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A Schmidts Original Nabendynamo (SON) brand hub dynamo
Another SON dynamo
A Shimano dynamo hub

A hub dynamo is a small electrical generator built into the front hub of a bicycle wheel that is usually used to power lights. Often the hub "dynamo" is not actually a dynamo, which creates DC, but a low-power magneto that creates AC. Most modern hub dynamos are regulated to 3 watts at 6 volts, although some will drive up to 6 watts at 12 volts.

Models

[edit]

The market was largely pioneered by Sturmey-Archer with their Dynohub of the 1930s–1970s. This competed effectively with contemporaneous bottle dynamos and bottom-bracket generators, but the Dynohub was heavy with its steel housing and was discontinued in the 1980s. Around 2009, Sturmey-Archer released new hub dynamo/drum brake units with an aluminum housing, designated X-FDD[1] and XL-FDD.[2]

The Schmidt Original Nabendynamo (SON) can power two 6-volt lamps in series at speeds above about 19 km/h (12 mph), and Schmidt manufactures lamps designed to facilitate this. These lamps have optics based on the Bisy FL road lights. The efficiency of the SON is quoted by the manufacturers at 65% (so just over 5 W of the rider's output is diverted to produce 3 W of electrical power) but this applies at only 15 km/h (9 mph). At higher speeds the efficiency falls. Bicycle dynamos instead use permanent magnets to eliminate the need for a battery to excite the field and initiate electrical generation.

Shimano offers a variety of hub dynamos under the "Nexus" brand, such as the DH-3N70/DH-3N71, advertised as having significantly less drag than the Nexus NX-30.

SRAM manufactured the i-Light hub dynamo until 2017.[3] The D7 series was available for both rim and disc brakes while the D3 series featured several rim brake varieties. In a 2006 review by the German Stiftung Warentest, the efficiency at 15 km/h (9 mph) of a D1 series i-Light hub dynamo was 66%, 10% better than a SON-28.[4]

SR Suntour offered the DH-CT-630 hub dynamo series with integrated overvoltage protection.[5] It was apparently discontinued in 2010, as it is absent from 2011 and later SR Suntour catalogs.[6]

SP Dynamo Systems offers about 10 different models of hub dynamos. Quick release hubs for disc brakes and rim brakes. Also a 15 mm thru-axle for mountain bikes with disc brakes. They claim a very high efficiency and light weight compared to other hub dynamos currently on the market.[7][8]

Kasai makes a series of Dynacoil hub dynamos for rim and disc brakes with both quick-release and through-axle models. In 2020 they introduced the FS line of field serviceable hubs that can be repaired or serviced. Unlike most hub dynamos that require unlacing the wheel and sending the hub back to the factory to repair the dynamo or replace bearings, the FS hubs are serviceable by the user or a local bike shop.[9] Kasai claims 72% efficiency for the hub at 16 km/h(10 mph).[9]

  • The insides of a broken hub dynamo. The stator is missing a cable and rust has formed due to water ingress.
  • Stator within the hub shell. The gap between them is barely visible.
    Stator within the hub shell. The gap between them is barely visible.
  • Permanent magnets on the inside of the hub shell.
    Permanent magnets on the inside of the hub shell.
  • Stator with coils.
    Stator with coils.

Efficiency

[edit]

Improvements in design and materials have led to improvements in efficiency. Early designs had multiple copper windings and heavier magnets. Modern designs utilize stronger neodymium magnets, a single copper coil winding, and claw poles. Bicycle Quarterly reviewed seven different hub dynamos in 2005.[10] The SON28 was found to be the most efficient, although its cost was significantly higher than models from Shimano.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Hub dynamo

