crow (Corvus cornix) and carrion crow (Corvus corone) are two closely related species whose geographical distribution across Europe is illustrated in the accompanying diagram. It is believed that this distribution might have resulted from the glaciation cycles during the Pleistocene, which caused the parent population to split into isolates which subsequently re-expanded their ranges when the climate warmed causing secondary contact. Jelmer Poelstra and coworkers sequenced almost the entire genomes of both species in populations at varying distances from the contact zone to find that the two species were nearly genetically identical, both in their DNA and in its expression (in the form of mRNA), except for the lack of expression of a small portion (<0.28%) of the genome (situated on avian chromosome 18) in the hooded crow, which imparts the lighter plumage colouration on its torso. Thus the two species can hybridise viably, and regularly do so at the contact zone, but the all-black carrion crows on the one side of the contact zone mate almost exclusively with other all-black carrion crows, while the same occurs among the hooded crows on the other side of the contact zone. This is an example of assortative mating. They concluded that it was only the outward appearance of the two species that inhibits hybridisation.
Except for the head, throat, wings, tail, and thigh feathers, which are black and mostly glossy, the plumage of the hooded crow is ash-grey, with the dark shafts giving it a streaky appearance. The bill and legs are black; the iris dark brown. Only one moult occurs, in autumn, as in other crow species. Male hooded crows tend to be larger than females, although the two sexes are otherwise similar in appearance. Their flight is slow, heavy and usually straight.[citation needed] Their length varies from 48 to 52 cm (19 to 20 in). When first hatched, the young are much blacker than the parents. Juveniles have duller plumage with bluish or greyish eyes, and initially possess a red mouth. The wingspan is 105 cm (41 in) and weight is on average 510 g.
The hooded crow, with its contrasted greys and blacks, is visually distinct from both the carrion crow and the rook, but the ⓘ call notes of the hooded and carrion crows are almost indistinguishable.
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Hooded crow
The hooded crow (Corvus cornix), also colloquially called just hoodie, is a Eurasian bird species in the genus Corvus. Widely distributed, it is found across Northern, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe, as well as parts of the Middle East. It is an ashy grey bird with black head, throat, wings, tail, and thigh feathers, as well as a black bill, eyes, and feet. Like other corvids, it is an omnivorous and opportunistic forager and feeder.
The hooded crow is so similar in morphology and habits to the carrion crow (Corvus corone) that for many years they were considered by most authorities to be geographical subcategories of one species. Extensive but geographically restricted hybridisation observed where their ranges met added weight to this view. However, since 2002, the hooded crow has been elevated to full species status after closer observation; the hybridisation was less than expected and hybrids had decreased vigour. Within the species, four subspecies are accepted.
The hooded crow was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae; he gave it the binomial name Corvus cornix. Linnaeus specified the type locality as "Europa", but this was restricted to Sweden by the German ornithologist Ernst Hartert in 1903. The genus name Corvus is Latin for "raven" while the specific epithet cornix is Latin for "crow". The hooded crow was subsequently considered a subspecies of the carrion crow for many years, hence known as Corvus corone cornix, due to similarities in structure and habits.
The name hooded crow, first known from Scotland in the early 16th century, was established as the standard name by use in Robert Sibbald's Scotia Illustrata in 1684 and Thomas Pennant's British Zoology in 1776, and was formally adopted by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC) when it was split as a separate species from the carrion crow. It is locally known as a 'hoodie craw' or simply 'hoodie' in Scotland and as a grey crow in Northern Ireland. Its status as a scarce winter visitor from Scandinavia in eastern England has led to a number of historical local names, including "Coatham crow" (from Coatham in North Yorkshire), "Royston crow" (from Royston in Hertfordshire), "Scremerston crow" (from Scremerston in Northumberland), "Danish crow"[citation needed] and "winter crow". In Irish, it is called caróg liath and in Welsh brân lwyd, or the "grey crow", as its name also means in Danish, Swedish, Italian, Spanish, and several Slavic languages. It is referred to as the "pied crow" (bonte kraai) in Dutch and "fog crow" (Nebelkrähe) in German, and the "dolman crow" (dolmányos varjú) in Hungarian.
Four subspecies of hooded crow are now accepted; previously, all were considered subspecies of Corvus corone. A fifth subspecies, C. c. sardonius (Kleinschmidt, 1903) has been listed, although it has been alternately partitioned between C. c. sharpii (most populations), C. c. cornix (Corsican population), and the Middle Eastern C. c. pallescens.[citation needed]
The hooded crow (Corvus cornix) and carrion crow (Corvus corone) are two closely related species whose geographical distribution across Europe is illustrated in the accompanying diagram. It is believed that this distribution might have resulted from the glaciation cycles during the Pleistocene, which caused the parent population to split into isolates which subsequently re-expanded their ranges when the climate warmed causing secondary contact. Jelmer Poelstra and coworkers sequenced almost the entire genomes of both species in populations at varying distances from the contact zone to find that the two species were nearly genetically identical, both in their DNA and in its expression (in the form of mRNA), except for the lack of expression of a small portion (<0.28%) of the genome (situated on avian chromosome 18) in the hooded crow, which imparts the lighter plumage colouration on its torso. Thus the two species can hybridise viably, and regularly do so at the contact zone, but the all-black carrion crows on the one side of the contact zone mate almost exclusively with other all-black carrion crows, while the same occurs among the hooded crows on the other side of the contact zone. This is an example of assortative mating. They concluded that it was only the outward appearance of the two species that inhibits hybridisation.
Except for the head, throat, wings, tail, and thigh feathers, which are black and mostly glossy, the plumage of the hooded crow is ash-grey, with the dark shafts giving it a streaky appearance. The bill and legs are black; the iris dark brown. Only one moult occurs, in autumn, as in other crow species. Male hooded crows tend to be larger than females, although the two sexes are otherwise similar in appearance. Their flight is slow, heavy and usually straight.[citation needed] Their length varies from 48 to 52 cm (19 to 20 in). When first hatched, the young are much blacker than the parents. Juveniles have duller plumage with bluish or greyish eyes, and initially possess a red mouth. The wingspan is 105 cm (41 in) and weight is on average 510 g.
The hooded crow, with its contrasted greys and blacks, is visually distinct from both the carrion crow and the rook, but the ⓘ call notes of the hooded and carrion crows are almost indistinguishable.
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