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A hub dynamo, also known as a dynohub, is a compact electrical generator integrated into the hub of a that converts the mechanical rotational energy of the into electrical power, primarily to illuminate lights without relying on batteries. It operates via , where a rotor containing permanent multi-pole magnets spins around a stationary coil, generating (AC) that typically outputs 6 volts and 2.4 to 3 watts, with power output increasing proportionally to wheel speed. The concept of hub dynamos traces back to the mid-20th century, with British manufacturer pioneering production in the 1930s and introducing their Dynohub model in 1952 as "the world’s finest cycle light," marking a significant advancement over friction-based bottle dynamos. These early models produced about 1.8 watts at 6 volts and were popular for their reliability, though production ceased in the early 1980s due to market shifts toward battery lights. Revived interest in the led to modern iterations, such as Germany's Schmidt SON hubs released in 1995, which incorporated rare-earth magnets for reduced and drag while boosting . As of 2024, manufacturers like (Schmidt), , and Shutter Precision continue to produce hub dynamos compatible with disc and rim brakes, quick-release or thru-axle systems, and various wheel sizes, including recent models like the SON 29 S; these often power not just lights but also USB chargers for devices like GPS units during bikepacking or touring. Hub dynamos offer several key advantages, including silent operation with no mechanical or external rubbing parts, minimal drag (especially when lights are off), and durability due to sealed, low-maintenance designs that perform well even at low speeds around 10-15 km/h. They provide consistent "always-on" power for LED or lights without the need for recharging, making them ideal for long-distance , commuting in variable weather, or off-grid adventures. However, drawbacks include potential at high speeds (above 30-40 km/h), which can damage unregulated bulbs unless voltage regulators or LEDs are used, and added hub weight (typically 300-500 grams) that may concern weight-sensitive riders. Mismatched installations, such as using a large-diameter hub on a small , can exacerbate voltage issues, and while modern designs minimize drag to under 1 watt at typical speeds, they remain less efficient for high-power needs compared to battery systems. Overall, hub dynamos represent a reliable, eco-friendly solution that has evolved from utilitarian necessity to a preferred choice for endurance cyclists seeking self-sufficient power generation.

History and Development

Invention and Early Models

The principle of the dynamo, an electrical generator converting mechanical energy into direct current via , originated in the early with Michael Faraday's 1831 demonstration of the Faraday disk, the first . Building on this foundation, British engineer Henry Wilde developed the self-exciting dynamo in the 1860s, replacing permanent magnets with electromagnets powered by the generator's own output; Wilde presented his invention to the Royal Society in 1866, marking a key advancement in practical dynamo design. Early bicycle lighting relied on oil lamps or dry-cell batteries, but the need for reliable, battery-free illumination grew in amid increasing urban cycling and safety regulations. By the 1930s, countries like the enforced mandatory night-time lighting through laws such as the Road Transport Lighting Act 1927, which required bicycles to display a rear red light or efficient reflector, while similar mandates in and other nations promoted dynamo systems to avoid battery dependency. These regulations, coupled with the limitations of friction-driven "bottle" dynamos introduced around 1934, spurred innovation toward more integrated solutions. Sturmey-Archer pioneered the hub dynamo with its Dynohub, first introduced in 1936 as the earliest integrated bicycle hub generator, embedding permanent magnets and coils directly into the front hub shell for seamless power generation. Featuring a robust housing, the Dynohub delivered 6 V at 1.8 W (in later models) or 12 V at 2.7 W (initial model) suitable for headlamps and taillights, and it entered production in the mid-1930s, remaining in manufacture through the . Demand waned in the late with the rise of affordable battery alternatives, leading to discontinuation in the .

Modern Advancements

Following the decline of hub dynamo production in the late , revived its Dynohub line in the mid-2000s with the introduction of the X-FDD model in , featuring an aluminum hub shell and integrated for enhanced durability in urban commuting applications. This relaunch built on the foundational design, incorporating modern sealed cartridge bearings to improve longevity. The XL-FDD variant followed shortly after, offering a larger 90mm option while maintaining the 6V output for compatibility with contemporary lighting systems. The adoption of magnets in the 1990s marked a significant leap, first implemented in Schmidt's dynamo hub released in 1995, which utilized these high-strength permanent magnets to generate power with reduced rotational drag compared to earlier ferrite-based designs. European regulatory frameworks, particularly Germany's StVZO standards enacted in the and updated through the 2000s, mandated reliable, always-on , driving demand for hub dynamos over friction-based bottle types due to the latter's vulnerability to tire wear and slippage in wet conditions. This shift accelerated in the 2000s as manufacturers like entered the market with robust hub models, prioritizing reliability for daily use in regulated markets. Technological refinements in the included the widespread adoption of claw-pole stators and single-coil windings, which minimized material use and aerodynamic drag by optimizing paths within compact hub shells. Recent innovations from 2020 to 2025 emphasize user accessibility and integration with and adventure . The Kasai Dynacoil FS, launched in 2020, introduced a field-serviceable allowing coil and bearing replacement with basic tools like a 36mm , addressing maintenance challenges in remote touring scenarios. In 2024, SON unveiled the 29 S hub at Eurobike, featuring straight-pull flanges for lighter wheel builds and a slim profile that reduces visual bulk while supporting thru-axle forks. Concurrently, DT Swiss debuted the DT 350 SP PL-7 hub, integrated into wheelsets like the GR 1600 Spline Dynamo, which pairs with Shutter Precision internals for seamless compatibility in off-road setups.

Principle of Operation

Electromagnetic Generation

A is integrated into the front wheel hub of a , where the —consisting of the hub shell with embedded permanent magnets, typically made of iron —rotates around a stationary mounted on the and featuring coil windings. As the wheel turns, the rotor's motion causes the magnets to pass by the stator coils, generating through . This generation relies on Faraday's law of , which states that a changing induces an (EMF) in a conductor. In the hub dynamo, the alternating from the moving magnets induces an EMF in the copper coils as the flux varies with each rotation. The induced EMF ϵ\epsilon is given by ϵ=−NdΦBdt,\epsilon = -N \frac{d\Phi_B}{dt}, where NN is the number of turns in the coil, ΦB\Phi_B is the through one turn, and the negative sign indicates the direction per . To derive this, start with the basic form for a single loop: the EMF equals the negative rate of change of , ϵ=−dΦBdt\epsilon = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt}, where flux ΦB=∫B⋅dA\Phi_B = \int \mathbf{B} \cdot d\mathbf{A} over the coil area. For NN turns, the total flux linkage is NΦBN\Phi_B, yielding the equation above; in the , dΦBdt\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt} arises from the periodic passage of magnets, producing sinusoidal AC output. Modern hub dynamos employ a claw-pole structure on the to concentrate and shape the magnetic fields from the rotor magnets, enhancing and output stability without requiring brushes or commutators. This brushless design directly produces (AC) as the rotor spins, avoiding mechanical wear from sliding contacts. The mechanical drag from the is minimal and constant, typically 1-2 watts at high speeds even without load, primarily due to eddy currents induced in nearby metal components and losses in the core materials. Sheet metal optimizations in the help minimize these eddy currents for smoother operation.

Output and Regulation

Hub dynamos typically produce an (AC) output of 6 volts at 3 watts under standard conditions, achieved at moderate wheel speeds around 10-20 km/h depending on size and hub model. Some advanced models can deliver up to 6 watts at 6 volts or 12 volts, but 6V/3W remains the nominal specification for most systems to ensure compatibility with . The output is proportional to rotational speed, with typical hub dynamos featuring multiple magnetic poles—such as 26 magnets in SON hubs—to generate approximately 33 Hz at around 19 km/h for a 26-inch . Output regulation in hub dynamos is primarily self-regulating through the connected load, where voltage increases linearly with rotational speed but stabilizes once devices like lights draw current, preventing excessive buildup. External circuits often incorporate zener diodes for protection, clamping peaks above 6-7.5 volts to safeguard components during high-speed operation without load. Capacitors may also be used in auxiliary setups, such as standlight circuits, to store energy and maintain illumination briefly after stopping. The power curve of a hub dynamo shows a near-linear increase from 0 watts at standstill to a peak of 3 watts around 20-30 km/h, after which it plateaus due to internal impedance and load matching, avoiding further escalation that could cause overheating. This behavior can be approximated by the equation P≈kω2P \approx k \omega^2, where PP is power output, ω\omega is , and kk is a hub-specific constant reflecting coil resistance and efficiency; the quadratic term arises because induced voltage scales with ω\omega, and current through a resistive load scales similarly, yielding power proportional to the square of speed in the initial regime. The AC output is well-suited for modern LED bicycle lights, which include built-in rectification to convert it to (DC) without external modifications in basic setups. For applications like device charging, DC conversion is achievable via bridge rectifiers and voltage regulators, enabling stable 5V output from the variable AC source.

Design and Components

Hub Configurations

Hub dynamos are predominantly designed for front wheel mounting to minimize interference with components and optimize power generation from forward motion. These front hubs typically accommodate standard axle configurations, including 9 mm quick-release skewers for traditional setups or 15 mm and 12 mm thru-axles for enhanced rigidity in modern bicycles, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of frames from road to bikes. Rear hub integrations are far less common due to constraints and added complexity with cassette or gear systems, though they occasionally appear in internal gear hubs such as Shimano's series, where the dynamo is embedded alongside the gearing mechanism for compact urban or utility bicycles. Brake compatibility is a key variation in hub dynamo designs, with versions tailored for either rim brakes or to suit different builds. Rim brake models feature smooth hub shells without rotor mounts, while variants support standard interfaces like 6-bolt patterns or Shimano's centerlock system, allowing seamless integration with hydraulic or mechanical on contemporary frames. For instance, disc-compatible designs such as those in the SON Deluxe series enable reliable stopping power without compromising electrical output on bikes equipped for off-road or all-weather use. In terms of weight and dimensions, hub dynamos generally range from 300 to 500 grams, balancing the need for robust generators with minimal rotational to reduce pedaling effort. Flange configurations further adapt to wheel-building preferences: low-flange designs, with smaller diameters, promote compatibility with standard off-the-shelf rims and deeper-section wheels for aerodynamic , whereas high-flange options provide greater spoke bracing angles in custom dynamo-specific builds, enhancing lateral for heavier touring loads. Electrical wiring from hub dynamos follows a simple two-wire setup, consisting of one conductor for the (AC) output and a ground wire, typically emerging from the hub's non-drive side for easy routing along the frame. Waterproof connectors have become standard since the early 2000s, featuring sealed plugs like or proprietary dynamo-specific types to protect against and , ensuring reliable power delivery to lights or chargers in adverse conditions.

Key Manufacturers and Models

Sturmey-Archer offers the X-FDD dynohub, a modern iteration featuring an A356 aluminum hub shell, sealed cartridge bearings, and 36 spoke holes for standard lacing. It is available in variants producing 6V at 3.0W or 2.4W, suitable for powering lights and accessories in drum brake configurations. Schmidt, under the SON brand, produces several high-end hub dynamos known for reliability and low drag. The SON28 features an optimized generator with SKF bearings and a pressure compensation system, achieving efficiencies of 48.5% to 60.2% for charging across 15-30 km/h speeds. The SONDelux emphasizes smooth operation and longevity, with efficient power output for lights and device charging in disc brake setups. In 2024, SON introduced the 29 S model, a compact design with straight-pull flanges, 24 tangential spokes, and integrated coaxial dropout adapters for 6-bolt disc rotors. Shimano's Alfine DH-S501 delivers 6V at 3.0W for 26-28 inch wheels, with Center Lock compatibility and quick-release in 100mm OLD spacing. It supports integration with Shimano's gear systems and is available in 32- or 36-hole drillings. The DH-3N71 serves rim brake applications with low-drag characteristics, weighing approximately 685g in similar Shimano dynamo designs. In 2025, Shimano introduced the DH-UR700, featuring a new for a reduced weight of 477 grams, excellent low-speed power output, and compatibility with , making it the lightest in their lineup as of that year. Other notable producers include Shutter Precision, whose is a option with sealed bearings and compatibility across various standards, often praised for minimal resistance in touring setups. DT Swiss entered the market in 2024 with the DT 350, a gravel-oriented hub developed in collaboration with Shutter Precision, featuring a 12x100mm thru-, Center Lock interface, and 24-hole drilling at 376g. Kasai's Dynacoil FS, launched in 2020, allows field-serviceable coil replacement using a 36mm , with a 6061 aluminum shell, 6V/3W output, and 72% efficiency at 10 mph for 26-700c wheels. Shutter Precision (SP Dynamo) offers over 10 models in its Series 8 lineup, including the PD-8 and SV-8, with customizable options for wheel sizes from 400-700c and types like quick-release or thru-. Among discontinued lines, SRAM's i-Light series, known for 66% efficiency in its D7 model with cartridge bearings, ceased production in 2017 due to low . SR Suntour's DH-CT-630, featuring integrated for rim brakes, was phased out around 2010.

Performance Characteristics

Efficiency Factors

The efficiency of a hub dynamo is defined as the ratio of electrical output power to mechanical input power, typically expressed as a . Modern hub dynamos achieve average efficiencies of 65-72% at typical speeds of 15-16 km/h. For instance, the Schmidt SON28 hub reaches 65% efficiency at 15 km/h in a 700c , while the Kasai Dynacoil RB attains 72% at 10 mph (approximately 16 km/h). Several factors influence this , primarily related to material choices and internal losses. Stronger permanent magnets, such as neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) used in contemporary designs like the SON28, generate higher magnetic flux densities compared to older ferrite magnets, enabling better and reduced size for equivalent output. Lower coil resistance minimizes ohmic (I²R) heating losses, as the AC resistance in the windings increases with frequency due to and proximity effects. High-quality bearings, often sealed cartridge types, limit mechanical to less than 0.5 W per hub, contributing minimally to overall drag. Additionally, no-load drag losses from eddy currents and in the core typically range from 1-2 W, independent of electrical load, arising from induced currents in conductive parts as the rotor magnets spin. Efficiency varies significantly with rotational speed due to the dynamo’s operating principles. Peak performance occurs at 15-20 km/h, where output aligns well with common loads like 6V/3W lights; below this, insufficient limits , requiring a startup speed of about 8-10 km/h for usable power. At higher speeds, efficiency declines because the back (back-EMF), proportional to , reduces current draw for a fixed resistive load, while drag rises nonlinearly. Standardized testing from 2005 to 2025 has benchmarked these traits using dynamometers to measure input power, output voltage/current, and drag across speeds. A 2005 review in Quarterly tested seven hubs and identified the SON28 as the most efficient overall, with input power needs 20-30% lower than competitors at 15 km/h. More recent 2025 lab evaluations by CyclingAbout confirmed the SON28's superiority, showing 30-50% less drag than alternatives like Shutter Precision or models under equal lighting loads from 5-30 km/h.

Comparisons with Alternatives

Hub dynamos offer several advantages over traditional bottle dynamos, primarily due to their integrated design within the wheel hub, which eliminates physical contact with the tire and thus prevents tire wear that is common with bottle models pressing against the tire sidewall. They also provide superior reliability in wet conditions, as sealed hub units avoid slippage that bottle dynamos experience when water interferes with tire contact. Additionally, hub dynamos operate more quietly without the mechanical rubbing noise of bottle units and remain always ready for use, delivering consistent power without manual engagement. However, hub dynamos impose a constant low-level drag on the wheel, whereas bottle dynamos can be fully disengaged to eliminate resistance entirely when not in use. Cost is another drawback, with hub dynamos typically priced between $100 and $300, compared to $20–$50 for basic bottle dynamos. In comparison to battery-powered or USB-rechargeable lights, hub dynamos excel in providing unlimited runtime without the need for recharging or battery replacements, making them ideal for extended rides where power sources might be unavailable. Their output, however, is speed-dependent, producing minimal power at low speeds below 10 km/h and peaking around 3–6 watts at higher speeds, unlike batteries that deliver consistent brightness regardless of pedaling effort. Hub dynamos introduce a mechanical drag of approximately 1–5 watts, stemming from magnetic losses even when lights are off, whereas battery lights impose no such pedaling resistance. Quantitative differences highlight these trade-offs: modern hub dynamos exhibit no-load drag of about 1–2 watts across typical riding speeds, significantly lower than the 3–6 watts of engaged bottle dynamos, which require higher mechanical input due to lower efficiency (around 40% versus 60% for hubs). Tests from the 2020s show hub dynamos achieve roughly double the efficiency of bottle dynamos (~60% vs. ~40%) at mid-range speeds (15–20 km/h), enabling equivalent illumination with about half the mechanical input and less overall energy loss. Niche alternatives like rim dynamos, such as those from Supernova-compatible systems or emerging models like Velogical, can produce 70% more power than standard hub dynamos while allowing full disengagement to minimize drag, though they remain experimental and less widely adopted as of 2025 due to compatibility and durability concerns.

Practical Use

Installation Procedures

Installing a hub dynamo typically begins with preparing or acquiring a suitable front , as the dynamo is integrated into the hub itself. For preparation, the hub is laced into a compatible rim using a standard 3-cross pattern with 32 to 36 spokes of 2 diameter for optimal strength and balance, though radial lacing is possible but less recommended due to potential stress concentrations. Novices are advised to purchase a pre-built from a reputable builder to ensure proper tensioning and truing, avoiding the need for specialized skills in construction. When using nutted s, tighten the nuts alternately to 20-25 Nm to secure the hub without damaging the dropouts. Essential tools for installation include a for any final adjustments if building the , a for axle securing, and a cable crimper or for preparing wire connections. Prior to mounting, verify compatibility with the bicycle's quick-release or thru- system (e.g., 9 mm QR or 12x100 mm thru-), fork dropout spacing (standard 100 mm for most and touring bikes), and brake type, such as rim or disc configurations that align with the hub's design. For setups, ensure the hub's rotor mount (e.g., 6-bolt or center-lock) matches the frame's requirements. To fit the dynamo wheel to the bike, insert it into the front dropouts with the connection terminal facing forward and to the right side when viewed from the front, ensuring the seats fully and the wheel centers properly. For quick-release skewers, tighten to 8-10 Nm without greasing the shaft to prevent interference with the hub's system; for nutted s, use M9 cap nuts torqued to the specified range. Route the dynamo output wires along the leg, securing them with zip ties or through existing cable channels to avoid contact with moving parts like the caliper or spokes. Connect the wires to lights or chargers using waterproof flat connectors (e.g., 2.8 mm or 4.8 mm), ensuring secure connection and that plugs click into place; follow light-specific wire color instructions if provided, as AC output wires are typically interchangeable. Safety considerations are paramount during installation: confirm the 100 mm dropout spacing to prevent axle slippage, which could lead to . After assembly, test the system at low speed or by manually rotating the wheel in a stand to verify light activation without electrical shorts, ensuring no exposed wires or loose connections that might cause arcing. Always position the bike securely in a stand during fitting to avoid falls or misalignment.

Maintenance and Troubleshooting

Hub dynamos are generally low-maintenance components due to their sealed designs, requiring minimal intervention to ensure reliable over extended periods. For models like those from , the sealed, lifetime-lubricated grooved ball bearings necessitate no routine internal servicing, allowing the hub to operate maintenance-free for tens of thousands of kilometers under normal conditions. Routine care involves cleaning the exterior of the hub to remove dirt and debris, applying a protective spray wax to the and before winter riding in adverse weather to prevent , and annually inspecting the wire insulation for damage or wear. Shimano hub dynamos similarly benefit from straightforward upkeep, such as verifying cable connections and ensuring terminals are free of or oxidation by scraping them during periodic checks. A thin film of or grease on the can aid smooth operation, but excess should be avoided to prevent interference with the hub's pressure compensation mechanism. Common issues with hub dynamos often stem from external factors rather than internal failures. Flickering lights typically indicate loose or oxidized connections at the terminals, which can be resolved by re-securing the wiring and applying grease. No electrical output may result from a faulty coil or broken internal wire, diagnosable using a to measure voltage while spinning the —expect around 6V AC at moderate speeds for standard models. Increased drag or sluggish spin, where the completes only one when flicked, often points to dirty or worn bearings, while rattling noises suggest improper clamping in the , potentially due to sluggish threads lacking grease. In units, misalignment of the front ends can cause hub deformation and noise, exacerbating these problems. Repair steps for hub dynamos vary by model and issue severity, with many designs prioritizing user accessibility. For dynamo hubs, bearings are typically sealed cartridge types not intended for user repacking; replacement is done by the manufacturer. Check the specific model manual for service details, as some older models may allow bearing access but without specified intervals. hubs, being fully sealed, do not support user repacking; instead, faulty bearings are replaced by the manufacturer upon warranty claim or service request, involving axle removal for inspection. User-serviceable models like the Kasai FS series allow straightforward access to the coil and bearings using a 36mm flat , enabling on-site replacement of components without rebuilding, which is ideal for field repairs. For electrical faults, use a for voltage measurement or consult a professional; if voltage is present, focus on downstream wiring issues, such as those briefly referenced in installation procedures for proper routing. With proper care, hub dynamos exhibit impressive longevity, often exceeding 10 years or the full lifecycle of a , as seen in SON models designed for many tens of thousands of kilometers. Warranties typically cover manufacturing defects for 2 years, with manufacturers like and offering repairs or replacements for verified faults, excluding costs for installation or shipping.

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  54. https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/61720/just-how-bad-are-bottle-dynamos
  55. https://www.transiberica.club/dynamo-or-battery-light/
  56. https://www.cyclingabout.com/rim-dynamos-can-now-generate-more-power-than-hub-dynamos/
  57. https://www.cyclechat.net/threads/bottle-vs-hub-dynamos.52381/
  58. https://www.cyclechat.net/threads/bicycle-dynamo-bottle-or-hub.80130/
  59. https://nabendynamo.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Montageanleitung_SON28-SON28disc_EN.pdf
  60. https://si.shimano.com/en/pdfs/si/2YH0A/SI-2YH0A-007-ENG.pdf
  61. https://www.bike24.com/advice/repair-maintenance/how-to-install-dynamo-hubs
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